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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="Source of the Rust file `/root/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/ring-0.16.20/src/arithmetic/bigint.rs`."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang"><title>bigint.rs - source</title><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceSerif4-Regular.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../FiraSans-Regular.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../FiraSans-Medium.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceCodePro-Regular.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceSerif4-Bold.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceCodePro-Semibold.ttf.woff2"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../normalize.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../rustdoc.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../ayu.css" disabled><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../dark.css" disabled><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../light.css" id="themeStyle"><script id="default-settings" ></script><script src="../../../storage.js"></script><script defer src="../../../source-script.js"></script><script defer src="../../../source-files.js"></script><script defer src="../../../main.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../noscript.css"></noscript><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="../../../favicon.svg"></head><body class="rustdoc source"><!--[if lte IE 11]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><a class="sidebar-logo" href="../../../ring/index.html"><div class="logo-container"><img class="rust-logo" src="../../../rust-logo.svg" alt="logo"></div></a></nav><main><div class="width-limiter"><nav class="sub"><a class="sub-logo-container" href="../../../ring/index.html"><img class="rust-logo" src="../../../rust-logo.svg" alt="logo"></a><form class="search-form"><div class="search-container"><span></span><input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"><div id="help-button" title="help" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../../help.html">?</a></div><div id="settings-menu" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../../settings.html" title="settings"><img width="22" height="22" alt="Change settings" src="../../../wheel.svg"></a></div></div></form></nav><section id="main-content" class="content"><div class="example-wrap"><pre class="src-line-numbers"><span id="1">1</span>
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</pre><pre class="rust"><code><span class="comment">// Copyright 2015-2016 Brian Smith.
//
// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
// purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
// copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED &quot;AS IS&quot; AND THE AUTHORS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES
// WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
// SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
// WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
// CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
</span><span class="doccomment">//! Multi-precision integers.
//!
//! # Modular Arithmetic.
//!
//! Modular arithmetic is done in finite commutative rings ℤ/mℤ for some
//! modulus *m*. We work in finite commutative rings instead of finite fields
//! because the RSA public modulus *n* is not prime, which means ℤ/nℤ contains
//! nonzero elements that have no multiplicative inverse, so ℤ/nℤ is not a
//! finite field.
//!
//! In some calculations we need to deal with multiple rings at once. For
//! example, RSA private key operations operate in the rings ℤ/nℤ, ℤ/pℤ, and
//! ℤ/qℤ. Types and functions dealing with such rings are all parameterized
//! over a type `M` to ensure that we don&#39;t wrongly mix up the math, e.g. by
//! multiplying an element of ℤ/pℤ by an element of ℤ/qℤ modulo q. This follows
//! the &quot;unit&quot; pattern described in [Static checking of units in Servo].
//!
//! `Elem` also uses the static unit checking pattern to statically track the
//! Montgomery factors that need to be canceled out in each value using it&#39;s
//! `E` parameter.
//!
//! [Static checking of units in Servo]:
//! https://blog.mozilla.org/research/2014/06/23/static-checking-of-units-in-servo/
</span><span class="kw">use crate</span>::{
arithmetic::montgomery::<span class="kw-2">*</span>,
bits, bssl, c, error,
limb::{<span class="self">self</span>, Limb, LimbMask, LIMB_BITS, LIMB_BYTES},
};
<span class="kw">use </span>alloc::{borrow::ToOwned <span class="kw">as _</span>, boxed::Box, vec, vec::Vec};
<span class="kw">use </span>core::{
marker::PhantomData,
ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
};
<span class="kw">pub unsafe trait </span>Prime {}
<span class="kw">struct </span>Width&lt;M&gt; {
num_limbs: usize,
<span class="doccomment">/// The modulus *m* that the width originated from.
</span>m: PhantomData&lt;M&gt;,
}
<span class="doccomment">/// All `BoxedLimbs&lt;M&gt;` are stored in the same number of limbs.
</span><span class="kw">struct </span>BoxedLimbs&lt;M&gt; {
limbs: Box&lt;[Limb]&gt;,
<span class="doccomment">/// The modulus *m* that determines the size of `limbx`.
</span>m: PhantomData&lt;M&gt;,
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M&gt; Deref <span class="kw">for </span>BoxedLimbs&lt;M&gt; {
<span class="kw">type </span>Target = [Limb];
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>deref(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">Self</span>::Target {
<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M&gt; DerefMut <span class="kw">for </span>BoxedLimbs&lt;M&gt; {
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>deref_mut(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">Self</span>::Target {
<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs
}
}
<span class="comment">// TODO: `derive(Clone)` after https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/26925
// is resolved or restrict `M: Clone`.
</span><span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M&gt; Clone <span class="kw">for </span>BoxedLimbs&lt;M&gt; {
<span class="kw">fn </span>clone(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
<span class="self">Self </span>{
limbs: <span class="self">self</span>.limbs.clone(),
m: <span class="self">self</span>.m,
}
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M&gt; BoxedLimbs&lt;M&gt; {
<span class="kw">fn </span>positive_minimal_width_from_be_bytes(
input: untrusted::Input,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;<span class="self">Self</span>, error::KeyRejected&gt; {
<span class="comment">// Reject leading zeros. Also reject the value zero ([0]) because zero
// isn&#39;t positive.
</span><span class="kw">if </span>untrusted::Reader::new(input).peek(<span class="number">0</span>) {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::invalid_encoding());
}
<span class="kw">let </span>num_limbs = (input.len() + LIMB_BYTES - <span class="number">1</span>) / LIMB_BYTES;
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = <span class="self">Self</span>::zero(Width {
num_limbs,
m: PhantomData,
});
limb::parse_big_endian_and_pad_consttime(input, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>r)
.map_err(|error::Unspecified| error::KeyRejected::unexpected_error())<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(r)
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>minimal_width_from_unpadded(limbs: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb]) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
<span class="macro">debug_assert_ne!</span>(limbs.last(), <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="number">0</span>));
<span class="self">Self </span>{
limbs: limbs.to_owned().into_boxed_slice(),
m: PhantomData,
}
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>from_be_bytes_padded_less_than(
input: untrusted::Input,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;<span class="self">Self</span>, error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = <span class="self">Self</span>::zero(m.width());
limb::parse_big_endian_and_pad_consttime(input, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>r)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="kw">if </span>limb::limbs_less_than_limbs_consttime(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>r, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.limbs) != LimbMask::True {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::Unspecified);
}
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(r)
}
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>is_zero(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; bool {
limb::limbs_are_zero_constant_time(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs) == LimbMask::True
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>zero(width: Width&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
<span class="self">Self </span>{
limbs: <span class="macro">vec!</span>[<span class="number">0</span>; width.num_limbs].into_boxed_slice(),
m: PhantomData,
}
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>width(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Width&lt;M&gt; {
Width {
num_limbs: <span class="self">self</span>.limbs.len(),
m: PhantomData,
}
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// A modulus *s* that is smaller than another modulus *l* so every element of
/// ℤ/sℤ is also an element of ℤ/lℤ.
</span><span class="kw">pub unsafe trait </span>SmallerModulus&lt;L&gt; {}
<span class="doccomment">/// A modulus *s* where s &lt; l &lt; 2*s for the given larger modulus *l*. This is
/// the precondition for reduction by conditional subtraction,
/// `elem_reduce_once()`.
</span><span class="kw">pub unsafe trait </span>SlightlySmallerModulus&lt;L&gt;: SmallerModulus&lt;L&gt; {}
<span class="doccomment">/// A modulus *s* where √l &lt;= s &lt; l for the given larger modulus *l*. This is
/// the precondition for the more general Montgomery reduction from ℤ/lℤ to
/// ℤ/sℤ.
