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 </pre><pre class="rust"><code><span class="kw">use </span>core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut};
 <span class="kw">use </span>core::cmp;
 <span class="kw">use </span>core::fmt;
 <span class="kw">use </span>core::marker::PhantomData;
 <span class="kw">use </span>core::mem::{<span class="self">self</span>, MaybeUninit};
 <span class="kw">use </span>core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 <span class="kw">use </span>core::slice;
 <span class="kw">use </span>core::sync::atomic::Ordering;

 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::alloc::alloc;
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::alloc::boxed::Box;
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::guard::Guard;
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::primitive::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
 <span class="kw">use </span>crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicConsume;

 <span class="doccomment">/// Given ordering for the success case in a compare-exchange operation, returns the strongest
 /// appropriate ordering for the failure case.
 </span><span class="attribute">#[inline]
 </span><span class="kw">fn </span>strongest_failure_ordering(ord: Ordering) -&gt; Ordering {
     <span class="kw">use </span><span class="self">self</span>::Ordering::<span class="kw-2">*</span>;
     <span class="kw">match </span>ord {
         Relaxed | Release =&gt; Relaxed,
         Acquire | AcqRel =&gt; Acquire,
         <span class="kw">_ </span>=&gt; SeqCst,
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// The error returned on failed compare-and-set operation.
 </span><span class="comment">// TODO: remove in the next major version.
 </span><span class="attribute">#[deprecated(note = <span class="string">&quot;Use `CompareExchangeError` instead&quot;</span>)]
 </span><span class="kw">pub type </span>CompareAndSetError&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T, P&gt; = CompareExchangeError&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T, P&gt;;

 <span class="doccomment">/// The error returned on failed compare-and-swap operation.
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>CompareExchangeError&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable, P: Pointer&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// The value in the atomic pointer at the time of the failed operation.
     </span><span class="kw">pub </span>current: Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;,

     <span class="doccomment">/// The new value, which the operation failed to store.
     </span><span class="kw">pub </span>new: P,
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T, P: Pointer&lt;T&gt; + fmt::Debug&gt; fmt::Debug <span class="kw">for </span>CompareExchangeError&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T, P&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, f: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>fmt::Formatter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>&gt;) -&gt; fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct(<span class="string">&quot;CompareExchangeError&quot;</span>)
             .field(<span class="string">&quot;current&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.current)
             .field(<span class="string">&quot;new&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.new)
             .finish()
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// Memory orderings for compare-and-set operations.
 ///
 /// A compare-and-set operation can have different memory orderings depending on whether it
 /// succeeds or fails. This trait generalizes different ways of specifying memory orderings.
 ///
 /// The two ways of specifying orderings for compare-and-set are:
 ///
 /// 1. Just one `Ordering` for the success case. In case of failure, the strongest appropriate
 ///    ordering is chosen.
 /// 2. A pair of `Ordering`s. The first one is for the success case, while the second one is
 ///    for the failure case.
 </span><span class="comment">// TODO: remove in the next major version.
 </span><span class="attribute">#[deprecated(
     note = <span class="string">&quot;`compare_and_set` and `compare_and_set_weak` that use this trait are deprecated, \
             use `compare_exchange` or `compare_exchange_weak instead`&quot;
 </span>)]
 </span><span class="kw">pub trait </span>CompareAndSetOrdering {
     <span class="doccomment">/// The ordering of the operation when it succeeds.
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>success(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Ordering;

     <span class="doccomment">/// The ordering of the operation when it fails.
     ///
     /// The failure ordering can&#39;t be `Release` or `AcqRel` and must be equivalent or weaker than
     /// the success ordering.
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>failure(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Ordering;
 }

 <span class="attribute">#[allow(deprecated)]
 </span><span class="kw">impl </span>CompareAndSetOrdering <span class="kw">for </span>Ordering {
     <span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>success(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Ordering {
         <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self
     </span>}

     <span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>failure(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Ordering {
         strongest_failure_ordering(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>)
     }
 }

 <span class="attribute">#[allow(deprecated)]
 </span><span class="kw">impl </span>CompareAndSetOrdering <span class="kw">for </span>(Ordering, Ordering) {
     <span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>success(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Ordering {
         <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0
     </span>}

     <span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>failure(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Ordering {
         <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">1
     </span>}
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a bitmask containing the unused least significant bits of an aligned pointer to `T`.
 </span><span class="attribute">#[inline]
 </span><span class="kw">fn </span>low_bits&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt;() -&gt; usize {
     (<span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; T::ALIGN.trailing_zeros()) - <span class="number">1
 </span>}

 <span class="doccomment">/// Panics if the pointer is not properly unaligned.
 </span><span class="attribute">#[inline]
 </span><span class="kw">fn </span>ensure_aligned&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt;(raw: usize) {
     <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(raw &amp; low_bits::&lt;T&gt;(), <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="string">&quot;unaligned pointer&quot;</span>);
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// Given a tagged pointer `data`, returns the same pointer, but tagged with `tag`.
 ///
 /// `tag` is truncated to fit into the unused bits of the pointer to `T`.
 </span><span class="attribute">#[inline]
 </span><span class="kw">fn </span>compose_tag&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt;(data: usize, tag: usize) -&gt; usize {
     (data &amp; !low_bits::&lt;T&gt;()) | (tag &amp; low_bits::&lt;T&gt;())
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// Decomposes a tagged pointer `data` into the pointer and the tag.
 </span><span class="attribute">#[inline]
 </span><span class="kw">fn </span>decompose_tag&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt;(data: usize) -&gt; (usize, usize) {
     (data &amp; !low_bits::&lt;T&gt;(), data &amp; low_bits::&lt;T&gt;())
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// Types that are pointed to by a single word.
 ///
 /// In concurrent programming, it is necessary to represent an object within a word because atomic
 /// operations (e.g., reads, writes, read-modify-writes) support only single words.  This trait
 /// qualifies such types that are pointed to by a single word.
 ///
 /// The trait generalizes `Box&lt;T&gt;` for a sized type `T`.  In a box, an object of type `T` is
 /// allocated in heap and it is owned by a single-word pointer.  This trait is also implemented for
 /// `[MaybeUninit&lt;T&gt;]` by storing its size along with its elements and pointing to the pair of array
 /// size and elements.
 ///
 /// Pointers to `Pointable` types can be stored in [`Atomic`], [`Owned`], and [`Shared`].  In
 /// particular, Crossbeam supports dynamically sized slices as follows.
 ///
 /// ```
 /// use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
 /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned;
 ///
 /// let o = Owned::&lt;[MaybeUninit&lt;i32&gt;]&gt;::init(10); // allocating [i32; 10]
 /// ```
 </span><span class="kw">pub trait </span>Pointable {
     <span class="doccomment">/// The alignment of pointer.
     </span><span class="kw">const </span>ALIGN: usize;

