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 <!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="Source of the Rust file `/root/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/openssl-0.10.54/src/bn.rs`."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang"><title>bn.rs - source</title><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../SourceSerif4-Regular.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../FiraSans-Regular.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../FiraSans-Medium.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../SourceCodePro-Regular.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../SourceSerif4-Bold.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../SourceCodePro-Semibold.ttf.woff2"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../normalize.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../rustdoc.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../ayu.css" disabled><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../dark.css" disabled><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../light.css" id="themeStyle"><script id="default-settings" ></script><script src="../../storage.js"></script><script defer src="../../source-script.js"></script><script defer src="../../source-files.js"></script><script defer src="../../main.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../noscript.css"></noscript><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="../../favicon.svg"></head><body class="rustdoc source"><!--[if lte IE 11]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><a class="sidebar-logo" href="../../openssl/index.html"><div class="logo-container"><img class="rust-logo" src="../../rust-logo.svg" alt="logo"></div></a></nav><main><div class="width-limiter"><nav class="sub"><a class="sub-logo-container" href="../../openssl/index.html"><img class="rust-logo" src="../../rust-logo.svg" alt="logo"></a><form class="search-form"><div class="search-container"><span></span><input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"><div id="help-button" title="help" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../help.html">?</a></div><div id="settings-menu" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../settings.html" title="settings"><img width="22" height="22" alt="Change settings" src="../../wheel.svg"></a></div></div></form></nav><section id="main-content" class="content"><div class="example-wrap"><pre class="src-line-numbers"><span id="1">1</span>
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 </pre><pre class="rust"><code><span class="doccomment">//! BigNum implementation
 //!
 //! Large numbers are important for a cryptographic library.  OpenSSL implementation
 //! of BigNum uses dynamically assigned memory to store an array of bit chunks.  This
 //! allows numbers of any size to be compared and mathematical functions performed.
 //!
 //! OpenSSL wiki describes the [`BIGNUM`] data structure.
 //!
 //! # Examples
 //!
 //! ```
 //! use openssl::bn::BigNum;
 //! use openssl::error::ErrorStack;
 //!
 //! fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
 //!   let a = BigNum::new()?; // a = 0
 //!   let b = BigNum::from_dec_str(&quot;1234567890123456789012345&quot;)?;
 //!   let c = &amp;a * &amp;b;
 //!   assert_eq!(a, c);
 //!   Ok(())
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! [`BIGNUM`]: https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Manual:Bn_internal(3)
 </span><span class="kw">use </span>cfg_if::cfg_if;
 <span class="kw">use </span>foreign_types::{ForeignType, ForeignTypeRef};
 <span class="kw">use </span>libc::c_int;
 <span class="kw">use </span>std::cmp::Ordering;
 <span class="kw">use </span>std::ffi::CString;
 <span class="kw">use </span>std::ops::{Add, Deref, Div, Mul, Neg, Rem, Shl, Shr, Sub};
 <span class="kw">use </span>std::{fmt, ptr};

 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::asn1::Asn1Integer;
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::error::ErrorStack;
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::string::OpensslString;
 <span class="kw">use crate</span>::{cvt, cvt_n, cvt_p, LenType};
 <span class="kw">use </span>openssl_macros::corresponds;

 <span class="macro">cfg_if! </span>{
     <span class="kw">if </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(any(ossl110, libressl350))] </span>{
         <span class="kw">use </span>ffi::{
             BN_get_rfc2409_prime_1024, BN_get_rfc2409_prime_768, BN_get_rfc3526_prime_1536,
             BN_get_rfc3526_prime_2048, BN_get_rfc3526_prime_3072, BN_get_rfc3526_prime_4096,
             BN_get_rfc3526_prime_6144, BN_get_rfc3526_prime_8192, BN_is_negative,
         };
     } <span class="kw">else if </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(boringssl)] </span>{
         <span class="kw">use </span>ffi::BN_is_negative;
     } <span class="kw">else </span>{
         <span class="kw">use </span>ffi::{
             get_rfc2409_prime_1024 <span class="kw">as </span>BN_get_rfc2409_prime_1024,
             get_rfc2409_prime_768 <span class="kw">as </span>BN_get_rfc2409_prime_768,
             get_rfc3526_prime_1536 <span class="kw">as </span>BN_get_rfc3526_prime_1536,
             get_rfc3526_prime_2048 <span class="kw">as </span>BN_get_rfc3526_prime_2048,
             get_rfc3526_prime_3072 <span class="kw">as </span>BN_get_rfc3526_prime_3072,
             get_rfc3526_prime_4096 <span class="kw">as </span>BN_get_rfc3526_prime_4096,
             get_rfc3526_prime_6144 <span class="kw">as </span>BN_get_rfc3526_prime_6144,
             get_rfc3526_prime_8192 <span class="kw">as </span>BN_get_rfc3526_prime_8192,
         };

         <span class="attribute">#[allow(bad_style)]
         </span><span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>BN_is_negative(bn: <span class="kw-2">*const </span>ffi::BIGNUM) -&gt; c_int {
             (<span class="kw-2">*</span>bn).neg
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// Options for the most significant bits of a randomly generated `BigNum`.
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>MsbOption(c_int);

