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 </pre><pre class="rust"><code><span class="comment">// Copyright 2018 Developers of the Rand project.
 // Copyright 2013-2017 The Rust Project Developers.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 &lt;LICENSE-APACHE or
 // https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0&gt; or the MIT license
 // &lt;LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT&gt;, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.

 </span><span class="doccomment">//! [`Rng`] trait

 </span><span class="kw">use </span>rand_core::{Error, RngCore};
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::distributions::uniform::{SampleRange, SampleUniform};
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::distributions::{<span class="self">self</span>, Distribution, Standard};
 <span class="kw">use </span>core::num::Wrapping;
 <span class="kw">use </span>core::{mem, slice};

 <span class="doccomment">/// An automatically-implemented extension trait on [`RngCore`] providing high-level
 /// generic methods for sampling values and other convenience methods.
 ///
 /// This is the primary trait to use when generating random values.
 ///
 /// # Generic usage
 ///
 /// The basic pattern is `fn foo&lt;R: Rng + ?Sized&gt;(rng: &amp;mut R)`. Some
 /// things are worth noting here:
 ///
 /// - Since `Rng: RngCore` and every `RngCore` implements `Rng`, it makes no
 ///   difference whether we use `R: Rng` or `R: RngCore`.
 /// - The `+ ?Sized` un-bounding allows functions to be called directly on
 ///   type-erased references; i.e. `foo(r)` where `r: &amp;mut dyn RngCore`. Without
 ///   this it would be necessary to write `foo(&amp;mut r)`.
 ///
 /// An alternative pattern is possible: `fn foo&lt;R: Rng&gt;(rng: R)`. This has some
 /// trade-offs. It allows the argument to be consumed directly without a `&amp;mut`
 /// (which is how `from_rng(thread_rng())` works); also it still works directly
 /// on references (including type-erased references). Unfortunately within the
 /// function `foo` it is not known whether `rng` is a reference type or not,
 /// hence many uses of `rng` require an extra reference, either explicitly
 /// (`distr.sample(&amp;mut rng)`) or implicitly (`rng.gen()`); one may hope the
 /// optimiser can remove redundant references later.
 ///
 /// Example:
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use rand::thread_rng;
 /// use rand::Rng;
 ///
 /// fn foo&lt;R: Rng + ?Sized&gt;(rng: &amp;mut R) -&gt; f32 {
 ///     rng.gen()
 /// }
 ///
 /// # let v = foo(&amp;mut thread_rng());
 /// ```
 </span><span class="kw">pub trait </span>Rng: RngCore {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Return a random value supporting the [`Standard`] distribution.
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
     ///
     /// let mut rng = thread_rng();
     /// let x: u32 = rng.gen();
     /// println!(&quot;{}&quot;, x);
     /// println!(&quot;{:?}&quot;, rng.gen::&lt;(f64, bool)&gt;());
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Arrays and tuples
     ///
     /// The `rng.gen()` method is able to generate arrays (up to 32 elements)
     /// and tuples (up to 12 elements), so long as all element types can be
     /// generated.
     /// When using `rustc` ≥ 1.51, enable the `min_const_gen` feature to support
     /// arrays larger than 32 elements.
     ///
     /// For arrays of integers, especially for those with small element types
     /// (&lt; 64 bit), it will likely be faster to instead use [`Rng::fill`].
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
     ///
     /// let mut rng = thread_rng();
     /// let tuple: (u8, i32, char) = rng.gen(); // arbitrary tuple support
     ///
     /// let arr1: [f32; 32] = rng.gen();        // array construction
     /// let mut arr2 = [0u8; 128];
     /// rng.fill(&amp;mut arr2);                    // array fill
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Standard`]: distributions::Standard
     </span><span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>gen&lt;T&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; T
     <span class="kw">where </span>Standard: Distribution&lt;T&gt; {
         Standard.sample(<span class="self">self</span>)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Generate a random value in the given range.
     ///
     /// This function is optimised for the case that only a single sample is
     /// made from the given range. See also the [`Uniform`] distribution
     /// type which may be faster if sampling from the same range repeatedly.
     ///
     /// Only `gen_range(low..high)` and `gen_range(low..=high)` are supported.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if the range is empty.
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
     ///
     /// let mut rng = thread_rng();
     ///
     /// // Exclusive range
     /// let n: u32 = rng.gen_range(0..10);
     /// println!(&quot;{}&quot;, n);
     /// let m: f64 = rng.gen_range(-40.0..1.3e5);
     /// println!(&quot;{}&quot;, m);
     ///
     /// // Inclusive range
     /// let n: u32 = rng.gen_range(0..=10);
     /// println!(&quot;{}&quot;, n);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Uniform`]: distributions::uniform::Uniform
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>gen_range&lt;T, R&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, range: R) -&gt; T
     <span class="kw">where
         </span>T: SampleUniform,
         R: SampleRange&lt;T&gt;
     {
         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(!range.is_empty(), <span class="string">&quot;cannot sample empty range&quot;</span>);
         range.sample_single(<span class="self">self</span>)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Sample a new value, using the given distribution.
     ///
     /// ### Example
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
     /// use rand::distributions::Uniform;
     ///
     /// let mut rng = thread_rng();
     /// let x = rng.sample(Uniform::new(10u32, 15));
     /// // Type annotation requires two types, the type and distribution; the
     /// // distribution can be inferred.
     /// let y = rng.sample::&lt;u16, _&gt;(Uniform::new(10, 15));
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>sample&lt;T, D: Distribution&lt;T&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, distr: D) -&gt; T {
