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 <!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="Source of the Rust file `/root/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/clap-2.34.0/src/args/arg_matches.rs`."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang"><title>arg_matches.rs - source</title><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceSerif4-Regular.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../FiraSans-Regular.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../FiraSans-Medium.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceCodePro-Regular.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceSerif4-Bold.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceCodePro-Semibold.ttf.woff2"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../normalize.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../rustdoc.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../ayu.css" disabled><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../dark.css" disabled><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../light.css" id="themeStyle"><script id="default-settings" ></script><script src="../../../storage.js"></script><script defer src="../../../source-script.js"></script><script defer src="../../../source-files.js"></script><script defer src="../../../main.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../noscript.css"></noscript><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="../../../favicon.svg"></head><body class="rustdoc source"><!--[if lte IE 11]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><a class="sidebar-logo" href="../../../clap/index.html"><div class="logo-container"><img class="rust-logo" src="../../../rust-logo.svg" alt="logo"></div></a></nav><main><div class="width-limiter"><nav class="sub"><a class="sub-logo-container" href="../../../clap/index.html"><img class="rust-logo" src="../../../rust-logo.svg" alt="logo"></a><form class="search-form"><div class="search-container"><span></span><input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"><div id="help-button" title="help" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../../help.html">?</a></div><div id="settings-menu" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../../settings.html" title="settings"><img width="22" height="22" alt="Change settings" src="../../../wheel.svg"></a></div></div></form></nav><section id="main-content" class="content"><div class="example-wrap"><pre class="src-line-numbers"><span id="1">1</span>
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 </pre><pre class="rust"><code><span class="comment">// Std
 </span><span class="kw">use </span>std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     collections::HashMap,
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
     iter::Map,
     slice::Iter,
 };

 <span class="comment">// Internal
 </span><span class="kw">use crate</span>::{
     args::{MatchedArg, SubCommand},
     INVALID_UTF8,
 };

 <span class="doccomment">/// Used to get information about the arguments that were supplied to the program at runtime by
 /// the user. New instances of this struct are obtained by using the [`App::get_matches`] family of
 /// methods.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// let matches = App::new(&quot;MyApp&quot;)
 ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;out&quot;)
 ///         .long(&quot;output&quot;)
 ///         .required(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;debug&quot;)
 ///         .short(&quot;d&quot;)
 ///         .multiple(true))
 ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;cfg&quot;)
 ///         .short(&quot;c&quot;)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches(); // builds the instance of ArgMatches
 ///
 /// // to get information about the &quot;cfg&quot; argument we created, such as the value supplied we use
 /// // various ArgMatches methods, such as ArgMatches::value_of
 /// if let Some(c) = matches.value_of(&quot;cfg&quot;) {
 ///     println!(&quot;Value for -c: {}&quot;, c);
 /// }
 ///
 /// // The ArgMatches::value_of method returns an Option because the user may not have supplied
 /// // that argument at runtime. But if we specified that the argument was &quot;required&quot; as we did
 /// // with the &quot;out&quot; argument, we can safely unwrap because `clap` verifies that was actually
 /// // used at runtime.
 /// println!(&quot;Value for --output: {}&quot;, matches.value_of(&quot;out&quot;).unwrap());
 ///
 /// // You can check the presence of an argument
 /// if matches.is_present(&quot;out&quot;) {
 ///     // Another way to check if an argument was present, or if it occurred multiple times is to
 ///     // use occurrences_of() which returns 0 if an argument isn&#39;t found at runtime, or the
 ///     // number of times that it occurred, if it was. To allow an argument to appear more than
 ///     // once, you must use the .multiple(true) method, otherwise it will only return 1 or 0.
 ///     if matches.occurrences_of(&quot;debug&quot;) &gt; 2 {
 ///         println!(&quot;Debug mode is REALLY on, don&#39;t be crazy&quot;);
 ///     } else {
 ///         println!(&quot;Debug mode kind of on&quot;);
 ///     }
 /// }
 /// ```
 /// [`App::get_matches`]: ./struct.App.html#method.get_matches
 </span><span class="attribute">#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>ArgMatches&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="attribute">#[doc(hidden)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub </span>args: HashMap&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>str, MatchedArg&gt;,
     <span class="attribute">#[doc(hidden)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub </span>subcommand: <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Box&lt;SubCommand&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;&gt;&gt;,
     <span class="attribute">#[doc(hidden)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub </span>usage: <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;String&gt;,
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Default <span class="kw">for </span>ArgMatches&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>default() -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         ArgMatches {
             args: HashMap::new(),
             subcommand: <span class="prelude-val">None</span>,
             usage: <span class="prelude-val">None</span>,
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; ArgMatches&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="attribute">#[doc(hidden)]
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>new() -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         ArgMatches {
             ..Default::default()
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Gets the value of a specific [option] or [positional] argument (i.e. an argument that takes
     /// an additional value at runtime). If the option wasn&#39;t present at runtime
     /// it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
     /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of`] as `ArgMatches::value_of` will only return the *first*
     /// value.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// This method will [`panic!`] if the value contains invalid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;output&quot;)
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;something&quot;]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.value_of(&quot;output&quot;), Some(&quot;something&quot;));
     /// ```
     /// [option]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.takes_value
     /// [positional]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.index
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of
     /// [`panic!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic!.html
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>value_of&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(arg) = <span class="self">self</span>.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
             <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(v) = arg.vals.get(<span class="number">0</span>) {
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(v.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8));
             }
         }
         <span class="prelude-val">None
     </span>}