</span><span class="kw">pub unsafe trait </span>NotMuchSmallerModulus&lt;L&gt;: SmallerModulus&lt;L&gt; {}
<span class="kw">pub unsafe trait </span>PublicModulus {}
<span class="doccomment">/// The x86 implementation of `GFp_bn_mul_mont`, at least, requires at least 4
/// limbs. For a long time we have required 4 limbs for all targets, though
/// this may be unnecessary. TODO: Replace this with
/// `n.len() &lt; 256 / LIMB_BITS` so that 32-bit and 64-bit platforms behave the
/// same.
</span><span class="kw">pub const </span>MODULUS_MIN_LIMBS: usize = <span class="number">4</span>;
<span class="kw">pub const </span>MODULUS_MAX_LIMBS: usize = <span class="number">8192 </span>/ LIMB_BITS;
<span class="doccomment">/// The modulus *m* for a ring ℤ/mℤ, along with the precomputed values needed
/// for efficient Montgomery multiplication modulo *m*. The value must be odd
/// and larger than 2. The larger-than-1 requirement is imposed, at least, by
/// the modular inversion code.
</span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>Modulus&lt;M&gt; {
limbs: BoxedLimbs&lt;M&gt;, <span class="comment">// Also `value &gt;= 3`.
// n0 * N == -1 (mod r).
//
// r == 2**(N0_LIMBS_USED * LIMB_BITS) and LG_LITTLE_R == lg(r). This
// ensures that we can do integer division by |r| by simply ignoring
// `N0_LIMBS_USED` limbs. Similarly, we can calculate values modulo `r` by
// just looking at the lowest `N0_LIMBS_USED` limbs. This is what makes
// Montgomery multiplication efficient.
//
// As shown in Algorithm 1 of &quot;Fast Prime Field Elliptic Curve Cryptography
// with 256 Bit Primes&quot; by Shay Gueron and Vlad Krasnov, in the loop of a
// multi-limb Montgomery multiplication of a * b (mod n), given the
// unreduced product t == a * b, we repeatedly calculate:
//
// t1 := t % r |t1| is |t|&#39;s lowest limb (see previous paragraph).
// t2 := t1*n0*n
// t3 := t + t2
// t := t3 / r copy all limbs of |t3| except the lowest to |t|.
//
// In the last step, it would only make sense to ignore the lowest limb of
// |t3| if it were zero. The middle steps ensure that this is the case:
//
// t3 == 0 (mod r)
// t + t2 == 0 (mod r)
// t + t1*n0*n == 0 (mod r)
// t1*n0*n == -t (mod r)
// t*n0*n == -t (mod r)
// n0*n == -1 (mod r)
// n0 == -1/n (mod r)
//
// Thus, in each iteration of the loop, we multiply by the constant factor
// n0, the negative inverse of n (mod r).
//
// TODO(perf): Not all 32-bit platforms actually make use of n0[1]. For the
// ones that don&#39;t, we could use a shorter `R` value and use faster `Limb`
// calculations instead of double-precision `u64` calculations.
</span>n0: N0,
oneRR: One&lt;M, RR&gt;,
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M: PublicModulus&gt; core::fmt::Debug <span class="kw">for </span>Modulus&lt;M&gt; {
<span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, fmt: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>::core::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ::core::fmt::Error&gt; {
fmt.debug_struct(<span class="string">&quot;Modulus&quot;</span>)
<span class="comment">// TODO: Print modulus value.
</span>.finish()
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M&gt; Modulus&lt;M&gt; {
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>from_be_bytes_with_bit_length(
input: untrusted::Input,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(<span class="self">Self</span>, bits::BitLength), error::KeyRejected&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span>limbs = BoxedLimbs::positive_minimal_width_from_be_bytes(input)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="self">Self</span>::from_boxed_limbs(limbs)
}
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>from_nonnegative_with_bit_length(
n: Nonnegative,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(<span class="self">Self</span>, bits::BitLength), error::KeyRejected&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span>limbs = BoxedLimbs {
limbs: n.limbs.into_boxed_slice(),
m: PhantomData,
};
<span class="self">Self</span>::from_boxed_limbs(limbs)
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>from_boxed_limbs(n: BoxedLimbs&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(<span class="self">Self</span>, bits::BitLength), error::KeyRejected&gt; {
<span class="kw">if </span>n.len() &gt; MODULUS_MAX_LIMBS {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::too_large());
}
<span class="kw">if </span>n.len() &lt; MODULUS_MIN_LIMBS {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::unexpected_error());
}
<span class="kw">if </span>limb::limbs_are_even_constant_time(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>n) != LimbMask::False {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::invalid_component());
}
<span class="kw">if </span>limb::limbs_less_than_limb_constant_time(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>n, <span class="number">3</span>) != LimbMask::False {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::unexpected_error());
}
<span class="comment">// n_mod_r = n % r. As explained in the documentation for `n0`, this is
// done by taking the lowest `N0_LIMBS_USED` limbs of `n`.
</span><span class="attribute">#[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
</span><span class="kw">let </span>n0 = {
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="kw">fn </span>GFp_bn_neg_inv_mod_r_u64(n: u64) -&gt; u64;
}
<span class="comment">// XXX: u64::from isn&#39;t guaranteed to be constant time.
</span><span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>n_mod_r: u64 = u64::from(n[<span class="number">0</span>]);
<span class="kw">if </span>N0_LIMBS_USED == <span class="number">2 </span>{
<span class="comment">// XXX: If we use `&lt;&lt; LIMB_BITS` here then 64-bit builds
// fail to compile because of `deny(exceeding_bitshifts)`.
</span><span class="macro">debug_assert_eq!</span>(LIMB_BITS, <span class="number">32</span>);
n_mod_r |= u64::from(n[<span class="number">1</span>]) &lt;&lt; <span class="number">32</span>;
}
N0::from(<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ GFp_bn_neg_inv_mod_r_u64(n_mod_r) })
};
<span class="kw">let </span>bits = limb::limbs_minimal_bits(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>n.limbs);
<span class="kw">let </span>oneRR = {
<span class="kw">let </span>partial = PartialModulus {
limbs: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>n.limbs,
n0: n0.clone(),
m: PhantomData,
};
One::newRR(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>partial, bits)
};
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>((
<span class="self">Self </span>{
limbs: n,
n0,
oneRR,
},
bits,
))
}
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>width(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Width&lt;M&gt; {
<span class="self">self</span>.limbs.width()
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>zero&lt;E&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, E&gt; {
Elem {
limbs: BoxedLimbs::zero(<span class="self">self</span>.width()),
encoding: PhantomData,
}
}
<span class="comment">// TODO: Get rid of this
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>one(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = <span class="self">self</span>.zero();
r.limbs[<span class="number">0</span>] = <span class="number">1</span>;
r
}
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>oneRR(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>One&lt;M, RR&gt; {
<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.oneRR
}
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>to_elem&lt;L&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, l: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;L&gt;) -&gt; Elem&lt;L, Unencoded&gt;
<span class="kw">where
</span>M: SmallerModulus&lt;L&gt;,
{
<span class="comment">// TODO: Encode this assertion into the `where` above.
</span><span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.width().num_limbs, l.width().num_limbs);
<span class="kw">let </span>limbs = <span class="self">self</span>.limbs.clone();
Elem {
limbs: BoxedLimbs {
limbs: limbs.limbs,
m: PhantomData,
},
encoding: PhantomData,
}
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>as_partial(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; PartialModulus&lt;M&gt; {
PartialModulus {
limbs: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs,
n0: <span class="self">self</span>.n0.clone(),
m: PhantomData,
}
}
}
<span class="kw">struct </span>PartialModulus&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, M&gt; {
limbs: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[Limb],
n0: N0,
m: PhantomData&lt;M&gt;,
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M&gt; PartialModulus&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>, M&gt; {
<span class="comment">// TODO: XXX Avoid duplication with `Modulus`.