         distr.sample(<span class="self">self</span>)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Create an iterator that generates values using the given distribution.
     ///
     /// Note that this function takes its arguments by value. This works since
     /// `(&amp;mut R): Rng where R: Rng` and
     /// `(&amp;D): Distribution where D: Distribution`,
     /// however borrowing is not automatic hence `rng.sample_iter(...)` may
     /// need to be replaced with `(&amp;mut rng).sample_iter(...)`.
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
     /// use rand::distributions::{Alphanumeric, Uniform, Standard};
     ///
     /// let mut rng = thread_rng();
     ///
     /// // Vec of 16 x f32:
     /// let v: Vec&lt;f32&gt; = (&amp;mut rng).sample_iter(Standard).take(16).collect();
     ///
     /// // String:
     /// let s: String = (&amp;mut rng).sample_iter(Alphanumeric)
     ///     .take(7)
     ///     .map(char::from)
     ///     .collect();
     ///
     /// // Combined values
     /// println!(&quot;{:?}&quot;, (&amp;mut rng).sample_iter(Standard).take(5)
     ///                              .collect::&lt;Vec&lt;(f64, bool)&gt;&gt;());
     ///
     /// // Dice-rolling:
     /// let die_range = Uniform::new_inclusive(1, 6);
     /// let mut roll_die = (&amp;mut rng).sample_iter(die_range);
     /// while roll_die.next().unwrap() != 6 {
     ///     println!(&quot;Not a 6; rolling again!&quot;);
     /// }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>sample_iter&lt;T, D&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, distr: D) -&gt; distributions::DistIter&lt;D, <span class="self">Self</span>, T&gt;
     <span class="kw">where
         </span>D: Distribution&lt;T&gt;,
         <span class="self">Self</span>: Sized,
     {
         distr.sample_iter(<span class="self">self</span>)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Fill any type implementing [`Fill`] with random data
     ///
     /// The distribution is expected to be uniform with portable results, but
     /// this cannot be guaranteed for third-party implementations.
     ///
     /// This is identical to [`try_fill`] except that it panics on error.
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
     ///
     /// let mut arr = [0i8; 20];
     /// thread_rng().fill(&amp;mut arr[..]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`fill_bytes`]: RngCore::fill_bytes
     /// [`try_fill`]: Rng::try_fill
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>fill&lt;T: Fill + <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, dest: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>T) {
         dest.try_fill(<span class="self">self</span>).unwrap_or_else(|<span class="kw">_</span>| <span class="macro">panic!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;Rng::fill failed&quot;</span>))
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Fill any type implementing [`Fill`] with random data
     ///
     /// The distribution is expected to be uniform with portable results, but
     /// this cannot be guaranteed for third-party implementations.
     ///
     /// This is identical to [`fill`] except that it forwards errors.
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use rand::Error;
     /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
     ///
     /// # fn try_inner() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
     /// let mut arr = [0u64; 4];
     /// thread_rng().try_fill(&amp;mut arr[..])?;
     /// # Ok(())
     /// # }
     ///
     /// # try_inner().unwrap()
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`try_fill_bytes`]: RngCore::try_fill_bytes
     /// [`fill`]: Rng::fill
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>try_fill&lt;T: Fill + <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, dest: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>T) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), Error&gt; {
         dest.try_fill(<span class="self">self</span>)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Return a bool with a probability `p` of being true.
     ///
     /// See also the [`Bernoulli`] distribution, which may be faster if
     /// sampling from the same probability repeatedly.
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
     ///
     /// let mut rng = thread_rng();
     /// println!(&quot;{}&quot;, rng.gen_bool(1.0 / 3.0));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If `p &lt; 0` or `p &gt; 1`.
     ///
     /// [`Bernoulli`]: distributions::Bernoulli
     </span><span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>gen_bool(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, p: f64) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="kw">let </span>d = distributions::Bernoulli::new(p).unwrap();
         <span class="self">self</span>.sample(d)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Return a bool with a probability of `numerator/denominator` of being
     /// true. I.e. `gen_ratio(2, 3)` has chance of 2 in 3, or about 67%, of
     /// returning true. If `numerator == denominator`, then the returned value
     /// is guaranteed to be `true`. If `numerator == 0`, then the returned
     /// value is guaranteed to be `false`.
     ///
     /// See also the [`Bernoulli`] distribution, which may be faster if
     /// sampling from the same `numerator` and `denominator` repeatedly.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If `denominator == 0` or `numerator &gt; denominator`.
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
     ///
     /// let mut rng = thread_rng();
     /// println!(&quot;{}&quot;, rng.gen_ratio(2, 3));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`Bernoulli`]: distributions::Bernoulli
     </span><span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>gen_ratio(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, numerator: u32, denominator: u32) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="kw">let </span>d = distributions::Bernoulli::from_ratio(numerator, denominator).unwrap();
         <span class="self">self</span>.sample(d)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;R: RngCore + <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized&gt; Rng <span class="kw">for </span>R {}