     <span class="doccomment">/// Gets the lossy value of a specific argument. If the argument wasn&#39;t present at runtime
     /// it returns `None`. A lossy value is one which contains invalid UTF-8 code points, those
     /// invalid points will be replaced with `\u{FFFD}`
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
     /// prefer [`Arg::values_of_lossy`] as `value_of_lossy()` will only return the *first* value.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = <span class="string">&quot; ```ignore&quot;</span>)]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = <span class="string">&quot; ```&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="doccomment">/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;utf8&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage(&quot;&lt;arg&gt; &#39;some arg&#39;&quot;))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(&quot;myprog&quot;),
     ///                             // &quot;Hi {0xe9}!&quot;
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b&#39;H&#39;, b&#39;i&#39;, b&#39; &#39;, 0xe9, b&#39;!&#39;])]);
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;*m.value_of_lossy(&quot;arg&quot;).unwrap(), &quot;Hi \u{FFFD}!&quot;);
     /// ```
     /// [`Arg::values_of_lossy`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_lossy
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>value_of_lossy&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Cow&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, str&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(arg) = <span class="self">self</span>.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
             <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(v) = arg.vals.get(<span class="number">0</span>) {
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(v.to_string_lossy());
             }
         }
         <span class="prelude-val">None
     </span>}

     <span class="doccomment">/// Gets the OS version of a string value of a specific argument. If the option wasn&#39;t present
     /// at runtime it returns `None`. An OS value on Unix-like systems is any series of bytes,
     /// regardless of whether or not they contain valid UTF-8 code points. Since [`String`]s in
     /// Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid filename on a Unix system as an argument
     /// value may contain invalid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* If getting a value for an option or positional argument that allows multiples,
     /// prefer [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`] as `Arg::value_of_os` will only return the *first*
     /// value.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = <span class="string">&quot; ```ignore&quot;</span>)]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = <span class="string">&quot; ```&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="doccomment">/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;utf8&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage(&quot;&lt;arg&gt; &#39;some arg&#39;&quot;))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(&quot;myprog&quot;),
     ///                             // &quot;Hi {0xe9}!&quot;
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b&#39;H&#39;, b&#39;i&#39;, b&#39; &#39;, 0xe9, b&#39;!&#39;])]);
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;*m.value_of_os(&quot;arg&quot;).unwrap().as_bytes(), [b&#39;H&#39;, b&#39;i&#39;, b&#39; &#39;, 0xe9, b&#39;!&#39;]);
     /// ```
     /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_os
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>value_of_os&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>OsStr&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.args
             .get(name.as_ref())
             .and_then(|arg| arg.vals.get(<span class="number">0</span>).map(|v| v.as_os_str()))
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Gets a [`Values`] struct which implements [`Iterator`] for values of a specific argument
     /// (i.e. an argument that takes multiple values at runtime). If the option wasn&#39;t present at
     /// runtime it returns `None`
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// This method will panic if any of the values contain invalid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myprog&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;output&quot;)
     ///         .multiple(true)
     ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         &quot;myprog&quot;, &quot;-o&quot;, &quot;val1&quot;, &quot;val2&quot;, &quot;val3&quot;
     ///     ]);
     /// let vals: Vec&lt;&amp;str&gt; = m.values_of(&quot;output&quot;).unwrap().collect();
     /// assert_eq!(vals, [&quot;val1&quot;, &quot;val2&quot;, &quot;val3&quot;]);
     /// ```
     /// [`Values`]: ./struct.Values.html
     /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>values_of&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Values&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(arg) = <span class="self">self</span>.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
             <span class="kw">fn </span>to_str_slice(o: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>OsString) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str {
                 o.to_str().expect(INVALID_UTF8)
             }
             <span class="kw">let </span>to_str_slice: <span class="kw">fn</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>OsString) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str = to_str_slice; <span class="comment">// coerce to fn pointer
             </span><span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(Values {
                 iter: arg.vals.iter().map(to_str_slice),
             });
         }
         <span class="prelude-val">None
     </span>}