     <span class="doccomment">/// The type for initializers.
     </span><span class="kw">type </span>Init;

     <span class="doccomment">/// Initializes a with the given initializer.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// The result should be a multiple of `ALIGN`.
     </span><span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>init(init: <span class="self">Self</span>::Init) -&gt; usize;

     <span class="doccomment">/// Dereferences the given pointer.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// - The given `ptr` should have been initialized with [`Pointable::init`].
     /// - `ptr` should not have yet been dropped by [`Pointable::drop`].
     /// - `ptr` should not be mutably dereferenced by [`Pointable::deref_mut`] concurrently.
     </span><span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>deref&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;(ptr: usize) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="self">Self</span>;

     <span class="doccomment">/// Mutably dereferences the given pointer.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// - The given `ptr` should have been initialized with [`Pointable::init`].
     /// - `ptr` should not have yet been dropped by [`Pointable::drop`].
     /// - `ptr` should not be dereferenced by [`Pointable::deref`] or [`Pointable::deref_mut`]
     ///   concurrently.
     </span><span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>deref_mut&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;(ptr: usize) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span><span class="self">Self</span>;

     <span class="doccomment">/// Drops the object pointed to by the given pointer.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// - The given `ptr` should have been initialized with [`Pointable::init`].
     /// - `ptr` should not have yet been dropped by [`Pointable::drop`].
     /// - `ptr` should not be dereferenced by [`Pointable::deref`] or [`Pointable::deref_mut`]
     ///   concurrently.
     </span><span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>drop(ptr: usize);
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; Pointable <span class="kw">for </span>T {
     <span class="kw">const </span>ALIGN: usize = mem::align_of::&lt;T&gt;();

     <span class="kw">type </span>Init = T;

     <span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>init(init: <span class="self">Self</span>::Init) -&gt; usize {
         Box::into_raw(Box::new(init)) <span class="kw">as </span>usize
     }

     <span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>deref&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;(ptr: usize) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;*</span>(ptr <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*const </span>T)
     }

     <span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>deref_mut&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;(ptr: usize) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span><span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut *</span>(ptr <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*mut </span>T)
     }

     <span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>drop(ptr: usize) {
         drop(Box::from_raw(ptr <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*mut </span>T));
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// Array with size.
 ///
 /// # Memory layout
 ///
 /// An array consisting of size and elements:
 ///
 /// ```text
 ///          elements
 ///          |
 ///          |
 /// ------------------------------------
 /// | size | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
 /// ------------------------------------
 /// ```
 ///
 /// Its memory layout is different from that of `Box&lt;[T]&gt;` in that size is in the allocation (not
 /// along with pointer as in `Box&lt;[T]&gt;`).
 ///
 /// Elements are not present in the type, but they will be in the allocation.
 /// ```
 ///
 </span><span class="comment">// TODO(@jeehoonkang): once we bump the minimum required Rust version to 1.44 or newer, use
 // [`alloc::alloc::Layout::extend`] instead.
 </span><span class="attribute">#[repr(C)]
 </span><span class="kw">struct </span>Array&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// The number of elements (not the number of bytes).
     </span>len: usize,
     elements: [MaybeUninit&lt;T&gt;; <span class="number">0</span>],
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; Pointable <span class="kw">for </span>[MaybeUninit&lt;T&gt;] {
     <span class="kw">const </span>ALIGN: usize = mem::align_of::&lt;Array&lt;T&gt;&gt;();

     <span class="kw">type </span>Init = usize;

     <span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>init(len: <span class="self">Self</span>::Init) -&gt; usize {
         <span class="kw">let </span>size = mem::size_of::&lt;Array&lt;T&gt;&gt;() + mem::size_of::&lt;MaybeUninit&lt;T&gt;&gt;() * len;
         <span class="kw">let </span>align = mem::align_of::&lt;Array&lt;T&gt;&gt;();
         <span class="kw">let </span>layout = alloc::Layout::from_size_align(size, align).unwrap();
         <span class="kw">let </span>ptr = alloc::alloc(layout).cast::&lt;Array&lt;T&gt;&gt;();
         <span class="kw">if </span>ptr.is_null() {
             alloc::handle_alloc_error(layout);
         }
         (<span class="kw-2">*</span>ptr).len = len;
         ptr <span class="kw">as </span>usize
     }

     <span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>deref&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;(ptr: usize) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">let </span>array = <span class="kw-2">&amp;*</span>(ptr <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*const </span>Array&lt;T&gt;);
         slice::from_raw_parts(array.elements.as_ptr() <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*const </span><span class="kw">_</span>, array.len)
     }

     <span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>deref_mut&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;(ptr: usize) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span><span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">let </span>array = <span class="kw-2">&amp;*</span>(ptr <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Array&lt;T&gt;);
         slice::from_raw_parts_mut(array.elements.as_ptr() <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*mut </span><span class="kw">_</span>, array.len)
     }