 <span class="kw">impl </span>MsbOption {
     <span class="doccomment">/// The most significant bit of the number may be 0.
     </span><span class="kw">pub const </span>MAYBE_ZERO: MsbOption = MsbOption(-<span class="number">1</span>);

     <span class="doccomment">/// The most significant bit of the number must be 1.
     </span><span class="kw">pub const </span>ONE: MsbOption = MsbOption(<span class="number">0</span>);

     <span class="doccomment">/// The most significant two bits of the number must be 1.
     ///
     /// The number of bits in the product of two such numbers will always be exactly twice the
     /// number of bits in the original numbers.
     </span><span class="kw">pub const </span>TWO_ONES: MsbOption = MsbOption(<span class="number">1</span>);
 }

 <span class="macro">foreign_type_and_impl_send_sync! </span>{
     <span class="kw">type </span>CType = ffi::BN_CTX;
     <span class="kw">fn </span>drop = ffi::BN_CTX_free;

     <span class="doccomment">/// Temporary storage for BigNums on the secure heap
     ///
     /// BigNum values are stored dynamically and therefore can be expensive
     /// to allocate.  BigNumContext and the OpenSSL [`BN_CTX`] structure are used
     /// internally when passing BigNum values between subroutines.
     ///
     /// [`BN_CTX`]: https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/crypto/BN_CTX_new.html
     </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>BigNumContext;
     <span class="doccomment">/// Reference to [`BigNumContext`]
     ///
     /// [`BigNumContext`]: struct.BigNumContext.html
     </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>BigNumContextRef;
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>BigNumContext {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new `BigNumContext`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_CTX_new)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>new() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNumContext, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             cvt_p(ffi::BN_CTX_new()).map(BigNumContext)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new secure `BigNumContext`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_CTX_secure_new)]
     #[cfg(ossl110)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>new_secure() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNumContext, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             cvt_p(ffi::BN_CTX_secure_new()).map(BigNumContext)
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="macro">foreign_type_and_impl_send_sync! </span>{
     <span class="kw">type </span>CType = ffi::BIGNUM;
     <span class="kw">fn </span>drop = ffi::BN_free;