     <span class="doccomment">/// Gets the lossy values of a specific argument. If the option wasn&#39;t present at runtime
     /// it returns `None`. A lossy value is one where if it contains invalid UTF-8 code points,
     /// those invalid points will be replaced with `\u{FFFD}`
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = <span class="string">&quot; ```ignore&quot;</span>)]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = <span class="string">&quot; ```&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="doccomment">/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// use std::ffi::OsString;
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
     ///
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;utf8&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage(&quot;&lt;arg&gt;... &#39;some arg&#39;&quot;))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(&quot;myprog&quot;),
     ///                             // &quot;Hi&quot;
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b&#39;H&#39;, b&#39;i&#39;]),
     ///                             // &quot;{0xe9}!&quot;
     ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9, b&#39;!&#39;])]);
     /// let mut itr = m.values_of_lossy(&quot;arg&quot;).unwrap().into_iter();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;itr.next().unwrap()[..], &quot;Hi&quot;);
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;itr.next().unwrap()[..], &quot;\u{FFFD}!&quot;);
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>values_of_lossy&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Vec&lt;String&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(arg) = <span class="self">self</span>.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(
                 arg.vals
                     .iter()
                     .map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
                     .collect(),
             );
         }
         <span class="prelude-val">None
     </span>}

     <span class="doccomment">/// Gets a [`OsValues`] struct which is implements [`Iterator`] for [`OsString`] values of a
     /// specific argument. If the option wasn&#39;t present at runtime it returns `None`. An OS value
     /// on Unix-like systems is any series of bytes, regardless of whether or not they contain
     /// valid UTF-8 code points. Since [`String`]s in Rust are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8, a valid
     /// filename as an argument value on Linux (for example) may contain invalid UTF-8 code points.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = <span class="string">&quot; ```ignore&quot;</span>)]
     #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = <span class="string">&quot; ```&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="doccomment">/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// use std::ffi::{OsStr,OsString};
     /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
     ///
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;utf8&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage(&quot;&lt;arg&gt;... &#39;some arg&#39;&quot;))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(&quot;myprog&quot;),
     ///                                 // &quot;Hi&quot;
     ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![b&#39;H&#39;, b&#39;i&#39;]),
     ///                                 // &quot;{0xe9}!&quot;
     ///                                 OsString::from_vec(vec![0xe9, b&#39;!&#39;])]);
     ///
     /// let mut itr = m.values_of_os(&quot;arg&quot;).unwrap().into_iter();
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), Some(OsStr::new(&quot;Hi&quot;)));
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), Some(OsStr::from_bytes(&amp;[0xe9, b&#39;!&#39;])));
     /// assert_eq!(itr.next(), None);
     /// ```
     /// [`OsValues`]: ./struct.OsValues.html
     /// [`Iterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html
     /// [`OsString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html
     /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>values_of_os&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;OsValues&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="kw">fn </span>to_str_slice(o: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>OsString) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>OsStr {
             <span class="kw-2">&amp;*</span>o
         }
         <span class="kw">let </span>to_str_slice: <span class="kw">fn</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>OsString) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>OsStr = to_str_slice; <span class="comment">// coerce to fn pointer
         </span><span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(arg) = <span class="self">self</span>.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(OsValues {
                 iter: arg.vals.iter().map(to_str_slice),
             });
         }
         <span class="prelude-val">None
     </span>}