     <span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>drop(ptr: usize) {
         <span class="kw">let </span>array = <span class="kw-2">&amp;*</span>(ptr <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Array&lt;T&gt;);
         <span class="kw">let </span>size = mem::size_of::&lt;Array&lt;T&gt;&gt;() + mem::size_of::&lt;MaybeUninit&lt;T&gt;&gt;() * array.len;
         <span class="kw">let </span>align = mem::align_of::&lt;Array&lt;T&gt;&gt;();
         <span class="kw">let </span>layout = alloc::Layout::from_size_align(size, align).unwrap();
         alloc::dealloc(ptr <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*mut </span>u8, layout);
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// An atomic pointer that can be safely shared between threads.
 ///
 /// The pointer must be properly aligned. Since it is aligned, a tag can be stored into the unused
 /// least significant bits of the address. For example, the tag for a pointer to a sized type `T`
 /// should be less than `(1 &lt;&lt; mem::align_of::&lt;T&gt;().trailing_zeros())`.
 ///
 /// Any method that loads the pointer must be passed a reference to a [`Guard`].
 ///
 /// Crossbeam supports dynamically sized types.  See [`Pointable`] for details.
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>Atomic&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; {
     data: AtomicUsize,
     _marker: PhantomData&lt;<span class="kw-2">*mut </span>T&gt;,
 }

 <span class="kw">unsafe impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable + Send + Sync&gt; Send <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {}
 <span class="kw">unsafe impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable + Send + Sync&gt; Sync <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {}