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>zero(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, R&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span>width = Width {
num_limbs: <span class="self">self</span>.limbs.len(),
m: PhantomData,
};
Elem {
limbs: BoxedLimbs::zero(width),
encoding: PhantomData,
}
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Elements of ℤ/mℤ for some modulus *m*.
</span><span class="comment">//
// Defaulting `E` to `Unencoded` is a convenience for callers from outside this
// submodule. However, for maximum clarity, we always explicitly use
// `Unencoded` within the `bigint` submodule.
</span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>Elem&lt;M, E = Unencoded&gt; {
limbs: BoxedLimbs&lt;M&gt;,
<span class="doccomment">/// The number of Montgomery factors that need to be canceled out from
/// `value` to get the actual value.
</span>encoding: PhantomData&lt;E&gt;,
}
<span class="comment">// TODO: `derive(Clone)` after https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/26925
// is resolved or restrict `M: Clone` and `E: Clone`.
</span><span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M, E&gt; Clone <span class="kw">for </span>Elem&lt;M, E&gt; {
<span class="kw">fn </span>clone(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
<span class="self">Self </span>{
limbs: <span class="self">self</span>.limbs.clone(),
encoding: <span class="self">self</span>.encoding,
}
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M, E&gt; Elem&lt;M, E&gt; {
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>is_zero(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; bool {
<span class="self">self</span>.limbs.is_zero()
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M, E: ReductionEncoding&gt; Elem&lt;M, E&gt; {
<span class="kw">fn </span>decode_once(<span class="self">self</span>, m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, &lt;E <span class="kw">as </span>ReductionEncoding&gt;::Output&gt; {
<span class="comment">// A multiplication isn&#39;t required since we&#39;re multiplying by the
// unencoded value one (1); only a Montgomery reduction is needed.
// However the only non-multiplication Montgomery reduction function we
// have requires the input to be large, so we avoid using it here.
</span><span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>limbs = <span class="self">self</span>.limbs;
<span class="kw">let </span>num_limbs = m.width().num_limbs;
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>one = [<span class="number">0</span>; MODULUS_MAX_LIMBS];
one[<span class="number">0</span>] = <span class="number">1</span>;
<span class="kw">let </span>one = <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>one[..num_limbs]; <span class="comment">// assert!(num_limbs &lt;= MODULUS_MAX_LIMBS);
</span>limbs_mont_mul(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>one, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.n0);
Elem {
limbs,
encoding: PhantomData,
}
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M&gt; Elem&lt;M, R&gt; {
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>into_unencoded(<span class="self">self</span>, m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt; {
<span class="self">self</span>.decode_once(m)
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M&gt; Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt; {
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>from_be_bytes_padded(
input: untrusted::Input,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;<span class="self">Self</span>, error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(Elem {
limbs: BoxedLimbs::from_be_bytes_padded_less_than(input, m)<span class="question-mark">?</span>,
encoding: PhantomData,
})
}
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>fill_be_bytes(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, out: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[u8]) {
<span class="comment">// See Falko Strenzke, &quot;Manger&#39;s Attack revisited&quot;, ICICS 2010.
</span>limb::big_endian_from_limbs(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs, out)
}
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>into_modulus&lt;MM&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Modulus&lt;MM&gt;, error::KeyRejected&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span>(m, _bits) =
Modulus::from_boxed_limbs(BoxedLimbs::minimal_width_from_unpadded(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs))<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(m)
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>is_one(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; bool {
limb::limbs_equal_limb_constant_time(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs, <span class="number">1</span>) == LimbMask::True
}
}
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_mul&lt;M, AF, BF&gt;(
a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;M, AF&gt;,
b: Elem&lt;M, BF&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, &lt;(AF, BF) <span class="kw">as </span>ProductEncoding&gt;::Output&gt;
<span class="kw">where
</span>(AF, BF): ProductEncoding,
{
elem_mul_(a, b, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.as_partial())
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>elem_mul_&lt;M, AF, BF&gt;(
a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;M, AF&gt;,
<span class="kw-2">mut </span>b: Elem&lt;M, BF&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>PartialModulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, &lt;(AF, BF) <span class="kw">as </span>ProductEncoding&gt;::Output&gt;
<span class="kw">where
</span>(AF, BF): ProductEncoding,
{
limbs_mont_mul(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>b.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.n0);
Elem {
limbs: b.limbs,
encoding: PhantomData,
}
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>elem_mul_by_2&lt;M, AF&gt;(a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>Elem&lt;M, AF&gt;, m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>PartialModulus&lt;M&gt;) {
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="kw">fn </span>LIMBS_shl_mod(r: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb, a: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb, m: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb, num_limbs: c::size_t);
}
<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
LIMBS_shl_mod(
a.limbs.as_mut_ptr(),
a.limbs.as_ptr(),
m.limbs.as_ptr(),
m.limbs.len(),
);
}
}
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_reduced_once&lt;Larger, Smaller: SlightlySmallerModulus&lt;Larger&gt;&gt;(
a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;Larger, Unencoded&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;Smaller&gt;,
) -&gt; Elem&lt;Smaller, Unencoded&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = a.limbs.clone();
<span class="macro">assert!</span>(r.len() &lt;= m.limbs.len());
limb::limbs_reduce_once_constant_time(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>r, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.limbs);
Elem {
limbs: BoxedLimbs {
limbs: r.limbs,
m: PhantomData,
},
encoding: PhantomData,
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_reduced&lt;Larger, Smaller: NotMuchSmallerModulus&lt;Larger&gt;&gt;(
a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;Larger, Unencoded&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;Smaller&gt;,
) -&gt; Elem&lt;Smaller, RInverse&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>tmp = [<span class="number">0</span>; MODULUS_MAX_LIMBS];
<span class="kw">let </span>tmp = <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>tmp[..a.limbs.len()];
tmp.copy_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a.limbs);
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = m.zero();
limbs_from_mont_in_place(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>r.limbs, tmp, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.n0);
r
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>elem_squared&lt;M, E&gt;(
<span class="kw-2">mut </span>a: Elem&lt;M, E&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>PartialModulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, &lt;(E, E) <span class="kw">as </span>ProductEncoding&gt;::Output&gt;
<span class="kw">where
</span>(E, E): ProductEncoding,
{
limbs_mont_square(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>a.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.n0);
Elem {
limbs: a.limbs,
encoding: PhantomData,
}
}
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_widen&lt;Larger, Smaller: SmallerModulus&lt;Larger&gt;&gt;(
a: Elem&lt;Smaller, Unencoded&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;Larger&gt;,
) -&gt; Elem&lt;Larger, Unencoded&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = m.zero();
r.limbs[..a.limbs.len()].copy_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a.limbs);
r
}
<span class="comment">// TODO: Document why this works for all Montgomery factors.
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_add&lt;M, E&gt;(<span class="kw-2">mut </span>a: Elem&lt;M, E&gt;, b: Elem&lt;M, E&gt;, m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, E&gt; {
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="comment">// `r` and `a` may alias.
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>LIMBS_add_mod(
r: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb,
a: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
b: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
m: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
num_limbs: c::size_t,
);
}
<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
LIMBS_add_mod(
a.limbs.as_mut_ptr(),
a.limbs.as_ptr(),
b.limbs.as_ptr(),
m.limbs.as_ptr(),
m.limbs.len(),
)
}
a
}
<span class="comment">// TODO: Document why this works for all Montgomery factors.
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_sub&lt;M, E&gt;(<span class="kw-2">mut </span>a: Elem&lt;M, E&gt;, b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;M, E&gt;, m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, E&gt; {
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="comment">// `r` and `a` may alias.