 <span class="doccomment">/// Types which may be filled with random data
 ///
 /// This trait allows arrays to be efficiently filled with random data.
 ///
 /// Implementations are expected to be portable across machines unless
 /// clearly documented otherwise (see the
 /// [Chapter on Portability](https://rust-random.github.io/book/portability.html)).
 </span><span class="kw">pub trait </span>Fill {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Fill self with random data
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>try_fill&lt;R: Rng + <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, rng: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>R) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), Error&gt;;
 }

 <span class="macro">macro_rules! </span>impl_fill_each {
     () =&gt; {};
     (<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>:ty) =&gt; {
         <span class="kw">impl </span>Fill <span class="kw">for </span>[<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>] {
             <span class="kw">fn </span>try_fill&lt;R: Rng + <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, rng: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>R) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), Error&gt; {
                 <span class="kw">for </span>elt <span class="kw">in </span><span class="self">self</span>.iter_mut() {
                     <span class="kw-2">*</span>elt = rng.gen();
                 }
                 <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
             }
         }
     };
     (<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>:ty, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$tt</span>:ty,)<span class="kw-2">*</span>) =&gt; {
         <span class="macro">impl_fill_each!</span>(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>);
         <span class="macro">impl_fill_each!</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$tt</span>,)<span class="kw-2">*</span>);
     };
 }

 <span class="macro">impl_fill_each!</span>(bool, char, f32, f64,);

 <span class="kw">impl </span>Fill <span class="kw">for </span>[u8] {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>try_fill&lt;R: Rng + <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, rng: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>R) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), Error&gt; {
         rng.try_fill_bytes(<span class="self">self</span>)
     }
 }

 <span class="macro">macro_rules! </span>impl_fill {
     () =&gt; {};
     (<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>:ty) =&gt; {
         <span class="kw">impl </span>Fill <span class="kw">for </span>[<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>] {
             <span class="attribute">#[inline(never)] </span><span class="comment">// in micro benchmarks, this improves performance
             </span><span class="kw">fn </span>try_fill&lt;R: Rng + <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, rng: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>R) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), Error&gt; {
                 <span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.len() &gt; <span class="number">0 </span>{
                     rng.try_fill_bytes(<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
                         slice::from_raw_parts_mut(<span class="self">self</span>.as_mut_ptr()
                             <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*mut </span>u8,
                             <span class="self">self</span>.len() * mem::size_of::&lt;<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>&gt;()
                         )
                     })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
                     <span class="kw">for </span>x <span class="kw">in </span><span class="self">self </span>{
                         <span class="kw-2">*</span>x = x.to_le();
                     }
                 }
                 <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
             }
         }