     <span class="doccomment">/// Dynamically sized large number implementation
     ///
     /// Perform large number mathematics.  Create a new BigNum
     /// with [`new`].  Perform standard mathematics on large numbers using
     /// methods from [`Dref&lt;Target = BigNumRef&gt;`]
     ///
     /// OpenSSL documentation at [`BN_new`].
     ///
     /// [`new`]: struct.BigNum.html#method.new
     /// [`Dref&lt;Target = BigNumRef&gt;`]: struct.BigNum.html#deref-methods
     /// [`BN_new`]: https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/crypto/BN_new.html
     ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```
     /// use openssl::bn::BigNum;
     /// # use openssl::error::ErrorStack;
     /// # fn bignums() -&gt; Result&lt; (), ErrorStack &gt; {
     /// let little_big = BigNum::from_u32(std::u32::MAX)?;
     /// assert_eq!(*&amp;little_big.num_bytes(), 4);
     /// # Ok(())
     /// # }
     /// # fn main () { bignums(); }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>BigNum;
     <span class="doccomment">/// Reference to a [`BigNum`]
     ///
     /// [`BigNum`]: struct.BigNum.html
     </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>BigNumRef;
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Erases the memory used by this `BigNum`, resetting its value to 0.
     ///
     /// This can be used to destroy sensitive data such as keys when they are no longer needed.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_clear)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>clear(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ ffi::BN_clear(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Adds a `u32` to `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_add_word)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>add_word(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, w: u32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_add_word(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), w <span class="kw">as </span>ffi::BN_ULONG)).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Subtracts a `u32` from `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_sub_word)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>sub_word(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, w: u32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_sub_word(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), w <span class="kw">as </span>ffi::BN_ULONG)).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Multiplies a `u32` by `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_mul_word)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mul_word(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, w: u32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_mul_word(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), w <span class="kw">as </span>ffi::BN_ULONG)).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Divides `self` by a `u32`, returning the remainder.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_div_word)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>div_word(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, w: u32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;u64, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             <span class="kw">let </span>r = ffi::BN_div_word(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), w.into());
             <span class="kw">if </span>r == ffi::BN_ULONG::max_value() {
                 <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ErrorStack::get())
             } <span class="kw">else </span>{
                 <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(r.into())
             }
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns the result of `self` modulo `w`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_mod_word)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mod_word(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, w: u32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;u64, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             <span class="kw">let </span>r = ffi::BN_mod_word(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), w.into());
             <span class="kw">if </span>r == ffi::BN_ULONG::max_value() {
                 <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ErrorStack::get())
             } <span class="kw">else </span>{
                 <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(r.into())
             }
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places a cryptographically-secure pseudo-random nonnegative
     /// number less than `self` in `rnd`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_rand_range)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>rand_range(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, rnd: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumRef) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_rand_range(rnd.as_ptr(), <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// The cryptographically weak counterpart to `rand_in_range`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(osslconf = <span class="string">&quot;OPENSSL_NO_DEPRECATED_3_0&quot;</span>))]
     #[corresponds(BN_pseudo_rand_range)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>pseudo_rand_range(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, rnd: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumRef) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_pseudo_rand_range(rnd.as_ptr(), <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Sets bit `n`. Equivalent to `self |= (1 &lt;&lt; n)`.
     ///
     /// When setting a bit outside of `self`, it is expanded.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_set_bit)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>set_bit(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, n: i32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_set_bit(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), n.into())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Clears bit `n`, setting it to 0. Equivalent to `self &amp;= ~(1 &lt;&lt; n)`.
     ///
     /// When clearing a bit outside of `self`, an error is returned.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_clear_bit)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>clear_bit(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, n: i32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_clear_bit(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), n.into())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns `true` if the `n`th bit of `self` is set to 1, `false` otherwise.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_is_bit_set)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>is_bit_set(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, n: i32) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ ffi::BN_is_bit_set(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), n.into()) == <span class="number">1 </span>}
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Truncates `self` to the lowest `n` bits.
     ///
     /// An error occurs if `self` is already shorter than `n` bits.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_mask_bits)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mask_bits(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, n: i32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_mask_bits(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), n.into())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places `a &lt;&lt; 1` in `self`.  Equivalent to `self * 2`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_lshift1)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>lshift1(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_lshift1(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), a.as_ptr())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places `a &gt;&gt; 1` in `self`. Equivalent to `self / 2`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_rshift1)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>rshift1(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_rshift1(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), a.as_ptr())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places `a + b` in `self`.  [`core::ops::Add`] is also implemented for `BigNumRef`.
     ///
     /// [`core::ops::Add`]: struct.BigNumRef.html#method.add
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_add)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>checked_add(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef, b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_add(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), a.as_ptr(), b.as_ptr())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places `a - b` in `self`. [`core::ops::Sub`] is also implemented for `BigNumRef`.
     ///
     /// [`core::ops::Sub`]: struct.BigNumRef.html#method.sub
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_sub)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>checked_sub(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef, b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_sub(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), a.as_ptr(), b.as_ptr())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places `a &lt;&lt; n` in `self`.  Equivalent to `a * 2 ^ n`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_lshift)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>lshift(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef, n: i32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_lshift(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), a.as_ptr(), n.into())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places `a &gt;&gt; n` in `self`. Equivalent to `a / 2 ^ n`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_rshift)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>rshift(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef, n: i32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_rshift(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), a.as_ptr(), n.into())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new BigNum with the same value.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_dup)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>to_owned(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt_p(ffi::BN_dup(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr())).map(|b| BigNum::from_ptr(b)) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Sets the sign of `self`.  Pass true to set `self` to a negative.  False sets
     /// `self` positive.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_set_negative)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>set_negative(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, negative: bool) {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ ffi::BN_set_negative(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), negative <span class="kw">as </span>c_int) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Compare the absolute values of `self` and `oth`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use openssl::bn::BigNum;
     /// # use std::cmp::Ordering;
     /// let s = -BigNum::from_u32(8).unwrap();
     /// let o = BigNum::from_u32(8).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(s.ucmp(&amp;o), Ordering::Equal);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_ucmp)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>ucmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; Ordering {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ ffi::BN_ucmp(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), oth.as_ptr()).cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="number">0</span>) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns `true` if `self` is negative.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_is_negative)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>is_negative(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ BN_is_negative(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr()) == <span class="number">1 </span>}
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns the number of significant bits in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_num_bits)]
     #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>num_bits(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; i32 {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ ffi::BN_num_bits(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr()) <span class="kw">as </span>i32 }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns the size of `self` in bytes. Implemented natively.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>num_bytes(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; i32 {
         (<span class="self">self</span>.num_bits() + <span class="number">7</span>) / <span class="number">8
     </span>}