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>LIMBS_sub_mod(
r: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb,
a: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
b: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
m: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
num_limbs: c::size_t,
);
}
<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
LIMBS_sub_mod(
a.limbs.as_mut_ptr(),
a.limbs.as_ptr(),
b.limbs.as_ptr(),
m.limbs.as_ptr(),
m.limbs.len(),
);
}
a
}
<span class="comment">// The value 1, Montgomery-encoded some number of times.
</span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>One&lt;M, E&gt;(Elem&lt;M, E&gt;);
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M&gt; One&lt;M, RR&gt; {
<span class="comment">// Returns RR = = R**2 (mod n) where R = 2**r is the smallest power of
// 2**LIMB_BITS such that R &gt; m.
//
// Even though the assembly on some 32-bit platforms works with 64-bit
// values, using `LIMB_BITS` here, rather than `N0_LIMBS_USED * LIMB_BITS`,
// is correct because R**2 will still be a multiple of the latter as
// `N0_LIMBS_USED` is either one or two.
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>newRR(m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>PartialModulus&lt;M&gt;, m_bits: bits::BitLength) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
<span class="kw">let </span>m_bits = m_bits.as_usize_bits();
<span class="kw">let </span>r = (m_bits + (LIMB_BITS - <span class="number">1</span>)) / LIMB_BITS * LIMB_BITS;
<span class="comment">// base = 2**(lg m - 1).
</span><span class="kw">let </span>bit = m_bits - <span class="number">1</span>;
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>base = m.zero();
base.limbs[bit / LIMB_BITS] = <span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; (bit % LIMB_BITS);
<span class="comment">// Double `base` so that base == R == 2**r (mod m). For normal moduli
// that have the high bit of the highest limb set, this requires one
// doubling. Unusual moduli require more doublings but we are less
// concerned about the performance of those.
//
// Then double `base` again so that base == 2*R (mod n), i.e. `2` in
// Montgomery form (`elem_exp_vartime_()` requires the base to be in
// Montgomery form). Then compute
// RR = R**2 == base**r == R**r == (2**r)**r (mod n).
//
// Take advantage of the fact that `elem_mul_by_2` is faster than
// `elem_squared` by replacing some of the early squarings with shifts.
// TODO: Benchmark shift vs. squaring performance to determine the
// optimal value of `lg_base`.
</span><span class="kw">let </span>lg_base = <span class="number">2usize</span>; <span class="comment">// Shifts vs. squaring trade-off.
</span><span class="macro">debug_assert_eq!</span>(lg_base.count_ones(), <span class="number">1</span>); <span class="comment">// Must 2**n for n &gt;= 0.
</span><span class="kw">let </span>shifts = r - bit + lg_base;
<span class="kw">let </span>exponent = (r / lg_base) <span class="kw">as </span>u64;
<span class="kw">for _ in </span><span class="number">0</span>..shifts {
elem_mul_by_2(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>base, m)
}
<span class="kw">let </span>RR = elem_exp_vartime_(base, exponent, m);
<span class="self">Self</span>(Elem {
limbs: RR.limbs,
encoding: PhantomData, <span class="comment">// PhantomData&lt;RR&gt;
</span>})
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M, E&gt; AsRef&lt;Elem&lt;M, E&gt;&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>One&lt;M, E&gt; {
<span class="kw">fn </span>as_ref(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;M, E&gt; {
<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0
</span>}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// A non-secret odd positive value in the range
/// [3, PUBLIC_EXPONENT_MAX_VALUE].
</span><span class="attribute">#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
</span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>PublicExponent(u64);
<span class="kw">impl </span>PublicExponent {
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>from_be_bytes(
input: untrusted::Input,
min_value: u64,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;<span class="self">Self</span>, error::KeyRejected&gt; {
<span class="kw">if </span>input.len() &gt; <span class="number">5 </span>{
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::too_large());
}
<span class="kw">let </span>value = input.read_all(error::KeyRejected::invalid_encoding(), |input| {
<span class="comment">// The exponent can&#39;t be zero and it can&#39;t be prefixed with
// zero-valued bytes.
</span><span class="kw">if </span>input.peek(<span class="number">0</span>) {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::invalid_encoding());
}
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>value = <span class="number">0u64</span>;
<span class="kw">loop </span>{
<span class="kw">let </span>byte = input
.read_byte()
.map_err(|untrusted::EndOfInput| error::KeyRejected::invalid_encoding())<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
value = (value &lt;&lt; <span class="number">8</span>) | u64::from(byte);
<span class="kw">if </span>input.at_end() {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(value);
}
}
})<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="comment">// Step 2 / Step b. NIST SP800-89 defers to FIPS 186-3, which requires
// `e &gt;= 65537`. We enforce this when signing, but are more flexible in
// verification, for compatibility. Only small public exponents are
// supported.
</span><span class="kw">if </span>value &amp; <span class="number">1 </span>!= <span class="number">1 </span>{
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::invalid_component());
}
<span class="macro">debug_assert!</span>(min_value &amp; <span class="number">1 </span>== <span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="macro">debug_assert!</span>(min_value &lt;= PUBLIC_EXPONENT_MAX_VALUE);
<span class="kw">if </span>min_value &lt; <span class="number">3 </span>{
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::invalid_component());
}
<span class="kw">if </span>value &lt; min_value {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::too_small());
}
<span class="kw">if </span>value &gt; PUBLIC_EXPONENT_MAX_VALUE {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::KeyRejected::too_large());
}
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="self">Self</span>(value))
}
}
<span class="comment">// This limit was chosen to bound the performance of the simple
// exponentiation-by-squaring implementation in `elem_exp_vartime`. In
// particular, it helps mitigate theoretical resource exhaustion attacks. 33
// bits was chosen as the limit based on the recommendations in [1] and
// [2]. Windows CryptoAPI (at least older versions) doesn&#39;t support values
// larger than 32 bits [3], so it is unlikely that exponents larger than 32
// bits are being used for anything Windows commonly does.
//
// [1] https://www.imperialviolet.org/2012/03/16/rsae.html
// [2] https://www.imperialviolet.org/2012/03/17/rsados.html
// [3] https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa387685(VS.85).aspx
</span><span class="kw">const </span>PUBLIC_EXPONENT_MAX_VALUE: u64 = (<span class="number">1u64 </span>&lt;&lt; <span class="number">33</span>) - <span class="number">1</span>;
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates base**exponent (mod m).
</span><span class="comment">// TODO: The test coverage needs to be expanded, e.g. test with the largest
// accepted exponent and with the most common values of 65537 and 3.
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_exp_vartime&lt;M&gt;(
base: Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt;,
PublicExponent(exponent): PublicExponent,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, R&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span>base = elem_mul(m.oneRR().as_ref(), base, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
elem_exp_vartime_(base, exponent, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.as_partial())
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Calculates base**exponent (mod m).
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>elem_exp_vartime_&lt;M&gt;(base: Elem&lt;M, R&gt;, exponent: u64, m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>PartialModulus&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, R&gt; {
<span class="comment">// Use what [Knuth] calls the &quot;S-and-X binary method&quot;, i.e. variable-time
// square-and-multiply that scans the exponent from the most significant
// bit to the least significant bit (left-to-right). Left-to-right requires
// less storage compared to right-to-left scanning, at the cost of needing
// to compute `exponent.leading_zeros()`, which we assume to be cheap.
//
// During RSA public key operations the exponent is almost always either 65537
// (0b10000000000000001) or 3 (0b11), both of which have a Hamming weight
// of 2. During Montgomery setup the exponent is almost always a power of two,
// with Hamming weight 1. As explained in [Knuth], exponentiation by squaring
// is the most efficient algorithm when the Hamming weight is 2 or less. It
// isn&#39;t the most efficient for all other, uncommon, exponent values but any
// suboptimality is bounded by `PUBLIC_EXPONENT_MAX_VALUE`.
//
// This implementation is slightly simplified by taking advantage of the
// fact that we require the exponent to be a positive integer.