         <span class="kw">impl </span>Fill <span class="kw">for </span>[Wrapping&lt;<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>&gt;] {
             <span class="attribute">#[inline(never)]
             </span><span class="kw">fn </span>try_fill&lt;R: Rng + <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, rng: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>R) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), Error&gt; {
                 <span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.len() &gt; <span class="number">0 </span>{
                     rng.try_fill_bytes(<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
                         slice::from_raw_parts_mut(<span class="self">self</span>.as_mut_ptr()
                             <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*mut </span>u8,
                             <span class="self">self</span>.len() * mem::size_of::&lt;<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>&gt;()
                         )
                     })<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
                     <span class="kw">for </span>x <span class="kw">in </span><span class="self">self </span>{
                     <span class="kw-2">*</span>x = Wrapping(x.<span class="number">0</span>.to_le());
                     }
                 }
                 <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
             }
         }
     };
     (<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>:ty, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$tt</span>:ty,)<span class="kw-2">*</span>) =&gt; {
         <span class="macro">impl_fill!</span>(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>);
         <span class="comment">// TODO: this could replace above impl once Rust #32463 is fixed
         // impl_fill!(Wrapping&lt;$t&gt;);
         </span><span class="macro">impl_fill!</span>($(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$tt</span>,)<span class="kw-2">*</span>);
     }
 }

 <span class="macro">impl_fill!</span>(u16, u32, u64, usize, u128,);
 <span class="macro">impl_fill!</span>(i8, i16, i32, i64, isize, i128,);

 <span class="attribute">#[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;min_const_gen&quot;</span>)))]
 #[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;min_const_gen&quot;</span>)]
 </span><span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T, <span class="kw">const </span>N: usize&gt; Fill <span class="kw">for </span>[T; N]
 <span class="kw">where </span>[T]: Fill
 {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>try_fill&lt;R: Rng + <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, rng: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>R) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), Error&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>[..].try_fill(rng)
     }
 }

 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(feature = <span class="string">&quot;min_const_gen&quot;</span>))]
 </span><span class="macro">macro_rules! </span>impl_fill_arrays {
     (<span class="macro-nonterminal">$n</span>:expr,) =&gt; {};
     (<span class="macro-nonterminal">$n</span>:expr, <span class="macro-nonterminal">$N</span>:ident) =&gt; {
         <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; Fill <span class="kw">for </span>[T; <span class="macro-nonterminal">$n</span>] <span class="kw">where </span>[T]: Fill {
             <span class="kw">fn </span>try_fill&lt;R: Rng + <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, rng: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>R) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), Error&gt; {
                 <span class="self">self</span>[..].try_fill(rng)
             }
         }
     };
     (<span class="macro-nonterminal">$n</span>:expr, <span class="macro-nonterminal">$N</span>:ident, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$NN</span>:ident,)<span class="kw-2">*</span>) =&gt; {
         <span class="macro">impl_fill_arrays!</span>(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$n</span>, <span class="macro-nonterminal">$N</span>);
         <span class="macro">impl_fill_arrays!</span>(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$n </span>- <span class="number">1</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$NN</span>,)<span class="kw-2">*</span>);
     };
     (!div <span class="macro-nonterminal">$n</span>:expr,) =&gt; {};
     (!div <span class="macro-nonterminal">$n</span>:expr, <span class="macro-nonterminal">$N</span>:ident, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$NN</span>:ident,)<span class="kw-2">*</span>) =&gt; {
         <span class="macro">impl_fill_arrays!</span>(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$n</span>, <span class="macro-nonterminal">$N</span>);
         <span class="macro">impl_fill_arrays!</span>(!div <span class="macro-nonterminal">$n </span>/ <span class="number">2</span>, $(<span class="macro-nonterminal">$NN</span>,)<span class="kw-2">*</span>);
     };
 }
 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(feature = <span class="string">&quot;min_const_gen&quot;</span>))]
 #[rustfmt::skip]
 </span><span class="macro">impl_fill_arrays!</span>(<span class="number">32</span>, N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,);
 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(feature = <span class="string">&quot;min_const_gen&quot;</span>))]
 </span><span class="macro">impl_fill_arrays!</span>(!div <span class="number">4096</span>, N,N,N,N,N,N,N,);