     <span class="doccomment">/// Generates a cryptographically strong pseudo-random `BigNum`, placing it in `self`.
     ///
     /// # Parameters
     ///
     /// * `bits`: Length of the number in bits.
     /// * `msb`: The desired properties of the most significant bit. See [`constants`].
     /// * `odd`: If `true`, the generated number will be odd.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use openssl::bn::{BigNum, MsbOption};
     /// use openssl::error::ErrorStack;
     ///
     /// fn generate_random() -&gt; Result&lt; BigNum, ErrorStack &gt; {
     ///    let mut big = BigNum::new()?;
     ///
     ///    // Generates a 128-bit odd random number
     ///    big.rand(128, MsbOption::MAYBE_ZERO, true);
     ///    Ok((big))
     /// }
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`constants`]: index.html#constants
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_rand)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>rand(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, bits: i32, msb: MsbOption, odd: bool) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_rand(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 bits.into(),
                 msb.<span class="number">0</span>,
                 odd <span class="kw">as </span>c_int,
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// The cryptographically weak counterpart to `rand`.  Not suitable for key generation.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(osslconf = <span class="string">&quot;OPENSSL_NO_DEPRECATED_3_0&quot;</span>))]
     #[corresponds(BN_pseudo_rand)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>pseudo_rand(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, bits: i32, msb: MsbOption, odd: bool) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_pseudo_rand(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 bits.into(),
                 msb.<span class="number">0</span>,
                 odd <span class="kw">as </span>c_int,
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Generates a prime number, placing it in `self`.
     ///
     /// # Parameters
     ///
     /// * `bits`: The length of the prime in bits (lower bound).
     /// * `safe`: If true, returns a &quot;safe&quot; prime `p` so that `(p-1)/2` is also prime.
     /// * `add`/`rem`: If `add` is set to `Some(add)`, `p % add == rem` will hold, where `p` is the
     ///   generated prime and `rem` is `1` if not specified (`None`).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use openssl::bn::BigNum;
     /// use openssl::error::ErrorStack;
     ///
     /// fn generate_weak_prime() -&gt; Result&lt; BigNum, ErrorStack &gt; {
     ///    let mut big = BigNum::new()?;
     ///
     ///    // Generates a 128-bit simple prime number
     ///    big.generate_prime(128, false, None, None);
     ///    Ok((big))
     /// }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_generate_prime_ex)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>generate_prime(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         bits: i32,
         safe: bool,
         add: <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef&gt;,
         rem: <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef&gt;,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_generate_prime_ex(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 bits <span class="kw">as </span>c_int,
                 safe <span class="kw">as </span>c_int,
                 add.map(|n| n.as_ptr()).unwrap_or(ptr::null_mut()),
                 rem.map(|n| n.as_ptr()).unwrap_or(ptr::null_mut()),
                 ptr::null_mut(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `a * b` in `self`.
     /// [`core::ops::Mul`] is also implemented for `BigNumRef`.
     ///
     /// [`core::ops::Mul`]: struct.BigNumRef.html#method.mul
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_mul)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>checked_mul(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_mul(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 b.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `a / b` in `self`. The remainder is discarded.
     /// [`core::ops::Div`] is also implemented for `BigNumRef`.
     ///
     /// [`core::ops::Div`]: struct.BigNumRef.html#method.div
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_div)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>checked_div(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_div(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 ptr::null_mut(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 b.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `a % b` in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_div)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>checked_rem(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_div(
                 ptr::null_mut(),
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 b.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `a / b` in `self` and `a % b` in `rem`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_div)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>div_rem(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         rem: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumRef,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_div(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 rem.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 b.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `a²` in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_sqr)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>sqr(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef, ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ cvt(ffi::BN_sqr(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), a.as_ptr(), ctx.as_ptr())).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ()) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `a mod m` in `self`.  As opposed to `div_rem`
     /// the result is non-negative.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_nnmod)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>nnmod(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_nnmod(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 m.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `(a + b) mod m` in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_mod_add)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mod_add(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_mod_add(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 b.as_ptr(),
                 m.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `(a - b) mod m` in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_mod_sub)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mod_sub(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_mod_sub(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 b.as_ptr(),
                 m.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `(a * b) mod m` in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_mod_mul)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mod_mul(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_mod_mul(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 b.as_ptr(),
                 m.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `a² mod m` in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_mod_sqr)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mod_sqr(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_mod_sqr(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 m.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `a^p` in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_exp)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>exp(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         p: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_exp(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 p.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the result of `a^p mod m` in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_mod_exp)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mod_exp(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         p: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         m: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_mod_exp(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 p.as_ptr(),
                 m.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the inverse of `a` modulo `n` in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_mod_inverse)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mod_inverse(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         n: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt_p(ffi::BN_mod_inverse(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 n.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Places the greatest common denominator of `a` and `b` in `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_gcd)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>gcd(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>,
         a: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         b: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_gcd(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 a.as_ptr(),
                 b.as_ptr(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
             ))
             .map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| ())
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Checks whether `self` is prime.
     ///
     /// Performs a Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality test with `checks` iterations.
     ///
     /// # Return Value
     ///
     /// Returns `true` if `self` is prime with an error probability of less than `0.25 ^ checks`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(osslconf = <span class="string">&quot;OPENSSL_NO_DEPRECATED_3_0&quot;</span>))]
     #[corresponds(BN_is_prime_ex)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>is_prime(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, checks: i32, ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;bool, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt_n(ffi::BN_is_prime_ex(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 checks.into(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
                 ptr::null_mut(),
             ))
             .map(|r| r != <span class="number">0</span>)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Checks whether `self` is prime with optional trial division.
     ///
     /// If `do_trial_division` is `true`, first performs trial division by a number of small primes.
     /// Then, like `is_prime`, performs a Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality test with `checks`
     /// iterations.
     ///
     /// # Return Value
     ///
     /// Returns `true` if `self` is prime with an error probability of less than `0.25 ^ checks`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(osslconf = <span class="string">&quot;OPENSSL_NO_DEPRECATED_3_0&quot;</span>))]
     #[corresponds(BN_is_prime_fasttest_ex)]
     #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>is_prime_fasttest(
         <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>,
         checks: i32,
         ctx: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BigNumContextRef,
         do_trial_division: bool,
     ) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;bool, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt_n(ffi::BN_is_prime_fasttest_ex(
                 <span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(),
                 checks.into(),
                 ctx.as_ptr(),
                 do_trial_division <span class="kw">as </span>c_int,
                 ptr::null_mut(),
             ))
             .map(|r| r != <span class="number">0</span>)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a big-endian byte vector representation of the absolute value of `self`.
     ///
     /// `self` can be recreated by using `from_slice`.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use openssl::bn::BigNum;
     /// let s = -BigNum::from_u32(4543).unwrap();
     /// let r = BigNum::from_u32(4543).unwrap();
     ///
     /// let s_vec = s.to_vec();
     /// assert_eq!(BigNum::from_slice(&amp;s_vec).unwrap(), r);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_bn2bin)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>to_vec(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; Vec&lt;u8&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>size = <span class="self">self</span>.num_bytes() <span class="kw">as </span>usize;
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>v = Vec::with_capacity(size);
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::BN_bn2bin(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), v.as_mut_ptr());
             v.set_len(size);
         }
         v
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a big-endian byte vector representation of the absolute value of `self` padded
     /// to `pad_to` bytes.
     ///
     /// If `pad_to` is less than `self.num_bytes()` then an error is returned.
     ///
     /// `self` can be recreated by using `from_slice`.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use openssl::bn::BigNum;
     /// let bn = BigNum::from_u32(0x4543).unwrap();
     ///
     /// let bn_vec = bn.to_vec_padded(4).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;bn_vec, &amp;[0, 0, 0x45, 0x43]);
     ///
     /// let r = bn.to_vec_padded(1);
     /// assert!(r.is_err());
     ///
     /// let bn = -BigNum::from_u32(0x4543).unwrap();