//
// [Knuth]: The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2: Seminumerical
// Algorithms (3rd Edition), Section 4.6.3.
</span><span class="macro">assert!</span>(exponent &gt;= <span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="macro">assert!</span>(exponent &lt;= PUBLIC_EXPONENT_MAX_VALUE);
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>acc = base.clone();
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>bit = <span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; (<span class="number">64 </span>- <span class="number">1 </span>- exponent.leading_zeros());
<span class="macro">debug_assert!</span>((exponent &amp; bit) != <span class="number">0</span>);
<span class="kw">while </span>bit &gt; <span class="number">1 </span>{
bit &gt;&gt;= <span class="number">1</span>;
acc = elem_squared(acc, m);
<span class="kw">if </span>(exponent &amp; bit) != <span class="number">0 </span>{
acc = elem_mul_(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>base, acc, m);
}
}
acc
}
<span class="comment">// `M` represents the prime modulus for which the exponent is in the interval
// [1, `m` - 1).
</span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>PrivateExponent&lt;M&gt; {
limbs: BoxedLimbs&lt;M&gt;,
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M&gt; PrivateExponent&lt;M&gt; {
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>from_be_bytes_padded(
input: untrusted::Input,
p: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;<span class="self">Self</span>, error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span>dP = BoxedLimbs::from_be_bytes_padded_less_than(input, p)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="comment">// Proof that `dP &lt; p - 1`:
//
// If `dP &lt; p` then either `dP == p - 1` or `dP &lt; p - 1`. Since `p` is
// odd, `p - 1` is even. `d` is odd, and an odd number modulo an even
// number is odd. Therefore `dP` must be odd. But then it cannot be
// `p - 1` and so we know `dP &lt; p - 1`.
//
// Further we know `dP != 0` because `dP` is not even.
</span><span class="kw">if </span>limb::limbs_are_even_constant_time(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>dP) != LimbMask::False {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::Unspecified);
}
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="self">Self </span>{ limbs: dP })
}
}
<span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;M: Prime&gt; PrivateExponent&lt;M&gt; {
<span class="comment">// Returns `p - 2`.
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>for_flt(p: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
<span class="kw">let </span>two = elem_add(p.one(), p.one(), p);
<span class="kw">let </span>p_minus_2 = elem_sub(p.zero(), <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>two, p);
<span class="self">Self </span>{
limbs: p_minus_2.limbs,
}
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>))]
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_exp_consttime&lt;M&gt;(
base: Elem&lt;M, R&gt;,
exponent: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>PrivateExponent&lt;M&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt;, error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::limb::Window;
<span class="kw">const </span>WINDOW_BITS: usize = <span class="number">5</span>;
<span class="kw">const </span>TABLE_ENTRIES: usize = <span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; WINDOW_BITS;
<span class="kw">let </span>num_limbs = m.limbs.len();
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>table = <span class="macro">vec!</span>[<span class="number">0</span>; TABLE_ENTRIES * num_limbs];
<span class="kw">fn </span>gather&lt;M&gt;(table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], i: Window, r: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>Elem&lt;M, R&gt;) {
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="kw">fn </span>LIMBS_select_512_32(
r: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb,
table: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
num_limbs: c::size_t,
i: Window,
) -&gt; bssl::Result;
}
Result::from(<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
LIMBS_select_512_32(r.limbs.as_mut_ptr(), table.as_ptr(), r.limbs.len(), i)
})
.unwrap();
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>power&lt;M&gt;(
table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb],
i: Window,
<span class="kw-2">mut </span>acc: Elem&lt;M, R&gt;,
<span class="kw-2">mut </span>tmp: Elem&lt;M, R&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; (Elem&lt;M, R&gt;, Elem&lt;M, R&gt;) {
<span class="kw">for _ in </span><span class="number">0</span>..WINDOW_BITS {
acc = elem_squared(acc, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.as_partial());
}
gather(table, i, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>tmp);
<span class="kw">let </span>acc = elem_mul(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>tmp, acc, m);
(acc, tmp)
}
<span class="kw">let </span>tmp = m.one();
<span class="kw">let </span>tmp = elem_mul(m.oneRR().as_ref(), tmp, m);
<span class="kw">fn </span>entry(table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], i: usize, num_limbs: usize) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb] {
<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>table[(i * num_limbs)..][..num_limbs]
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>entry_mut(table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], i: usize, num_limbs: usize) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb] {
<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>table[(i * num_limbs)..][..num_limbs]
}
<span class="kw">let </span>num_limbs = m.limbs.len();
entry_mut(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>table, <span class="number">0</span>, num_limbs).copy_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>tmp.limbs);
entry_mut(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>table, <span class="number">1</span>, num_limbs).copy_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>base.limbs);
<span class="kw">for </span>i <span class="kw">in </span><span class="number">2</span>..TABLE_ENTRIES {
<span class="kw">let </span>(src1, src2) = <span class="kw">if </span>i % <span class="number">2 </span>== <span class="number">0 </span>{
(i / <span class="number">2</span>, i / <span class="number">2</span>)
} <span class="kw">else </span>{
(i - <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">1</span>)
};
<span class="kw">let </span>(previous, rest) = table.split_at_mut(num_limbs * i);
<span class="kw">let </span>src1 = entry(previous, src1, num_limbs);
<span class="kw">let </span>src2 = entry(previous, src2, num_limbs);
<span class="kw">let </span>dst = entry_mut(rest, <span class="number">0</span>, num_limbs);
limbs_mont_product(dst, src1, src2, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.n0);
}
<span class="kw">let </span>(r, <span class="kw">_</span>) = limb::fold_5_bit_windows(
<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>exponent.limbs,
|initial_window| {
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = Elem {
limbs: base.limbs,
encoding: PhantomData,
};
gather(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>table, initial_window, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>r);
(r, tmp)
},
|(acc, tmp), window| power(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>table, window, acc, tmp, m),
);
<span class="kw">let </span>r = r.into_unencoded(m);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(r)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Uses Fermat&#39;s Little Theorem to calculate modular inverse in constant time.
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_inverse_consttime&lt;M: Prime&gt;(
a: Elem&lt;M, R&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt;, error::Unspecified&gt; {
elem_exp_consttime(a, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>PrivateExponent::for_flt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m), m)
}
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>)]
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_exp_consttime&lt;M&gt;(
base: Elem&lt;M, R&gt;,
exponent: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>PrivateExponent&lt;M&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt;, error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="comment">// The x86_64 assembly was written under the assumption that the input data
// is aligned to `MOD_EXP_CTIME_MIN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH` bytes, which was/is
// 64 in OpenSSL. Similarly, OpenSSL uses the x86_64 assembly functions by
// giving it only inputs `tmp`, `am`, and `np` that immediately follow the
// table. The code seems to &quot;work&quot; even when the inputs aren&#39;t exactly
// like that but the side channel defenses might not be as effective. All
// the awkwardness here stems from trying to use the assembly code like
// OpenSSL does.