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Allocates `value` on the heap and returns a new atomic pointer pointing to it.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Atomic;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>new(init: T) -&gt; Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="self">Self</span>::init(init)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Allocates `value` on the heap and returns a new atomic pointer pointing to it.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Atomic;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::&lt;i32&gt;::init(1234);
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>init(init: T::Init) -&gt; Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="self">Self</span>::from(Owned::init(init))
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new atomic pointer pointing to the tagged pointer `data`.
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>from_usize(data: usize) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="self">Self </span>{
             data: AtomicUsize::new(data),
             _marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new null atomic pointer.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Atomic;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::&lt;i32&gt;::null();
     /// ```
     </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(all(not(crossbeam_no_const_fn_trait_bound), not(crossbeam_loom)))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub const fn </span>null() -&gt; Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="self">Self </span>{
             data: AtomicUsize::new(<span class="number">0</span>),
             _marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new null atomic pointer.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(all(not(crossbeam_no_const_fn_trait_bound), not(crossbeam_loom))))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>null() -&gt; Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="self">Self </span>{
             data: AtomicUsize::new(<span class="number">0</span>),
             _marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Loads a `Shared` from the atomic pointer.
     ///
     /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this
     /// operation.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>load&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, ord: Ordering, <span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard) -&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ Shared::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.data.load(ord)) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Loads a `Shared` from the atomic pointer using a &quot;consume&quot; memory ordering.
     ///
     /// This is similar to the &quot;acquire&quot; ordering, except that an ordering is
     /// only guaranteed with operations that &quot;depend on&quot; the result of the load.
     /// However consume loads are usually much faster than acquire loads on
     /// architectures with a weak memory model since they don&#39;t require memory
     /// fence instructions.
     ///
     /// The exact definition of &quot;depend on&quot; is a bit vague, but it works as you
     /// would expect in practice since a lot of software, especially the Linux
     /// kernel, rely on this behavior.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic};
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let p = a.load_consume(guard);
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>load_consume&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard) -&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ Shared::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.data.load_consume()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Stores a `Shared` or `Owned` pointer into the atomic pointer.
     ///
     /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this
     /// operation.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{Atomic, Owned, Shared};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.load(SeqCst, &amp;crossbeam_epoch::pin()).into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// a.store(Shared::null(), SeqCst);
     /// a.store(Owned::new(1234), SeqCst);
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>store&lt;P: Pointer&lt;T&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, new: P, ord: Ordering) {
         <span class="self">self</span>.data.store(new.into_usize(), ord);
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Stores a `Shared` or `Owned` pointer into the atomic pointer, returning the previous
     /// `Shared`.
     ///
     /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this
     /// operation.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Shared};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let p = a.swap(Shared::null(), SeqCst, guard);
     /// # unsafe { drop(p.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>swap&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, P: Pointer&lt;T&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, new: P, ord: Ordering, <span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard) -&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ Shared::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.data.swap(new.into_usize(), ord)) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Stores the pointer `new` (either `Shared` or `Owned`) into the atomic pointer if the current
     /// value is the same as `current`. The tag is also taken into account, so two pointers to the
     /// same object, but with different tags, will not be considered equal.
     ///
     /// The return value is a result indicating whether the new pointer was written. On success the
     /// pointer that was written is returned. On failure the actual current value and `new` are
     /// returned.
     ///
     /// This method takes two `Ordering` arguments to describe the memory
     /// ordering of this operation. `success` describes the required ordering for the
     /// read-modify-write operation that takes place if the comparison with `current` succeeds.
     /// `failure` describes the required ordering for the load operation that takes place when
     /// the comparison fails. Using `Acquire` as success ordering makes the store part
     /// of this operation `Relaxed`, and using `Release` makes the successful load
     /// `Relaxed`. The failure ordering can only be `SeqCst`, `Acquire` or `Relaxed`
     /// and must be equivalent to or weaker than the success ordering.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned, Shared};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     ///
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let curr = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// let res1 = a.compare_exchange(curr, Shared::null(), SeqCst, SeqCst, guard);
     /// let res2 = a.compare_exchange(curr, Owned::new(5678), SeqCst, SeqCst, guard);
     /// # unsafe { drop(curr.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>compare_exchange&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, P&gt;(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>,
         current: Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt;,
         new: P,
         success: Ordering,
         failure: Ordering,
         <span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;, CompareExchangeError&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T, P&gt;&gt;
     <span class="kw">where
         </span>P: Pointer&lt;T&gt;,
     {
         <span class="kw">let </span>new = new.into_usize();
         <span class="self">self</span>.data
             .compare_exchange(current.into_usize(), new, success, failure)
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ Shared::from_usize(new) })
             .map_err(|current| <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
                 CompareExchangeError {
                     current: Shared::from_usize(current),
                     new: P::from_usize(new),
                 }
             })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Stores the pointer `new` (either `Shared` or `Owned`) into the atomic pointer if the current
     /// value is the same as `current`. The tag is also taken into account, so two pointers to the
     /// same object, but with different tags, will not be considered equal.
     ///
     /// Unlike [`compare_exchange`], this method is allowed to spuriously fail even when comparison
     /// succeeds, which can result in more efficient code on some platforms.  The return value is a
     /// result indicating whether the new pointer was written. On success the pointer that was
     /// written is returned. On failure the actual current value and `new` are returned.
     ///
     /// This method takes two `Ordering` arguments to describe the memory
     /// ordering of this operation. `success` describes the required ordering for the
     /// read-modify-write operation that takes place if the comparison with `current` succeeds.
     /// `failure` describes the required ordering for the load operation that takes place when
     /// the comparison fails. Using `Acquire` as success ordering makes the store part
     /// of this operation `Relaxed`, and using `Release` makes the successful load
     /// `Relaxed`. The failure ordering can only be `SeqCst`, `Acquire` or `Relaxed`
     /// and must be equivalent to or weaker than the success ordering.
     ///
     /// [`compare_exchange`]: Atomic::compare_exchange
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned, Shared};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     ///
     /// let mut new = Owned::new(5678);
     /// let mut ptr = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.load(SeqCst, guard).into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// loop {
     ///     match a.compare_exchange_weak(ptr, new, SeqCst, SeqCst, guard) {
     ///         Ok(p) =&gt; {
     ///             ptr = p;
     ///             break;
     ///         }
     ///         Err(err) =&gt; {
     ///             ptr = err.current;
     ///             new = err.new;
     ///         }
     ///     }
     /// }
     ///
     /// let mut curr = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// loop {
     ///     match a.compare_exchange_weak(curr, Shared::null(), SeqCst, SeqCst, guard) {
     ///         Ok(_) =&gt; break,
     ///         Err(err) =&gt; curr = err.current,
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// # unsafe { drop(curr.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>compare_exchange_weak&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, P&gt;(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>,
         current: Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt;,
         new: P,
         success: Ordering,
         failure: Ordering,
         <span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;, CompareExchangeError&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T, P&gt;&gt;
     <span class="kw">where
         </span>P: Pointer&lt;T&gt;,
     {
         <span class="kw">let </span>new = new.into_usize();
         <span class="self">self</span>.data
             .compare_exchange_weak(current.into_usize(), new, success, failure)
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ Shared::from_usize(new) })
             .map_err(|current| <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
                 CompareExchangeError {
                     current: Shared::from_usize(current),
                     new: P::from_usize(new),
                 }
             })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Fetches the pointer, and then applies a function to it that returns a new value.
     /// Returns a `Result` of `Ok(previous_value)` if the function returned `Some`, else `Err(_)`.
     ///
     /// Note that the given function may be called multiple times if the value has been changed by
     /// other threads in the meantime, as long as the function returns `Some(_)`, but the function
     /// will have been applied only once to the stored value.
     ///
     /// `fetch_update` takes two [`Ordering`] arguments to describe the memory
     /// ordering of this operation. The first describes the required ordering for
     /// when the operation finally succeeds while the second describes the
     /// required ordering for loads. These correspond to the success and failure
     /// orderings of [`Atomic::compare_exchange`] respectively.
     ///
     /// Using [`Acquire`] as success ordering makes the store part of this
     /// operation [`Relaxed`], and using [`Release`] makes the final successful
     /// load [`Relaxed`]. The (failed) load ordering can only be [`SeqCst`],
     /// [`Acquire`] or [`Relaxed`] and must be equivalent to or weaker than the
     /// success ordering.
     ///
     /// [`Relaxed`]: Ordering::Relaxed
     /// [`Acquire`]: Ordering::Acquire
     /// [`Release`]: Ordering::Release
     /// [`SeqCst`]: Ordering::SeqCst
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     ///
     /// let res1 = a.fetch_update(SeqCst, SeqCst, guard, |x| Some(x.with_tag(1)));
     /// assert!(res1.is_ok());
     ///
     /// let res2 = a.fetch_update(SeqCst, SeqCst, guard, |x| None);
     /// assert!(res2.is_err());
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>fetch_update&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, F&gt;(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>,
         set_order: Ordering,
         fail_order: Ordering,
         guard: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard,
         <span class="kw-2">mut </span>func: F,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;, Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;&gt;
     <span class="kw">where
         </span>F: FnMut(Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;&gt;,
     {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>prev = <span class="self">self</span>.load(fail_order, guard);
         <span class="kw">while let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(next) = func(prev) {
             <span class="kw">match </span><span class="self">self</span>.compare_exchange_weak(prev, next, set_order, fail_order, guard) {
                 <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(shared) =&gt; <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(shared),
                 <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(next_prev) =&gt; prev = next_prev.current,
             }
         }
         <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(prev)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Stores the pointer `new` (either `Shared` or `Owned`) into the atomic pointer if the current
     /// value is the same as `current`. The tag is also taken into account, so two pointers to the
     /// same object, but with different tags, will not be considered equal.
     ///
     /// The return value is a result indicating whether the new pointer was written. On success the
     /// pointer that was written is returned. On failure the actual current value and `new` are
     /// returned.
     ///
     /// This method takes a [`CompareAndSetOrdering`] argument which describes the memory
     /// ordering of this operation.
     ///
     /// # Migrating to `compare_exchange`
     ///
     /// `compare_and_set` is equivalent to `compare_exchange` with the following mapping for
     /// memory orderings:
     ///
     /// Original | Success | Failure
     /// -------- | ------- | -------
     /// Relaxed  | Relaxed | Relaxed
     /// Acquire  | Acquire | Acquire
     /// Release  | Release | Relaxed
     /// AcqRel   | AcqRel  | Acquire
     /// SeqCst   | SeqCst  | SeqCst
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # #![allow(deprecated)]
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned, Shared};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     ///
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let curr = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// let res1 = a.compare_and_set(curr, Shared::null(), SeqCst, guard);
     /// let res2 = a.compare_and_set(curr, Owned::new(5678), SeqCst, guard);
     /// # unsafe { drop(curr.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="comment">// TODO: remove in the next major version.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[allow(deprecated)]
     #[deprecated(note = <span class="string">&quot;Use `compare_exchange` instead&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>compare_and_set&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, O, P&gt;(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>,
         current: Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt;,
         new: P,
         ord: O,
         guard: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;, CompareAndSetError&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T, P&gt;&gt;
     <span class="kw">where
         </span>O: CompareAndSetOrdering,
         P: Pointer&lt;T&gt;,
     {
         <span class="self">self</span>.compare_exchange(current, new, ord.success(), ord.failure(), guard)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Stores the pointer `new` (either `Shared` or `Owned`) into the atomic pointer if the current
     /// value is the same as `current`. The tag is also taken into account, so two pointers to the
     /// same object, but with different tags, will not be considered equal.
     ///
     /// Unlike [`compare_and_set`], this method is allowed to spuriously fail even when comparison
     /// succeeds, which can result in more efficient code on some platforms.  The return value is a
     /// result indicating whether the new pointer was written. On success the pointer that was
     /// written is returned. On failure the actual current value and `new` are returned.
     ///
     /// This method takes a [`CompareAndSetOrdering`] argument which describes the memory
     /// ordering of this operation.
     ///
     /// [`compare_and_set`]: Atomic::compare_and_set
     ///
     /// # Migrating to `compare_exchange_weak`
     ///
     /// `compare_and_set_weak` is equivalent to `compare_exchange_weak` with the following mapping for
     /// memory orderings:
     ///
     /// Original | Success | Failure
     /// -------- | ------- | -------
     /// Relaxed  | Relaxed | Relaxed
     /// Acquire  | Acquire | Acquire
     /// Release  | Release | Relaxed
     /// AcqRel   | AcqRel  | Acquire
     /// SeqCst   | SeqCst  | SeqCst
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # #![allow(deprecated)]
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned, Shared};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     ///
     /// let mut new = Owned::new(5678);
     /// let mut ptr = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.load(SeqCst, guard).into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// loop {
     ///     match a.compare_and_set_weak(ptr, new, SeqCst, guard) {
     ///         Ok(p) =&gt; {
     ///             ptr = p;
     ///             break;
     ///         }
     ///         Err(err) =&gt; {
     ///             ptr = err.current;
     ///             new = err.new;
     ///         }
     ///     }
     /// }
     ///
     /// let mut curr = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// loop {
     ///     match a.compare_and_set_weak(curr, Shared::null(), SeqCst, guard) {
     ///         Ok(_) =&gt; break,
     ///         Err(err) =&gt; curr = err.current,
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// # unsafe { drop(curr.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="comment">// TODO: remove in the next major version.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[allow(deprecated)]
     #[deprecated(note = <span class="string">&quot;Use `compare_exchange_weak` instead&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>compare_and_set_weak&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, O, P&gt;(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>,
         current: Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt;,
         new: P,
         ord: O,
         guard: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;, CompareAndSetError&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T, P&gt;&gt;
     <span class="kw">where
         </span>O: CompareAndSetOrdering,
         P: Pointer&lt;T&gt;,
     {
         <span class="self">self</span>.compare_exchange_weak(current, new, ord.success(), ord.failure(), guard)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Bitwise &quot;and&quot; with the current tag.
     ///
     /// Performs a bitwise &quot;and&quot; operation on the current tag and the argument `val`, and sets the
     /// new tag to the result. Returns the previous pointer.
     ///
     /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this
     /// operation.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Shared};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::&lt;i32&gt;::from(Shared::null().with_tag(3));
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// assert_eq!(a.fetch_and(2, SeqCst, guard).tag(), 3);
     /// assert_eq!(a.load(SeqCst, guard).tag(), 2);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>fetch_and&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, val: usize, ord: Ordering, <span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard) -&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ Shared::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.data.fetch_and(val | !low_bits::&lt;T&gt;(), ord)) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Bitwise &quot;or&quot; with the current tag.
     ///
     /// Performs a bitwise &quot;or&quot; operation on the current tag and the argument `val`, and sets the
     /// new tag to the result. Returns the previous pointer.
     ///
     /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this
     /// operation.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Shared};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::&lt;i32&gt;::from(Shared::null().with_tag(1));
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// assert_eq!(a.fetch_or(2, SeqCst, guard).tag(), 1);
     /// assert_eq!(a.load(SeqCst, guard).tag(), 3);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>fetch_or&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, val: usize, ord: Ordering, <span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard) -&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ Shared::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.data.fetch_or(val &amp; low_bits::&lt;T&gt;(), ord)) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Bitwise &quot;xor&quot; with the current tag.
     ///
     /// Performs a bitwise &quot;xor&quot; operation on the current tag and the argument `val`, and sets the
     /// new tag to the result. Returns the previous pointer.
     ///
     /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this
     /// operation.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Shared};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::&lt;i32&gt;::from(Shared::null().with_tag(1));
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// assert_eq!(a.fetch_xor(3, SeqCst, guard).tag(), 1);
     /// assert_eq!(a.load(SeqCst, guard).tag(), 2);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>fetch_xor&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, val: usize, ord: Ordering, <span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard) -&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ Shared::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.data.fetch_xor(val &amp; low_bits::&lt;T&gt;(), ord)) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Takes ownership of the pointee.
     ///
     /// This consumes the atomic and converts it into [`Owned`]. As [`Atomic`] doesn&#39;t have a
     /// destructor and doesn&#39;t drop the pointee while [`Owned`] does, this is suitable for
     /// destructors of data structures.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if this pointer is null, but only in debug mode.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// This method may be called only if the pointer is valid and nobody else is holding a
     /// reference to the same object.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::mem;
     /// # use crossbeam_epoch::Atomic;
     /// struct DataStructure {
     ///     ptr: Atomic&lt;usize&gt;,
     /// }
     ///
     /// impl Drop for DataStructure {
     ///     fn drop(&amp;mut self) {
     ///         // By now the DataStructure lives only in our thread and we are sure we don&#39;t hold
     ///         // any Shared or &amp; to it ourselves.
     ///         unsafe {
     ///             drop(mem::replace(&amp;mut self.ptr, Atomic::null()).into_owned());
     ///         }
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub unsafe fn </span>into_owned(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Owned&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="attribute">#[cfg(crossbeam_loom)]
         </span>{
             <span class="comment">// FIXME: loom does not yet support into_inner, so we use unsync_load for now,
             // which should have the same synchronization properties:
             // https://github.com/tokio-rs/loom/issues/117
             </span>Owned::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.data.unsync_load())
         }
         <span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(crossbeam_loom))]
         </span>{
             Owned::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.data.into_inner())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Takes ownership of the pointee if it is non-null.
     ///
     /// This consumes the atomic and converts it into [`Owned`]. As [`Atomic`] doesn&#39;t have a
     /// destructor and doesn&#39;t drop the pointee while [`Owned`] does, this is suitable for
     /// destructors of data structures.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// This method may be called only if the pointer is valid and nobody else is holding a
     /// reference to the same object, or the pointer is null.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use std::mem;
     /// # use crossbeam_epoch::Atomic;
     /// struct DataStructure {
     ///     ptr: Atomic&lt;usize&gt;,
     /// }
     ///
     /// impl Drop for DataStructure {
     ///     fn drop(&amp;mut self) {
     ///         // By now the DataStructure lives only in our thread and we are sure we don&#39;t hold
     ///         // any Shared or &amp; to it ourselves, but it may be null, so we have to be careful.
     ///         let old = mem::replace(&amp;mut self.ptr, Atomic::null());
     ///         unsafe {
     ///             if let Some(x) = old.try_into_owned() {
     ///                 drop(x)
     ///             }
     ///         }
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub unsafe fn </span>try_into_owned(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Owned&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="comment">// FIXME: See self.into_owned()
         </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(crossbeam_loom)]
         </span><span class="kw">let </span>data = <span class="self">self</span>.data.unsync_load();
         <span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(crossbeam_loom))]
         </span><span class="kw">let </span>data = <span class="self">self</span>.data.into_inner();
         <span class="kw">if </span>decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(data).<span class="number">0 </span>== <span class="number">0 </span>{
             <span class="prelude-val">None
         </span>} <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(Owned::from_usize(data))
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; fmt::Debug <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, f: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>fmt::Formatter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>&gt;) -&gt; fmt::Result {
         <span class="kw">let </span>data = <span class="self">self</span>.data.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, tag) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(data);