     /// let bn_vec = bn.to_vec_padded(4).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;bn_vec, &amp;[0, 0, 0x45, 0x43]);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_bn2binpad)]
     #[cfg(any(ossl110, libressl340, boringssl))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>to_vec_padded(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, pad_to: i32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Vec&lt;u8&gt;, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>v = Vec::with_capacity(pad_to <span class="kw">as </span>usize);
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_bn2binpad(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), v.as_mut_ptr(), pad_to))<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
             v.set_len(pad_to <span class="kw">as </span>usize);
         }
         <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(v)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a decimal string representation of `self`.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use openssl::bn::BigNum;
     /// let s = -BigNum::from_u32(12345).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;**s.to_dec_str().unwrap(), &quot;-12345&quot;);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_bn2dec)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>to_dec_str(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;OpensslString, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             <span class="kw">let </span>buf = cvt_p(ffi::BN_bn2dec(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr()))<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(OpensslString::from_ptr(buf))
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a hexadecimal string representation of `self`.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use openssl::bn::BigNum;
     /// let s = -BigNum::from_u32(0x99ff).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(s.to_hex_str().unwrap().to_uppercase(), &quot;-99FF&quot;);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_bn2hex)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>to_hex_str(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;OpensslString, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             <span class="kw">let </span>buf = cvt_p(ffi::BN_bn2hex(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr()))<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(OpensslString::from_ptr(buf))
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns an `Asn1Integer` containing the value of `self`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>to_asn1_integer(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;Asn1Integer, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt_p(ffi::BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), ptr::null_mut()))
                 .map(|p| Asn1Integer::from_ptr(p))
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Force constant time computation on this value.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_set_flags)]
     #[cfg(ossl110)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>set_const_time(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ ffi::BN_set_flags(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), ffi::BN_FLG_CONSTTIME) }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns true if `self` is in const time mode.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_get_flags)]
     #[cfg(ossl110)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>is_const_time(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             <span class="kw">let </span>ret = ffi::BN_get_flags(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), ffi::BN_FLG_CONSTTIME);
             ret == ffi::BN_FLG_CONSTTIME
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns true if `self` was created with [`BigNum::new_secure`].
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_get_flags)]
     #[cfg(ossl110)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>is_secure(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             <span class="kw">let </span>ret = ffi::BN_get_flags(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), ffi::BN_FLG_SECURE);
             ret == ffi::BN_FLG_SECURE
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>BigNum {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `BigNum` with the value 0.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_new)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>new() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             <span class="kw">let </span>v = cvt_p(ffi::BN_new())<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(BigNum::from_ptr(v))
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a new secure `BigNum`.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_secure_new)]
     #[cfg(ossl110)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>new_secure() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             <span class="kw">let </span>v = cvt_p(ffi::BN_secure_new())<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(BigNum::from_ptr(v))
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `BigNum` with the given value.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_set_word)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>from_u32(n: u32) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         BigNum::new().and_then(|v| <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             cvt(ffi::BN_set_word(v.as_ptr(), n <span class="kw">as </span>ffi::BN_ULONG)).map(|<span class="kw">_</span>| v)
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Creates a `BigNum` from a decimal string.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_dec2bn)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>from_dec_str(s: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             <span class="kw">let </span>c_str = CString::new(s.as_bytes()).unwrap();
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>bn = ptr::null_mut();
             cvt(ffi::BN_dec2bn(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>bn, c_str.as_ptr() <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*const </span><span class="kw">_</span>))<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(BigNum::from_ptr(bn))
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Creates a `BigNum` from a hexadecimal string.
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_hex2bn)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>from_hex_str(s: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             <span class="kw">let </span>c_str = CString::new(s.as_bytes()).unwrap();
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>bn = ptr::null_mut();
             cvt(ffi::BN_hex2bn(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>bn, c_str.as_ptr() <span class="kw">as </span><span class="kw-2">*const </span><span class="kw">_</span>))<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(BigNum::from_ptr(bn))
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a constant used in IKE as defined in [`RFC 2409`].  This prime number is in
     /// the order of magnitude of `2 ^ 768`.  This number is used during calculated key
     /// exchanges such as Diffie-Hellman.  This number is labeled Oakley group id 1.
     ///
     /// [`RFC 2409`]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2409#page-21
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_get_rfc2409_prime_768)]
     #[cfg(not(boringssl))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>get_rfc2409_prime_768() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             cvt_p(BN_get_rfc2409_prime_768(ptr::null_mut())).map(BigNum)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a constant used in IKE as defined in [`RFC 2409`].  This prime number is in
     /// the order of magnitude of `2 ^ 1024`.  This number is used during calculated key
     /// exchanges such as Diffie-Hellman.  This number is labeled Oakly group 2.
     ///
     /// [`RFC 2409`]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2409#page-21
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_get_rfc2409_prime_1024)]
     #[cfg(not(boringssl))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>get_rfc2409_prime_1024() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             cvt_p(BN_get_rfc2409_prime_1024(ptr::null_mut())).map(BigNum)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a constant used in IKE as defined in [`RFC 3526`].  The prime is in the order
     /// of magnitude of `2 ^ 1536`.  This number is used during calculated key
     /// exchanges such as Diffie-Hellman.  This number is labeled MODP group 5.
     ///
     /// [`RFC 3526`]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3526#page-3
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_1536)]
     #[cfg(not(boringssl))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>get_rfc3526_prime_1536() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             cvt_p(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_1536(ptr::null_mut())).map(BigNum)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a constant used in IKE as defined in [`RFC 3526`].  The prime is in the order
     /// of magnitude of `2 ^ 2048`.  This number is used during calculated key
     /// exchanges such as Diffie-Hellman.  This number is labeled MODP group 14.
     ///
     /// [`RFC 3526`]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3526#page-3
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_2048)]
     #[cfg(not(boringssl))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>get_rfc3526_prime_2048() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             cvt_p(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_2048(ptr::null_mut())).map(BigNum)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a constant used in IKE as defined in [`RFC 3526`].  The prime is in the order
     /// of magnitude of `2 ^ 3072`.  This number is used during calculated key
     /// exchanges such as Diffie-Hellman.  This number is labeled MODP group 15.
     ///
     /// [`RFC 3526`]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3526#page-4
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_3072)]
     #[cfg(not(boringssl))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>get_rfc3526_prime_3072() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             cvt_p(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_3072(ptr::null_mut())).map(BigNum)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a constant used in IKE as defined in [`RFC 3526`].  The prime is in the order
     /// of magnitude of `2 ^ 4096`.  This number is used during calculated key
     /// exchanges such as Diffie-Hellman.  This number is labeled MODP group 16.
     ///
     /// [`RFC 3526`]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3526#page-4
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_4096)]
     #[cfg(not(boringssl))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>get_rfc3526_prime_4096() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             cvt_p(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_4096(ptr::null_mut())).map(BigNum)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a constant used in IKE as defined in [`RFC 3526`].  The prime is in the order
     /// of magnitude of `2 ^ 6144`.  This number is used during calculated key
     /// exchanges such as Diffie-Hellman.  This number is labeled MODP group 17.
     ///
     /// [`RFC 3526`]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3526#page-6
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_6114)]
     #[cfg(not(boringssl))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>get_rfc3526_prime_6144() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             cvt_p(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_6144(ptr::null_mut())).map(BigNum)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a constant used in IKE as defined in [`RFC 3526`].  The prime is in the order
     /// of magnitude of `2 ^ 8192`.  This number is used during calculated key
     /// exchanges such as Diffie-Hellman.  This number is labeled MODP group 18.
     ///
     /// [`RFC 3526`]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3526#page-6
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_8192)]
     #[cfg(not(boringssl))]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>get_rfc3526_prime_8192() -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             cvt_p(BN_get_rfc3526_prime_8192(ptr::null_mut())).map(BigNum)
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Creates a new `BigNum` from an unsigned, big-endian encoded number of arbitrary length.
     ///
     /// OpenSSL documentation at [`BN_bin2bn`]
     ///
     /// [`BN_bin2bn`]: https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/crypto/BN_bin2bn.html
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use openssl::bn::BigNum;
     /// let bignum = BigNum::from_slice(&amp;[0x12, 0x00, 0x34]).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bignum, BigNum::from_u32(0x120034).unwrap());
     /// ```
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_bin2bn)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>from_slice(n: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[u8]) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;BigNum, ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             ffi::init();
             <span class="macro">assert!</span>(n.len() &lt;= LenType::max_value() <span class="kw">as </span>usize);