</span><span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::limb::Window;
<span class="kw">const </span>WINDOW_BITS: usize = <span class="number">5</span>;
<span class="kw">const </span>TABLE_ENTRIES: usize = <span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; WINDOW_BITS;
<span class="kw">let </span>num_limbs = m.limbs.len();
<span class="kw">const </span>ALIGNMENT: usize = <span class="number">64</span>;
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(ALIGNMENT % LIMB_BYTES, <span class="number">0</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>table = <span class="macro">vec!</span>[<span class="number">0</span>; ((TABLE_ENTRIES + <span class="number">3</span>) * num_limbs) + ALIGNMENT];
<span class="kw">let </span>(table, state) = {
<span class="kw">let </span>misalignment = (table.as_ptr() <span class="kw">as </span>usize) % ALIGNMENT;
<span class="kw">let </span>table = <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>table[((ALIGNMENT - misalignment) / LIMB_BYTES)..];
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>((table.as_ptr() <span class="kw">as </span>usize) % ALIGNMENT, <span class="number">0</span>);
table.split_at_mut(TABLE_ENTRIES * num_limbs)
};
<span class="kw">fn </span>entry(table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], i: usize, num_limbs: usize) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb] {
<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>table[(i * num_limbs)..][..num_limbs]
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>entry_mut(table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], i: usize, num_limbs: usize) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb] {
<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>table[(i * num_limbs)..][..num_limbs]
}
<span class="kw">const </span>ACC: usize = <span class="number">0</span>; <span class="comment">// `tmp` in OpenSSL
</span><span class="kw">const </span>BASE: usize = ACC + <span class="number">1</span>; <span class="comment">// `am` in OpenSSL
</span><span class="kw">const </span>M: usize = BASE + <span class="number">1</span>; <span class="comment">// `np` in OpenSSL
</span>entry_mut(state, BASE, num_limbs).copy_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>base.limbs);
entry_mut(state, M, num_limbs).copy_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.limbs);
<span class="kw">fn </span>scatter(table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], state: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], i: Window, num_limbs: usize) {
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="kw">fn </span>GFp_bn_scatter5(a: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb, a_len: c::size_t, table: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb, i: Window);
}
<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
GFp_bn_scatter5(
entry(state, ACC, num_limbs).as_ptr(),
num_limbs,
table.as_mut_ptr(),
i,
)
}
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>gather(table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], state: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], i: Window, num_limbs: usize) {
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="kw">fn </span>GFp_bn_gather5(r: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb, a_len: c::size_t, table: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb, i: Window);
}
<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
GFp_bn_gather5(
entry_mut(state, ACC, num_limbs).as_mut_ptr(),
num_limbs,
table.as_ptr(),
i,
)
}
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>gather_square(table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], state: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0, i: Window, num_limbs: usize) {
gather(table, state, i, num_limbs);
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(ACC, <span class="number">0</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>(acc, rest) = state.split_at_mut(num_limbs);
<span class="kw">let </span>m = entry(rest, M - <span class="number">1</span>, num_limbs);
limbs_mont_square(acc, m, n0);
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>gather_mul_base(table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], state: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0, i: Window, num_limbs: usize) {
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="kw">fn </span>GFp_bn_mul_mont_gather5(
rp: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb,
ap: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
table: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
np: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0,
num: c::size_t,
power: Window,
);
}
<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
GFp_bn_mul_mont_gather5(
entry_mut(state, ACC, num_limbs).as_mut_ptr(),
entry(state, BASE, num_limbs).as_ptr(),
table.as_ptr(),
entry(state, M, num_limbs).as_ptr(),
n0,
num_limbs,
i,
);
}
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>power(table: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], state: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0, i: Window, num_limbs: usize) {
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="kw">fn </span>GFp_bn_power5(
r: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb,
a: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
table: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
n: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0,
num: c::size_t,
i: Window,
);
}
<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
GFp_bn_power5(
entry_mut(state, ACC, num_limbs).as_mut_ptr(),
entry_mut(state, ACC, num_limbs).as_mut_ptr(),
table.as_ptr(),
entry(state, M, num_limbs).as_ptr(),
n0,
num_limbs,
i,
);
}
}
<span class="comment">// table[0] = base**0.
</span>{
<span class="kw">let </span>acc = entry_mut(state, ACC, num_limbs);
acc[<span class="number">0</span>] = <span class="number">1</span>;
limbs_mont_mul(acc, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.oneRR.<span class="number">0</span>.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.n0);
}
scatter(table, state, <span class="number">0</span>, num_limbs);
<span class="comment">// table[1] = base**1.
</span>entry_mut(state, ACC, num_limbs).copy_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>base.limbs);
scatter(table, state, <span class="number">1</span>, num_limbs);
<span class="kw">for </span>i <span class="kw">in </span><span class="number">2</span>..(TABLE_ENTRIES <span class="kw">as </span>Window) {
<span class="kw">if </span>i % <span class="number">2 </span>== <span class="number">0 </span>{
<span class="comment">// TODO: Optimize this to avoid gathering
</span>gather_square(table, state, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.n0, i / <span class="number">2</span>, num_limbs);
} <span class="kw">else </span>{
gather_mul_base(table, state, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.n0, i - <span class="number">1</span>, num_limbs)
};
scatter(table, state, i, num_limbs);
}
<span class="kw">let </span>state = limb::fold_5_bit_windows(
<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>exponent.limbs,
|initial_window| {
gather(table, state, initial_window, num_limbs);
state
},
|state, window| {
power(table, state, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.n0, window, num_limbs);
state
},
);
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="kw">fn </span>GFp_bn_from_montgomery(
r: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb,
a: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
not_used: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
n: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0,
num: c::size_t,
) -&gt; bssl::Result;
}
Result::from(<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
GFp_bn_from_montgomery(
entry_mut(state, ACC, num_limbs).as_mut_ptr(),
entry(state, ACC, num_limbs).as_ptr(),
core::ptr::null(),
entry(state, M, num_limbs).as_ptr(),
<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.n0,
num_limbs,
)
})<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = Elem {
limbs: base.limbs,
encoding: PhantomData,
};
r.limbs.copy_from_slice(entry(state, ACC, num_limbs));
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(r)
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Verified a == b**-1 (mod m), i.e. a**-1 == b (mod m).
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>verify_inverses_consttime&lt;M&gt;(
a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;M, R&gt;,
b: Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt;,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="kw">if </span>elem_mul(a, b, m).is_one() {
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
} <span class="kw">else </span>{
<span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::Unspecified)
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>elem_verify_equal_consttime&lt;M, E&gt;(
a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;M, E&gt;,
b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;M, E&gt;,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="kw">if </span>limb::limbs_equal_limbs_consttime(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>b.limbs) == LimbMask::True {
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
} <span class="kw">else </span>{
<span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::Unspecified)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Nonnegative integers.
</span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>Nonnegative {
limbs: Vec&lt;Limb&gt;,
}
<span class="kw">impl </span>Nonnegative {
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>from_be_bytes_with_bit_length(
input: untrusted::Input,
) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(<span class="self">Self</span>, bits::BitLength), error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>limbs = <span class="macro">vec!</span>[<span class="number">0</span>; (input.len() + LIMB_BYTES - <span class="number">1</span>) / LIMB_BYTES];
<span class="comment">// Rejects empty inputs.
</span>limb::parse_big_endian_and_pad_consttime(input, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>limbs)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="kw">while </span>limbs.last() == <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="number">0</span>) {
<span class="kw">let _ </span>= limbs.pop();
}
<span class="kw">let </span>r_bits = limb::limbs_minimal_bits(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>limbs);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>((<span class="self">Self </span>{ limbs }, r_bits))
}
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>is_odd(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; bool {
limb::limbs_are_even_constant_time(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs) != LimbMask::True
}
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>verify_less_than(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, other: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">Self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="kw">if </span>!greater_than(other, <span class="self">self</span>) {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::Unspecified);
}
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>to_elem&lt;M&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt;, error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="self">self</span>.verify_less_than_modulus(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = m.zero();
r.limbs[<span class="number">0</span>..<span class="self">self</span>.limbs.len()].copy_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(r)
}
<span class="kw">pub fn </span>verify_less_than_modulus&lt;M&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), error::Unspecified&gt; {
<span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs.len() &gt; m.limbs.len() {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::Unspecified);
}
<span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs.len() == m.limbs.len() {
<span class="kw">if </span>limb::limbs_less_than_limbs_consttime(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.limbs) != LimbMask::True {
<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(error::Unspecified);
}
}
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}
}
<span class="comment">// Returns a &gt; b.