         f.debug_struct(<span class="string">&quot;Atomic&quot;</span>)
             .field(<span class="string">&quot;raw&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>raw)
             .field(<span class="string">&quot;tag&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>tag)
             .finish()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; fmt::Pointer <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, f: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>fmt::Formatter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>&gt;) -&gt; fmt::Result {
         <span class="kw">let </span>data = <span class="self">self</span>.data.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, <span class="kw">_</span>) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(data);
         fmt::Pointer::fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ T::deref(raw) <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*const </span><span class="kw">_ </span>}), f)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Clone <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a copy of the atomic value.
     ///
     /// Note that a `Relaxed` load is used here. If you need synchronization, use it with other
     /// atomics or fences.
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>clone(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">let </span>data = <span class="self">self</span>.data.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
         Atomic::from_usize(data)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Default <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>default() -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         Atomic::null()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; From&lt;Owned&lt;T&gt;&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new atomic pointer pointing to `owned`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{Atomic, Owned};
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::&lt;i32&gt;::from(Owned::new(1234));
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>from(owned: Owned&lt;T&gt;) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">let </span>data = owned.data;
         mem::forget(owned);
         <span class="self">Self</span>::from_usize(data)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; From&lt;Box&lt;T&gt;&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>from(b: Box&lt;T&gt;) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="self">Self</span>::from(Owned::from(b))
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>from(t: T) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="self">Self</span>::new(t)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; From&lt;Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new atomic pointer pointing to `ptr`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{Atomic, Shared};
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::&lt;i32&gt;::from(Shared::&lt;i32&gt;::null());
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>from(ptr: Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="self">Self</span>::from_usize(ptr.data)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; From&lt;<span class="kw-2">*const </span>T&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Atomic&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new atomic pointer pointing to `raw`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use std::ptr;
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Atomic;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::&lt;i32&gt;::from(ptr::null::&lt;i32&gt;());
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>from(raw: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>T) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="self">Self</span>::from_usize(raw <span class="kw">as </span>usize)
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// A trait for either `Owned` or `Shared` pointers.
 </span><span class="kw">pub trait </span>Pointer&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns the machine representation of the pointer.
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>into_usize(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; usize;