             cvt_p(ffi::BN_bin2bn(
                 n.as_ptr(),
                 n.len() <span class="kw">as </span>LenType,
                 ptr::null_mut(),
             ))
             .map(|p| BigNum::from_ptr(p))
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Copies data from a slice overwriting what was in the BigNum.
     ///
     /// This function can be used to copy data from a slice to a
     /// [secure BigNum][`BigNum::new_secure`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use openssl::bn::BigNum;
     /// let mut bignum = BigNum::new().unwrap();
     /// bignum.copy_from_slice(&amp;[0x12, 0x00, 0x34]).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bignum, BigNum::from_u32(0x120034).unwrap());
     /// ```
     </span><span class="attribute">#[corresponds(BN_bin2bn)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>copy_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, n: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[u8]) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>&lt;(), ErrorStack&gt; {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{
             <span class="macro">assert!</span>(n.len() &lt;= LenType::max_value() <span class="kw">as </span>usize);

             cvt_p(ffi::BN_bin2bn(n.as_ptr(), n.len() <span class="kw">as </span>LenType, <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="number">0</span>))<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>fmt::Debug <span class="kw">for </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, f: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>fmt::Formatter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>&gt;) -&gt; fmt::Result {
         <span class="kw">match </span><span class="self">self</span>.to_dec_str() {
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(s) =&gt; f.write_str(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>s),
             <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(e) =&gt; <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(e.into()),
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>fmt::Debug <span class="kw">for </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, f: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>fmt::Formatter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>&gt;) -&gt; fmt::Result {
         <span class="kw">match </span><span class="self">self</span>.to_dec_str() {
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(s) =&gt; f.write_str(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>s),
             <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(e) =&gt; <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(e.into()),
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>fmt::Display <span class="kw">for </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, f: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>fmt::Formatter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>&gt;) -&gt; fmt::Result {
         <span class="kw">match </span><span class="self">self</span>.to_dec_str() {
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(s) =&gt; f.write_str(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>s),
             <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(e) =&gt; <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(e.into()),
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>fmt::Display <span class="kw">for </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>fmt(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, f: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>fmt::Formatter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;_</span>&gt;) -&gt; fmt::Result {
         <span class="kw">match </span><span class="self">self</span>.to_dec_str() {
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(s) =&gt; f.write_str(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>s),
             <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(e) =&gt; <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(e.into()),
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>PartialEq&lt;BigNumRef&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="self">self</span>.cmp(oth) == Ordering::Equal
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>PartialEq&lt;BigNum&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNum) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="self">self</span>.eq(oth.deref())
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>Eq <span class="kw">for </span>BigNumRef {}