 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(test)]
 </span><span class="kw">mod </span>test {
     <span class="kw">use super</span>::<span class="kw-2">*</span>;
     <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::test::rng;
     <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::rngs::mock::StepRng;
     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;alloc&quot;</span>)] </span><span class="kw">use </span>alloc::boxed::Box;

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_fill_bytes_default() {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = StepRng::new(<span class="number">0x11_22_33_44_55_66_77_88</span>, <span class="number">0</span>);

         <span class="comment">// check every remainder mod 8, both in small and big vectors.
         </span><span class="kw">let </span>lengths = [<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">80</span>, <span class="number">81</span>, <span class="number">82</span>, <span class="number">83</span>, <span class="number">84</span>, <span class="number">85</span>, <span class="number">86</span>, <span class="number">87</span>];
         <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>n <span class="kw">in </span>lengths.iter() {
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>buffer = [<span class="number">0u8</span>; <span class="number">87</span>];
             <span class="kw">let </span>v = <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>buffer[<span class="number">0</span>..n];
             r.fill_bytes(v);

             <span class="comment">// use this to get nicer error messages.
             </span><span class="kw">for </span>(i, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>byte) <span class="kw">in </span>v.iter().enumerate() {
                 <span class="kw">if </span>byte == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                     <span class="macro">panic!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;byte {} of {} is zero&quot;</span>, i, n)
                 }
             }
         }
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_fill() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>x = <span class="number">9041086907909331047</span>; <span class="comment">// a random u64
         </span><span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>rng = StepRng::new(x, <span class="number">0</span>);

         <span class="comment">// Convert to byte sequence and back to u64; byte-swap twice if BE.
         </span><span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>array = [<span class="number">0u64</span>; <span class="number">2</span>];
         rng.fill(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>array[..]);
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(array, [x, x]);
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(rng.next_u64(), x);

         <span class="comment">// Convert to bytes then u32 in LE order
         </span><span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>array = [<span class="number">0u32</span>; <span class="number">2</span>];
         rng.fill(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>array[..]);
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(array, [x <span class="kw">as </span>u32, (x &gt;&gt; <span class="number">32</span>) <span class="kw">as </span>u32]);
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(rng.next_u32(), x <span class="kw">as </span>u32);

         <span class="comment">// Check equivalence using wrapped arrays
         </span><span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>warray = [Wrapping(<span class="number">0u32</span>); <span class="number">2</span>];
         rng.fill(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>warray[..]);
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(array[<span class="number">0</span>], warray[<span class="number">0</span>].<span class="number">0</span>);
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(array[<span class="number">1</span>], warray[<span class="number">1</span>].<span class="number">0</span>);

         <span class="comment">// Check equivalence for generated floats
         </span><span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>array = [<span class="number">0f32</span>; <span class="number">2</span>];
         rng.fill(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>array);
         <span class="kw">let </span>gen: [f32; <span class="number">2</span>] = rng.gen();
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(array, gen);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_fill_empty() {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>array = [<span class="number">0u32</span>; <span class="number">0</span>];
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>rng = StepRng::new(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>);
         rng.fill(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>array);
         rng.fill(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>array[..]);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_gen_range_int() {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = rng(<span class="number">101</span>);
         <span class="kw">for _ in </span><span class="number">0</span>..<span class="number">1000 </span>{
             <span class="kw">let </span>a = r.gen_range(-<span class="number">4711</span>..<span class="number">17</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert!</span>((-<span class="number">4711</span>..<span class="number">17</span>).contains(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a));
             <span class="kw">let </span>a: i8 = r.gen_range(-<span class="number">3</span>..<span class="number">42</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert!</span>((-<span class="number">3</span>..<span class="number">42</span>).contains(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a));
             <span class="kw">let </span>a: u16 = r.gen_range(<span class="number">10</span>..<span class="number">99</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert!</span>((<span class="number">10</span>..<span class="number">99</span>).contains(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a));
             <span class="kw">let </span>a: i32 = r.gen_range(-<span class="number">100</span>..<span class="number">2000</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert!</span>((-<span class="number">100</span>..<span class="number">2000</span>).contains(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a));
             <span class="kw">let </span>a: u32 = r.gen_range(<span class="number">12</span>..=<span class="number">24</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert!</span>((<span class="number">12</span>..=<span class="number">24</span>).contains(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a));