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new pointer pointing to the tagged pointer `data`.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// The given `data` should have been created by `Pointer::into_usize()`, and one `data` should
     /// not be converted back by `Pointer::from_usize()` multiple times.
     </span><span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>from_usize(data: usize) -&gt; <span class="self">Self</span>;
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// An owned heap-allocated object.
 ///
 /// This type is very similar to `Box&lt;T&gt;`.
 ///
 /// The pointer must be properly aligned. Since it is aligned, a tag can be stored into the unused
 /// least significant bits of the address.
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>Owned&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; {
     data: usize,
     _marker: PhantomData&lt;Box&lt;T&gt;&gt;,
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Pointer&lt;T&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>into_usize(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; usize {
         <span class="kw">let </span>data = <span class="self">self</span>.data;
         mem::forget(<span class="self">self</span>);
         data
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new pointer pointing to the tagged pointer `data`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if the data is zero in debug mode.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>from_usize(data: usize) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="macro">debug_assert!</span>(data != <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="string">&quot;converting zero into `Owned`&quot;</span>);
         Owned {
             data,
             _marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new owned pointer pointing to `raw`.
     ///
     /// This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. Argument `raw`
     /// must be a valid pointer. Also, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on
     /// the same raw pointer.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if `raw` is not properly aligned.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// The given `raw` should have been derived from `Owned`, and one `raw` should not be converted
     /// back by `Owned::from_raw()` multiple times.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned;
     ///
     /// let o = unsafe { Owned::from_raw(Box::into_raw(Box::new(1234))) };
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub unsafe fn </span>from_raw(raw: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>T) -&gt; Owned&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>raw = raw <span class="kw">as </span>usize;
         ensure_aligned::&lt;T&gt;(raw);
         <span class="self">Self</span>::from_usize(raw)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Converts the owned pointer into a `Box`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned;
     ///
     /// let o = Owned::new(1234);
     /// let b: Box&lt;i32&gt; = o.into_box();
     /// assert_eq!(*b, 1234);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>into_box(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Box&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, <span class="kw">_</span>) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         mem::forget(<span class="self">self</span>);
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ Box::from_raw(raw <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*mut </span><span class="kw">_</span>) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Allocates `value` on the heap and returns a new owned pointer pointing to it.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned;
     ///
     /// let o = Owned::new(1234);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>new(init: T) -&gt; Owned&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="self">Self</span>::init(init)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Allocates `value` on the heap and returns a new owned pointer pointing to it.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned;
     ///
     /// let o = Owned::&lt;i32&gt;::init(1234);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>init(init: T::Init) -&gt; Owned&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ <span class="self">Self</span>::from_usize(T::init(init)) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Converts the owned pointer into a [`Shared`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Owned};
     ///
     /// let o = Owned::new(1234);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let p = o.into_shared(guard);
     /// # unsafe { drop(p.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="attribute">#[allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>into_shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>Guard) -&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ Shared::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.into_usize()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns the tag stored within the pointer.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned;
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(Owned::new(1234).tag(), 0);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>tag(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; usize {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(<span class="kw">_</span>, tag) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         tag
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns the same pointer, but tagged with `tag`. `tag` is truncated to be fit into the
     /// unused bits of the pointer to `T`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned;
     ///
     /// let o = Owned::new(0u64);
     /// assert_eq!(o.tag(), 0);
     /// let o = o.with_tag(2);
     /// assert_eq!(o.tag(), 2);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>with_tag(<span class="self">self</span>, tag: usize) -&gt; Owned&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>data = <span class="self">self</span>.into_usize();
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ <span class="self">Self</span>::from_usize(compose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(data, tag)) }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Drop <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>drop(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, <span class="kw">_</span>) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             T::drop(raw);
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; fmt::Debug <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, f: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>fmt::Formatter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>&gt;) -&gt; fmt::Result {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, tag) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);