 <span class="kw">impl </span>PartialEq <span class="kw">for </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNum) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref().eq(oth)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>PartialEq&lt;BigNumRef&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref().eq(oth)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>Eq <span class="kw">for </span>BigNum {}

 <span class="kw">impl </span>PartialOrd&lt;BigNumRef&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>partial_cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Ordering&gt; {
         <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.cmp(oth))
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>PartialOrd&lt;BigNum&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>partial_cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNum) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Ordering&gt; {
         <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.cmp(oth.deref()))
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>Ord <span class="kw">for </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; Ordering {
         <span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ ffi::BN_cmp(<span class="self">self</span>.as_ptr(), oth.as_ptr()).cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="number">0</span>) }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>PartialOrd <span class="kw">for </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>partial_cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNum) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Ordering&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref().partial_cmp(oth.deref())
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>PartialOrd&lt;BigNumRef&gt; <span class="kw">for </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>partial_cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Ordering&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref().partial_cmp(oth)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>Ord <span class="kw">for </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>cmp(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNum) -&gt; Ordering {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref().cmp(oth.deref())
     }
 }

 <span class="macro">macro_rules! </span>delegate {
     (<span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>:ident, <span class="macro-nonterminal">$m</span>:ident) =&gt; {
         <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; <span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>BigNum&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNumRef {
             <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

             <span class="kw">fn </span><span class="macro-nonterminal">$m</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNum) -&gt; BigNum {
                 <span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>::<span class="macro-nonterminal">$m</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, oth.deref())
             }
         }

         <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; <span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>BigNumRef&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNum {
             <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

             <span class="kw">fn </span><span class="macro-nonterminal">$m</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; BigNum {
                 <span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>::<span class="macro-nonterminal">$m</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.deref(), oth)
             }
         }

         <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; <span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>BigNum&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNum {
             <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

             <span class="kw">fn </span><span class="macro-nonterminal">$m</span>(<span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNum) -&gt; BigNum {
                 <span class="macro-nonterminal">$t</span>::<span class="macro-nonterminal">$m</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.deref(), oth.deref())
             }
         }
     };
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; Add&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>BigNumRef&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>add(<span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         r.checked_add(<span class="self">self</span>, oth).unwrap();
         r
     }
 }

 <span class="macro">delegate!</span>(Add, add);

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; Sub&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>BigNumRef&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>sub(<span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         r.checked_sub(<span class="self">self</span>, oth).unwrap();
         r
     }
 }

 <span class="macro">delegate!</span>(Sub, sub);

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; Mul&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>BigNumRef&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>mul(<span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNumRef) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>ctx = BigNumContext::new().unwrap();
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         r.checked_mul(<span class="self">self</span>, oth, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>ctx).unwrap();
         r
     }
 }