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>greater_than(a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Nonnegative, b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Nonnegative) -&gt; bool {
<span class="kw">if </span>a.limbs.len() == b.limbs.len() {
limb::limbs_less_than_limbs_vartime(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>b.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a.limbs)
} <span class="kw">else </span>{
a.limbs.len() &gt; b.limbs.len()
}
}
<span class="attribute">#[derive(Clone)]
#[repr(transparent)]
</span><span class="kw">struct </span>N0([Limb; <span class="number">2</span>]);
<span class="kw">const </span>N0_LIMBS_USED: usize = <span class="number">64 </span>/ LIMB_BITS;
<span class="kw">impl </span>From&lt;u64&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>N0 {
<span class="attribute">#[inline]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>from(n0: u64) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(target_pointer_width = <span class="string">&quot;64&quot;</span>)]
</span>{
<span class="self">Self</span>([n0, <span class="number">0</span>])
}
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(target_pointer_width = <span class="string">&quot;32&quot;</span>)]
</span>{
<span class="self">Self</span>([n0 <span class="kw">as </span>Limb, (n0 &gt;&gt; LIMB_BITS) <span class="kw">as </span>Limb])
}
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// r *= a
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>limbs_mont_mul(r: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0) {
<span class="macro">debug_assert_eq!</span>(r.len(), m.len());
<span class="macro">debug_assert_eq!</span>(a.len(), m.len());
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(any(
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;aarch64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;arm&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86&quot;
</span>))]
</span><span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
GFp_bn_mul_mont(
r.as_mut_ptr(),
r.as_ptr(),
a.as_ptr(),
m.as_ptr(),
n0,
r.len(),
)
}
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(any(
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;aarch64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;arm&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86&quot;
</span>)))]
</span>{
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>tmp = [<span class="number">0</span>; <span class="number">2 </span>* MODULUS_MAX_LIMBS];
<span class="kw">let </span>tmp = <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>tmp[..(<span class="number">2 </span>* a.len())];
limbs_mul(tmp, r, a);
limbs_from_mont_in_place(r, tmp, m, n0);
}
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>limbs_from_mont_in_place(r: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], tmp: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0) {
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="kw">fn </span>GFp_bn_from_montgomery_in_place(
r: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb,
num_r: c::size_t,
a: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb,
num_a: c::size_t,
n: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
num_n: c::size_t,
n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0,
) -&gt; bssl::Result;
}
Result::from(<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
GFp_bn_from_montgomery_in_place(
r.as_mut_ptr(),
r.len(),
tmp.as_mut_ptr(),
tmp.len(),
m.as_ptr(),
m.len(),
<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>n0,
)
})
.unwrap()
}
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(any(
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;aarch64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;arm&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86&quot;
</span>)))]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>limbs_mul(r: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb]) {
<span class="macro">debug_assert_eq!</span>(r.len(), <span class="number">2 </span>* a.len());
<span class="macro">debug_assert_eq!</span>(a.len(), b.len());
<span class="kw">let </span>ab_len = a.len();
<span class="kw">crate</span>::polyfill::slice::fill(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>r[..ab_len], <span class="number">0</span>);
<span class="kw">for </span>(i, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>b_limb) <span class="kw">in </span>b.iter().enumerate() {
r[ab_len + i] = <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
GFp_limbs_mul_add_limb(
(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>r[i..][..ab_len]).as_mut_ptr(),
a.as_ptr(),
b_limb,
ab_len,
)
};
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// r = a * b
</span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>))]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>limbs_mont_product(r: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0) {
<span class="macro">debug_assert_eq!</span>(r.len(), m.len());
<span class="macro">debug_assert_eq!</span>(a.len(), m.len());
<span class="macro">debug_assert_eq!</span>(b.len(), m.len());
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(any(
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;aarch64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;arm&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86&quot;
</span>))]
</span><span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
GFp_bn_mul_mont(
r.as_mut_ptr(),
a.as_ptr(),
b.as_ptr(),
m.as_ptr(),
n0,
r.len(),
)
}
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(any(
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;aarch64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;arm&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86&quot;
</span>)))]
</span>{
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>tmp = [<span class="number">0</span>; <span class="number">2 </span>* MODULUS_MAX_LIMBS];
<span class="kw">let </span>tmp = <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>tmp[..(<span class="number">2 </span>* a.len())];
limbs_mul(tmp, a, b);
limbs_from_mont_in_place(r, tmp, m, n0)
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// r = r**2
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>limbs_mont_square(r: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>[Limb], m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0) {
<span class="macro">debug_assert_eq!</span>(r.len(), m.len());
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(any(
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;aarch64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;arm&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86&quot;
</span>))]
</span><span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
GFp_bn_mul_mont(
r.as_mut_ptr(),
r.as_ptr(),
r.as_ptr(),
m.as_ptr(),
n0,
r.len(),
)
}
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(any(
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;aarch64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;arm&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86&quot;
</span>)))]
</span>{
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>tmp = [<span class="number">0</span>; <span class="number">2 </span>* MODULUS_MAX_LIMBS];
<span class="kw">let </span>tmp = <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>tmp[..(<span class="number">2 </span>* r.len())];
limbs_mul(tmp, r, r);
limbs_from_mont_in_place(r, tmp, m, n0)
}
}
<span class="kw">extern </span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot; </span>{
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(any(
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;aarch64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;arm&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86&quot;
</span>))]
</span><span class="comment">// `r` and/or &#39;a&#39; and/or &#39;b&#39; may alias.
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>GFp_bn_mul_mont(
r: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb,
a: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
b: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
n: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb,
n0: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>N0,
num_limbs: c::size_t,
);
<span class="comment">// `r` must not alias `a`
</span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(any(
test,
not(any(
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;aarch64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;arm&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86_64&quot;</span>,
target_arch = <span class="string">&quot;x86&quot;
</span>))
))]
#[must_use]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>GFp_limbs_mul_add_limb(r: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>Limb, a: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>Limb, b: Limb, num_limbs: c::size_t) -&gt; Limb;
}
<span class="attribute">#[cfg(test)]
</span><span class="kw">mod </span>tests {
<span class="kw">use super</span>::<span class="kw-2">*</span>;
<span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::test;
<span class="kw">use </span>alloc::format;
<span class="comment">// Type-level representation of an arbitrary modulus.
</span><span class="kw">struct </span>M {}
<span class="kw">unsafe impl </span>PublicModulus <span class="kw">for </span>M {}
<span class="attribute">#[test]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_elem_exp_consttime() {
test::run(
<span class="macro">test_file!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;bigint_elem_exp_consttime_tests.txt&quot;</span>),
|section, test_case| {
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(section, <span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>m = consume_modulus::&lt;M&gt;(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;M&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>expected_result = consume_elem(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;ModExp&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>base = consume_elem(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;A&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>e = {
<span class="kw">let </span>bytes = test_case.consume_bytes(<span class="string">&quot;E&quot;</span>);
PrivateExponent::from_be_bytes_padded(untrusted::Input::from(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>bytes), <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m)
.expect(<span class="string">&quot;valid exponent&quot;</span>)
};
<span class="kw">let </span>base = into_encoded(base, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>actual_result = elem_exp_consttime(base, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>e, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m).unwrap();
assert_elem_eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>actual_result, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>expected_result);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
},
)
}
<span class="comment">// TODO: fn test_elem_exp_vartime() using
// &quot;src/rsa/bigint_elem_exp_vartime_tests.txt&quot;. See that file for details.
// In the meantime, the function is tested indirectly via the RSA
// verification and signing tests.