         f.debug_struct(<span class="string">&quot;Owned&quot;</span>)
             .field(<span class="string">&quot;raw&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>raw)
             .field(<span class="string">&quot;tag&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>tag)
             .finish()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: Clone&gt; Clone <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>clone(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         Owned::new((<span class="kw-2">**</span><span class="self">self</span>).clone()).with_tag(<span class="self">self</span>.tag())
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Deref <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Target = T;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>deref(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>T {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, <span class="kw">_</span>) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ T::deref(raw) }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; DerefMut <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>deref_mut(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>T {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, <span class="kw">_</span>) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ T::deref_mut(raw) }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>from(t: T) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         Owned::new(t)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; From&lt;Box&lt;T&gt;&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new owned pointer pointing to `b`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if the pointer (the `Box`) is not properly aligned.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned;
     ///
     /// let o = unsafe { Owned::from_raw(Box::into_raw(Box::new(1234))) };
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>from(b: Box&lt;T&gt;) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ <span class="self">Self</span>::from_raw(Box::into_raw(b)) }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Borrow&lt;T&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>borrow(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>T {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; BorrowMut&lt;T&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>borrow_mut(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>T {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref_mut()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; AsRef&lt;T&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>as_ref(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>T {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; AsMut&lt;T&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Owned&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>as_mut(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>T {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref_mut()
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// A pointer to an object protected by the epoch GC.
 ///
 /// The pointer is valid for use only during the lifetime `&#39;g`.
 ///
 /// The pointer must be properly aligned. Since it is aligned, a tag can be stored into the unused
 /// least significant bits of the address.
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T: <span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>+ <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; {
     data: usize,
     _marker: PhantomData&lt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>(), <span class="kw-2">*const </span>T)&gt;,
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Clone <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>clone(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="self">Self </span>{
             data: <span class="self">self</span>.data,
             _marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Copy <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt; {}

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Pointer&lt;T&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>into_usize(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; usize {
         <span class="self">self</span>.data
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[inline]
     </span><span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>from_usize(data: usize) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         Shared {
             data,
             _marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Converts the pointer to a raw pointer (without the tag).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let o = Owned::new(1234);
     /// let raw = &amp;*o as *const _;
     /// let a = Atomic::from(o);
     ///
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// assert_eq!(p.as_raw(), raw);
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>as_raw(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">*const </span>T {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, <span class="kw">_</span>) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         raw <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*const </span><span class="kw">_
     </span>}
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new null pointer.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Shared;
     ///
     /// let p = Shared::&lt;i32&gt;::null();
     /// assert!(p.is_null());
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>null() -&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
         Shared {
             data: <span class="number">0</span>,
             _marker: PhantomData,
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns `true` if the pointer is null.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::null();
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// assert!(a.load(SeqCst, guard).is_null());
     /// a.store(Owned::new(1234), SeqCst);
     /// assert!(!a.load(SeqCst, guard).is_null());
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>is_null(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, <span class="kw">_</span>) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         raw == <span class="number">0
     </span>}