 <span class="macro">delegate!</span>(Mul, mul);

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; Div&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>BigNumRef&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>div(<span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>BigNumRef) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>ctx = BigNumContext::new().unwrap();
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         r.checked_div(<span class="self">self</span>, oth, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>ctx).unwrap();
         r
     }
 }

 <span class="macro">delegate!</span>(Div, div);

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; Rem&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>BigNumRef&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>rem(<span class="self">self</span>, oth: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>BigNumRef) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>ctx = BigNumContext::new().unwrap();
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         r.checked_rem(<span class="self">self</span>, oth, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>ctx).unwrap();
         r
     }
 }

 <span class="macro">delegate!</span>(Rem, rem);

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Shl&lt;i32&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>shl(<span class="self">self</span>, n: i32) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         r.lshift(<span class="self">self</span>, n).unwrap();
         r
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Shl&lt;i32&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>shl(<span class="self">self</span>, n: i32) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref().shl(n)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Shr&lt;i32&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>shr(<span class="self">self</span>, n: i32) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>r = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         r.rshift(<span class="self">self</span>, n).unwrap();
         r
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Shr&lt;i32&gt; <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>shr(<span class="self">self</span>, n: i32) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref().shr(n)
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Neg <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNumRef {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>neg(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="self">self</span>.to_owned().unwrap().neg()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Neg <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>neg(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="self">self</span>.deref().neg()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl </span>Neg <span class="kw">for </span>BigNum {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Output = BigNum;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>neg(<span class="kw-2">mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; BigNum {
         <span class="kw">let </span>negative = <span class="self">self</span>.is_negative();
         <span class="self">self</span>.set_negative(!negative);
         <span class="self">self
     </span>}
 }

 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(test)]
 </span><span class="kw">mod </span>tests {
     <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::bn::{BigNum, BigNumContext};

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_to_from_slice() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>v0 = BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">10_203_004</span>).unwrap();
         <span class="kw">let </span>vec = v0.to_vec();
         <span class="kw">let </span>v1 = BigNum::from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>vec).unwrap();

         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(v0, v1);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_negation() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>a = BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">909_829_283</span>).unwrap();

         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(!a.is_negative());
         <span class="macro">assert!</span>((-a).is_negative());
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_shift() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>a = BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">909_829_283</span>).unwrap();

         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(a, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a &lt;&lt; <span class="number">1</span>) &gt;&gt; <span class="number">1</span>);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(osslconf = <span class="string">&quot;OPENSSL_NO_DEPRECATED_3_0&quot;</span>))]
     #[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_rand_range() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>range = BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">909_829_283</span>).unwrap();
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>result = BigNum::from_dec_str(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>range.to_dec_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
         range.rand_range(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>result).unwrap();
         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(result &gt;= BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">0</span>).unwrap() &amp;&amp; result &lt; range);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(osslconf = <span class="string">&quot;OPENSSL_NO_DEPRECATED_3_0&quot;</span>))]
     #[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_pseudo_rand_range() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>range = BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">909_829_283</span>).unwrap();
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>result = BigNum::from_dec_str(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>range.to_dec_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
         range.pseudo_rand_range(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>result).unwrap();
         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(result &gt;= BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">0</span>).unwrap() &amp;&amp; result &lt; range);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(osslconf = <span class="string">&quot;OPENSSL_NO_DEPRECATED_3_0&quot;</span>))]
     #[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_prime_numbers() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>a = BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">19_029_017</span>).unwrap();
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>p = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         p.generate_prime(<span class="number">128</span>, <span class="bool-val">true</span>, <span class="prelude-val">None</span>, <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a)).unwrap();

         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>ctx = BigNumContext::new().unwrap();
         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(p.is_prime(<span class="number">100</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>ctx).unwrap());
         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(p.is_prime_fasttest(<span class="number">100</span>, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>ctx, <span class="bool-val">true</span>).unwrap());
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(ossl110)]
     #[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_secure_bn_ctx() {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>cxt = BigNumContext::new_secure().unwrap();
         <span class="kw">let </span>a = BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">8</span>).unwrap();
         <span class="kw">let </span>b = BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">3</span>).unwrap();

         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>remainder = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         remainder.nnmod(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>a, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>b, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>cxt).unwrap();

         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(remainder.eq(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>BigNum::from_u32(<span class="number">2</span>).unwrap()));
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(ossl110)]
     #[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_secure_bn() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>a = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(!a.is_secure());

         <span class="kw">let </span>b = BigNum::new_secure().unwrap();
         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(b.is_secure())
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(ossl110)]
     #[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_const_time_bn() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>a = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(!a.is_const_time());

         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>b = BigNum::new().unwrap();
         b.set_const_time();
         <span class="macro">assert!</span>(b.is_const_time())
     }
 }
 </code></pre></div>
 </section></div></main><div id="rustdoc-vars" data-root-path="../../" data-current-crate="openssl" data-themes="ayu,dark,light" data-resource-suffix="" data-rustdoc-version="1.66.0-nightly (5c8bff74b 2022-10-21)" ></div></body></html>