</span><span class="attribute">#[test]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_elem_mul() {
test::run(
<span class="macro">test_file!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;bigint_elem_mul_tests.txt&quot;</span>),
|section, test_case| {
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(section, <span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>m = consume_modulus::&lt;M&gt;(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;M&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>expected_result = consume_elem(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;ModMul&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>a = consume_elem(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;A&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>b = consume_elem(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;B&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>b = into_encoded(b, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>a = into_encoded(a, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>actual_result = elem_mul(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a, b, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>actual_result = actual_result.into_unencoded(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
assert_elem_eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>actual_result, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>expected_result);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
},
)
}
<span class="attribute">#[test]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_elem_squared() {
test::run(
<span class="macro">test_file!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;bigint_elem_squared_tests.txt&quot;</span>),
|section, test_case| {
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(section, <span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>m = consume_modulus::&lt;M&gt;(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;M&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>expected_result = consume_elem(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;ModSquare&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>a = consume_elem(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;A&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>a = into_encoded(a, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>actual_result = elem_squared(a, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m.as_partial());
<span class="kw">let </span>actual_result = actual_result.into_unencoded(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
assert_elem_eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>actual_result, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>expected_result);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
},
)
}
<span class="attribute">#[test]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_elem_reduced() {
test::run(
<span class="macro">test_file!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;bigint_elem_reduced_tests.txt&quot;</span>),
|section, test_case| {
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(section, <span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">struct </span>MM {}
<span class="kw">unsafe impl </span>SmallerModulus&lt;MM&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>M {}
<span class="kw">unsafe impl </span>NotMuchSmallerModulus&lt;MM&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>M {}
<span class="kw">let </span>m = consume_modulus::&lt;M&gt;(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;M&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>expected_result = consume_elem(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;R&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>a =
consume_elem_unchecked::&lt;MM&gt;(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;A&quot;</span>, expected_result.limbs.len() * <span class="number">2</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>actual_result = elem_reduced(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
<span class="kw">let </span>oneRR = m.oneRR();
<span class="kw">let </span>actual_result = elem_mul(oneRR.as_ref(), actual_result, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>m);
assert_elem_eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>actual_result, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>expected_result);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
},
)
}
<span class="attribute">#[test]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_elem_reduced_once() {
test::run(
<span class="macro">test_file!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;bigint_elem_reduced_once_tests.txt&quot;</span>),
|section, test_case| {
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(section, <span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">struct </span>N {}
<span class="kw">struct </span>QQ {}
<span class="kw">unsafe impl </span>SmallerModulus&lt;N&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>QQ {}
<span class="kw">unsafe impl </span>SlightlySmallerModulus&lt;N&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>QQ {}
<span class="kw">let </span>qq = consume_modulus::&lt;QQ&gt;(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;QQ&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>expected_result = consume_elem::&lt;QQ&gt;(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;R&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>qq);
<span class="kw">let </span>n = consume_modulus::&lt;N&gt;(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;N&quot;</span>);
<span class="kw">let </span>a = consume_elem::&lt;N&gt;(test_case, <span class="string">&quot;A&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>n);
<span class="kw">let </span>actual_result = elem_reduced_once(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>qq);
assert_elem_eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>actual_result, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>expected_result);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
},
)
}
<span class="attribute">#[test]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_modulus_debug() {
<span class="kw">let </span>(modulus, <span class="kw">_</span>) = Modulus::&lt;M&gt;::from_be_bytes_with_bit_length(untrusted::Input::from(
<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0xff</span>; LIMB_BYTES * MODULUS_MIN_LIMBS],
))
.unwrap();
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;Modulus&quot;</span>, <span class="macro">format!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;{:?}&quot;</span>, modulus));
}
<span class="attribute">#[test]
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_public_exponent_debug() {
<span class="kw">let </span>exponent =
PublicExponent::from_be_bytes(untrusted::Input::from(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0x1</span>, <span class="number">0x00</span>, <span class="number">0x01</span>]), <span class="number">65537</span>)
.unwrap();
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;PublicExponent(65537)&quot;</span>, <span class="macro">format!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;{:?}&quot;</span>, exponent));
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>consume_elem&lt;M&gt;(
test_case: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>test::TestCase,
name: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str,
m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;,
) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span>value = test_case.consume_bytes(name);
Elem::from_be_bytes_padded(untrusted::Input::from(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>value), m).unwrap()
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>consume_elem_unchecked&lt;M&gt;(
test_case: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>test::TestCase,
name: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str,
num_limbs: usize,
) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span>value = consume_nonnegative(test_case, name);
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>limbs = BoxedLimbs::zero(Width {
num_limbs,
m: PhantomData,
});
limbs[<span class="number">0</span>..value.limbs.len()].copy_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>value.limbs);
Elem {
limbs,
encoding: PhantomData,
}
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>consume_modulus&lt;M&gt;(test_case: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>test::TestCase, name: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str) -&gt; Modulus&lt;M&gt; {
<span class="kw">let </span>value = test_case.consume_bytes(name);
<span class="kw">let </span>(value, <span class="kw">_</span>) =
Modulus::from_be_bytes_with_bit_length(untrusted::Input::from(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>value)).unwrap();
value
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>consume_nonnegative(test_case: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>test::TestCase, name: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str) -&gt; Nonnegative {
<span class="kw">let </span>bytes = test_case.consume_bytes(name);
<span class="kw">let </span>(r, _r_bits) =
Nonnegative::from_be_bytes_with_bit_length(untrusted::Input::from(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>bytes)).unwrap();
r
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>assert_elem_eq&lt;M, E&gt;(a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;M, E&gt;, b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Elem&lt;M, E&gt;) {
<span class="kw">if </span>elem_verify_equal_consttime(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a, b).is_err() {
<span class="macro">panic!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;{:x?} != {:x?}&quot;</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;*</span>a.limbs, <span class="kw-2">&amp;*</span>b.limbs);
}
}
<span class="kw">fn </span>into_encoded&lt;M&gt;(a: Elem&lt;M, Unencoded&gt;, m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>Modulus&lt;M&gt;) -&gt; Elem&lt;M, R&gt; {
elem_mul(m.oneRR().as_ref(), a, m)
}
<span class="attribute">#[test]
</span><span class="comment">// TODO: wasm
</span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_mul_add_words() {
<span class="kw">const </span>ZERO: Limb = <span class="number">0</span>;
<span class="kw">const </span>MAX: Limb = ZERO.wrapping_sub(<span class="number">1</span>);
<span class="kw">static </span>TEST_CASES: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb], Limb, Limb, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Limb])] = <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[
(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0</span>], <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0</span>], <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0</span>]),
(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX], <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0</span>], MAX, <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX]),
(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0</span>], <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX], MAX, MAX - <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">1</span>]),
(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX], <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX], MAX, MAX, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0</span>]),
(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span>], <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX, MAX], MAX, MAX - <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">1</span>, MAX]),
(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">0</span>], <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX, MAX], MAX, MAX - <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">2</span>, MAX]),
(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX, <span class="number">0</span>], <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX, MAX], MAX, MAX, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span>]),
(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>], <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX, MAX], MAX, MAX, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">0</span>]),
(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX, MAX], <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[MAX, MAX], MAX, MAX, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[<span class="number">0</span>, MAX]),
];
<span class="kw">for </span>(i, (r_input, a, w, expected_retval, expected_r)) <span class="kw">in </span>TEST_CASES.iter().enumerate() {
<span class="kw">extern crate </span>std;
<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = std::vec::Vec::from(<span class="kw-2">*</span>r_input);
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(r.len(), a.len()); <span class="comment">// Sanity check
</span><span class="kw">let </span>actual_retval =
<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ GFp_limbs_mul_add_limb(r.as_mut_ptr(), a.as_ptr(), <span class="kw-2">*</span>w, a.len()) };
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>r, expected_r, <span class="string">&quot;{}: {:x?} != {:x?}&quot;</span>, i, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>r[..], expected_r);
<span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(
actual_retval, <span class="kw-2">*</span>expected_retval,
<span class="string">&quot;{}: {:x?} != {:x?}&quot;</span>,
i, actual_retval, <span class="kw-2">*</span>expected_retval
);
}
}
}
</code></pre></div>
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