     <span class="doccomment">/// Dereferences the pointer.
     ///
     /// Returns a reference to the pointee that is valid during the lifetime `&#39;g`.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// Dereferencing a pointer is unsafe because it could be pointing to invalid memory.
     ///
     /// Another concern is the possibility of data races due to lack of proper synchronization.
     /// For example, consider the following scenario:
     ///
     /// 1. A thread creates a new object: `a.store(Owned::new(10), Relaxed)`
     /// 2. Another thread reads it: `*a.load(Relaxed, guard).as_ref().unwrap()`
     ///
     /// The problem is that relaxed orderings don&#39;t synchronize initialization of the object with
     /// the read from the second thread. This is a data race. A possible solution would be to use
     /// `Release` and `Acquire` orderings.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// unsafe {
     ///     assert_eq!(p.deref(), &amp;1234);
     /// }
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub unsafe fn </span>deref(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>T {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, <span class="kw">_</span>) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         T::deref(raw)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Dereferences the pointer.
     ///
     /// Returns a mutable reference to the pointee that is valid during the lifetime `&#39;g`.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// * There is no guarantee that there are no more threads attempting to read/write from/to the
     ///   actual object at the same time.
     ///
     ///   The user must know that there are no concurrent accesses towards the object itself.
     ///
     /// * Other than the above, all safety concerns of `deref()` applies here.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     ///
     /// let mut p = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// unsafe {
     ///     assert!(!p.is_null());
     ///     let b = p.deref_mut();
     ///     assert_eq!(b, &amp;vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
     ///     b.push(5);
     ///     assert_eq!(b, &amp;vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
     /// }
     ///
     /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// unsafe {
     ///     assert_eq!(p.deref(), &amp;vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
     /// }
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub unsafe fn </span>deref_mut(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>T {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, <span class="kw">_</span>) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         T::deref_mut(raw)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Converts the pointer to a reference.
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else a reference to the object wrapped in `Some`.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// Dereferencing a pointer is unsafe because it could be pointing to invalid memory.
     ///
     /// Another concern is the possibility of data races due to lack of proper synchronization.
     /// For example, consider the following scenario:
     ///
     /// 1. A thread creates a new object: `a.store(Owned::new(10), Relaxed)`
     /// 2. Another thread reads it: `*a.load(Relaxed, guard).as_ref().unwrap()`
     ///
     /// The problem is that relaxed orderings don&#39;t synchronize initialization of the object with
     /// the read from the second thread. This is a data race. A possible solution would be to use
     /// `Release` and `Acquire` orderings.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// unsafe {
     ///     assert_eq!(p.as_ref(), Some(&amp;1234));
     /// }
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub unsafe fn </span>as_ref(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;g </span>T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, <span class="kw">_</span>) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         <span class="kw">if </span>raw == <span class="number">0 </span>{
             <span class="prelude-val">None
         </span>} <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(T::deref(raw))
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Takes ownership of the pointee.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if this pointer is null, but only in debug mode.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// This method may be called only if the pointer is valid and nobody else is holding a
     /// reference to the same object.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// unsafe {
     ///     let guard = &amp;epoch::unprotected();
     ///     let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     ///     drop(p.into_owned());
     /// }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub unsafe fn </span>into_owned(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Owned&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="macro">debug_assert!</span>(!<span class="self">self</span>.is_null(), <span class="string">&quot;converting a null `Shared` into `Owned`&quot;</span>);
         Owned::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.data)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Takes ownership of the pointee if it is not null.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// This method may be called only if the pointer is valid and nobody else is holding a
     /// reference to the same object, or if the pointer is null.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(1234);
     /// unsafe {
     ///     let guard = &amp;epoch::unprotected();
     ///     let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     ///     if let Some(x) = p.try_into_owned() {
     ///         drop(x);
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub unsafe fn </span>try_into_owned(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Owned&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.is_null() {
             <span class="prelude-val">None
         </span>} <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(Owned::from_usize(<span class="self">self</span>.data))
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns the tag stored within the pointer.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::&lt;u64&gt;::from(Owned::new(0u64).with_tag(2));
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// assert_eq!(p.tag(), 2);
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>tag(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; usize {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(<span class="kw">_</span>, tag) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);
         tag
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns the same pointer, but tagged with `tag`. `tag` is truncated to be fit into the
     /// unused bits of the pointer to `T`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic};
     /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
     ///
     /// let a = Atomic::new(0u64);
     /// let guard = &amp;epoch::pin();
     /// let p1 = a.load(SeqCst, guard);
     /// let p2 = p1.with_tag(2);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(p1.tag(), 0);
     /// assert_eq!(p2.tag(), 2);
     /// assert_eq!(p1.as_raw(), p2.as_raw());
     /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>with_tag(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, tag: usize) -&gt; Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ <span class="self">Self</span>::from_usize(compose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data, tag)) }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T&gt; From&lt;<span class="kw-2">*const </span>T&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new pointer pointing to `raw`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if `raw` is not properly aligned.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use crossbeam_epoch::Shared;
     ///
     /// let p = Shared::from(Box::into_raw(Box::new(1234)) as *const _);
     /// assert!(!p.is_null());
     /// # unsafe { drop(p.into_owned()); } // avoid leak
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>from(raw: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>T) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">let </span>raw = raw <span class="kw">as </span>usize;
         ensure_aligned::&lt;T&gt;(raw);
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ <span class="self">Self</span>::from_usize(raw) }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; PartialEq&lt;Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, other: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">Self</span>) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="self">self</span>.data == other.data
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Eq <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt; {}

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; PartialOrd&lt;Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt;&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;g</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>partial_cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, other: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">Self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;cmp::Ordering&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.data.partial_cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>other.data)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Ord <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, other: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">Self</span>) -&gt; cmp::Ordering {
         <span class="self">self</span>.data.cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>other.data)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; fmt::Debug <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, f: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>fmt::Formatter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>&gt;) -&gt; fmt::Result {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(raw, tag) = decompose_tag::&lt;T&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>.data);

         f.debug_struct(<span class="string">&quot;Shared&quot;</span>)
             .field(<span class="string">&quot;raw&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>raw)
             .field(<span class="string">&quot;tag&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>tag)
             .finish()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; fmt::Pointer <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, f: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>fmt::Formatter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>&gt;) -&gt; fmt::Result {
         fmt::Pointer::fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>(<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ <span class="self">self</span>.deref() <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*const </span><span class="kw">_ </span>}), f)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;T: <span class="question-mark">?</span>Sized + Pointable&gt; Default <span class="kw">for </span>Shared&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>default() -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         Shared::null()
     }
 }

 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(all(test, not(crossbeam_loom)))]
 </span><span class="kw">mod </span>tests {
     <span class="kw">use super</span>::{Owned, Shared};
     <span class="kw">use </span>std::mem::MaybeUninit;

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>valid_tag_i8() {
         Shared::&lt;i8&gt;::null().with_tag(<span class="number">0</span>);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>valid_tag_i64() {
         Shared::&lt;i64&gt;::null().with_tag(<span class="number">7</span>);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[rustversion::since(<span class="number">1.61</span>)]
     #[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>const_atomic_null() {
         <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">super</span>::Atomic;
         <span class="kw">static </span>_U: Atomic&lt;u8&gt; = Atomic::&lt;u8&gt;::null();
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>array_init() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>owned = Owned::&lt;[MaybeUninit&lt;usize&gt;]&gt;::init(<span class="number">10</span>);
         <span class="kw">let </span>arr: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MaybeUninit&lt;usize&gt;] = <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>owned;
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(arr.len(), <span class="number">10</span>);
     }
 }
 </code></pre></div>
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