             <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.gen_range(<span class="number">0u32</span>..<span class="number">1</span>), <span class="number">0u32</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.gen_range(-<span class="number">12i64</span>..-<span class="number">11</span>), -<span class="number">12i64</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.gen_range(<span class="number">3_000_000</span>..<span class="number">3_000_001</span>), <span class="number">3_000_000</span>);
         }
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_gen_range_float() {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = rng(<span class="number">101</span>);
         <span class="kw">for _ in </span><span class="number">0</span>..<span class="number">1000 </span>{
             <span class="kw">let </span>a = r.gen_range(-<span class="number">4.5</span>..<span class="number">1.7</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert!</span>((-<span class="number">4.5</span>..<span class="number">1.7</span>).contains(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a));
             <span class="kw">let </span>a = r.gen_range(-<span class="number">1.1</span>..=-<span class="number">0.3</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert!</span>((-<span class="number">1.1</span>..=-<span class="number">0.3</span>).contains(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a));

             <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.gen_range(<span class="number">0.0f32</span>..=<span class="number">0.0</span>), <span class="number">0.</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.gen_range(-<span class="number">11.0</span>..=-<span class="number">11.0</span>), -<span class="number">11.</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.gen_range(<span class="number">3_000_000.0</span>..=<span class="number">3_000_000.0</span>), <span class="number">3_000_000.</span>);
         }
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     #[should_panic]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_gen_range_panic_int() {
         <span class="attribute">#![allow(clippy::reversed_empty_ranges)]
         </span><span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = rng(<span class="number">102</span>);
         r.gen_range(<span class="number">5</span>..-<span class="number">2</span>);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     #[should_panic]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_gen_range_panic_usize() {
         <span class="attribute">#![allow(clippy::reversed_empty_ranges)]
         </span><span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = rng(<span class="number">103</span>);
         r.gen_range(<span class="number">5</span>..<span class="number">2</span>);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_gen_bool() {
         <span class="attribute">#![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]

         </span><span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = rng(<span class="number">105</span>);
         <span class="kw">for _ in </span><span class="number">0</span>..<span class="number">5 </span>{
             <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.gen_bool(<span class="number">0.0</span>), <span class="bool-val">false</span>);
             <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.gen_bool(<span class="number">1.0</span>), <span class="bool-val">true</span>);
         }
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_rng_trait_object() {
         <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::distributions::{Distribution, Standard};
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>rng = rng(<span class="number">109</span>);
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>rng <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="kw">dyn </span>RngCore;
         r.next_u32();
         r.gen::&lt;i32&gt;();
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.gen_range(<span class="number">0</span>..<span class="number">1</span>), <span class="number">0</span>);
         <span class="kw">let </span>_c: u8 = Standard.sample(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>r);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     #[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;alloc&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_rng_boxed_trait() {
         <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::distributions::{Distribution, Standard};
         <span class="kw">let </span>rng = rng(<span class="number">110</span>);
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = Box::new(rng) <span class="kw">as </span>Box&lt;<span class="kw">dyn </span>RngCore&gt;;
         r.next_u32();
         r.gen::&lt;i32&gt;();
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.gen_range(<span class="number">0</span>..<span class="number">1</span>), <span class="number">0</span>);
         <span class="kw">let </span>_c: u8 = Standard.sample(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>r);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] </span><span class="comment">// Miri is too slow
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_gen_ratio_average() {
         <span class="kw">const </span>NUM: u32 = <span class="number">3</span>;
         <span class="kw">const </span>DENOM: u32 = <span class="number">10</span>;
         <span class="kw">const </span>N: u32 = <span class="number">100_000</span>;

         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>sum: u32 = <span class="number">0</span>;
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>rng = rng(<span class="number">111</span>);
         <span class="kw">for _ in </span><span class="number">0</span>..N {
             <span class="kw">if </span>rng.gen_ratio(NUM, DENOM) {
                 sum += <span class="number">1</span>;
             }
         }
         <span class="comment">// Have Binomial(N, NUM/DENOM) distribution
         </span><span class="kw">let </span>expected = (NUM * N) / DENOM; <span class="comment">// exact integer
         </span><span class="macro">assert!</span>(((sum - expected) <span class="kw">as </span>i32).abs() &lt; <span class="number">500</span>);
     }
 }
 </code></pre></div>
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