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns `true` if an argument was present at runtime, otherwise `false`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myprog&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;debug&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;d&quot;))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         &quot;myprog&quot;, &quot;-d&quot;
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert!(m.is_present(&quot;debug&quot;));
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>is_present&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; bool {
         <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">ref </span>sc) = <span class="self">self</span>.subcommand {
             <span class="kw">if </span>sc.name == name.as_ref() {
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="bool-val">true</span>;
             }
         }
         <span class="self">self</span>.args.contains_key(name.as_ref())
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns the number of times an argument was used at runtime. If an argument isn&#39;t present
     /// it will return `0`.
     ///
     /// **NOTE:** This returns the number of times the argument was used, *not* the number of
     /// values. For example, `-o val1 val2 val3 -o val4` would return `2` (2 occurrences, but 4
     /// values).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myprog&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;debug&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;d&quot;)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         &quot;myprog&quot;, &quot;-d&quot;, &quot;-d&quot;, &quot;-d&quot;
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of(&quot;debug&quot;), 3);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// This next example shows that counts actual uses of the argument, not just `-`&#39;s
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myprog&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;debug&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;d&quot;)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;flag&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;f&quot;))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         &quot;myprog&quot;, &quot;-ddfd&quot;
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of(&quot;debug&quot;), 3);
     /// assert_eq!(m.occurrences_of(&quot;flag&quot;), 1);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>occurrences_of&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; u64 {
         <span class="self">self</span>.args.get(name.as_ref()).map_or(<span class="number">0</span>, |a| a.occurs)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Gets the starting index of the argument in respect to all other arguments. Indices are
     /// similar to argv indices, but are not exactly 1:1.
     ///
     /// For flags (i.e. those arguments which don&#39;t have an associated value), indices refer
     /// to occurrence of the switch, such as `-f`, or `--flag`. However, for options the indices
     /// refer to the *values* `-o val` would therefore not represent two distinct indices, only the
     /// index for `val` would be recorded. This is by design.
     ///
     /// Besides the flag/option descrepancy, the primary difference between an argv index and clap
     /// index, is that clap continues counting once all arguments have properly seperated, whereas
     /// an argv index does not.
     ///
     /// The examples should clear this up.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* If an argument is allowed multiple times, this method will only give the *first*
     /// index.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// The argv indices are listed in the comments below. See how they correspond to the clap
     /// indices. Note that if it&#39;s not listed in a clap index, this is becuase it&#39;s not saved in
     /// in an `ArgMatches` struct for querying.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;flag&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;f&quot;))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;option&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;-f&quot;, &quot;-o&quot;, &quot;val&quot;]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2    ^3
     ///             // clap idices:          ^1          ^3
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;flag&quot;), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;option&quot;), Some(3));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Now notice, if we use one of the other styles of options:
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;flag&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;f&quot;))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;option&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;-f&quot;, &quot;-o=val&quot;]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2
     ///             // clap idices:          ^1       ^3
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;flag&quot;), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;option&quot;), Some(3));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Things become much more complicated, or clear if we look at a more complex combination of
     /// flags. Let&#39;s also throw in the final option style for good measure.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;flag&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;f&quot;))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;flag2&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;F&quot;))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;flag3&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;z&quot;))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;option&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
     ///         .takes_value(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;-fzF&quot;, &quot;-oval&quot;]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0      ^1       ^2
     ///             // clap idices:         ^1,2,3    ^5
     ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as &#39;myapp -f -z -F -o val&#39;
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;flag&quot;), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;flag2&quot;), Some(3));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;flag3&quot;), Some(2));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;option&quot;), Some(5));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// One final combination of flags/options to see how they combine:
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;flag&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;f&quot;))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;flag2&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;F&quot;))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;flag3&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;z&quot;))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;option&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;-fzFoval&quot;]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
     ///             // clap idices:          ^1,2,3^5
     ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as &#39;myapp -f -z -F -o val&#39;
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;flag&quot;), Some(1));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;flag2&quot;), Some(3));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;flag3&quot;), Some(2));
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;option&quot;), Some(5));
     /// ```
     ///
     /// The last part to mention is when values are sent in multiple groups with a [delimiter].
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;option&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;-o=val1,val2,val3&quot;]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
     ///             // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
     ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as &#39;myapp -o val1 val2 val3&#39;
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
     /// assert_eq!(m.index_of(&quot;option&quot;), Some(2));
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>index_of&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;usize&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(arg) = <span class="self">self</span>.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
             <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(i) = arg.indices.get(<span class="number">0</span>) {
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span>i);
             }
         }
         <span class="prelude-val">None
     </span>}

     <span class="doccomment">/// Gets all indices of the argument in respect to all other arguments. Indices are
     /// similar to argv indices, but are not exactly 1:1.
     ///
     /// For flags (i.e. those arguments which don&#39;t have an associated value), indices refer
     /// to occurrence of the switch, such as `-f`, or `--flag`. However, for options the indices
     /// refer to the *values* `-o val` would therefore not represent two distinct indices, only the
     /// index for `val` would be recorded. This is by design.
     ///
     /// *NOTE:* For more information about how clap indices compare to argv indices, see
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;option&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .use_delimiter(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;-o=val1,val2,val3&quot;]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
     ///             // clap idices:             ^2   ^3   ^4
     ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as &#39;myapp -o val1 val2 val3&#39;
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1 ^2   ^3   ^4
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of(&quot;option&quot;).unwrap().collect::&lt;Vec&lt;_&gt;&gt;(), &amp;[2, 3, 4]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Another quick example is when flags and options are used together
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;option&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;flag&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;f&quot;)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;-o&quot;, &quot;val1&quot;, &quot;-f&quot;, &quot;-o&quot;, &quot;val2&quot;, &quot;-f&quot;]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1    ^2      ^3    ^4    ^5      ^6
     ///             // clap idices:                ^2      ^3          ^5      ^6
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of(&quot;option&quot;).unwrap().collect::&lt;Vec&lt;_&gt;&gt;(), &amp;[2, 5]);
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of(&quot;flag&quot;).unwrap().collect::&lt;Vec&lt;_&gt;&gt;(), &amp;[3, 6]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// One final example, which is an odd case; if we *don&#39;t* use  value delimiter as we did with
     /// the first example above instead of `val1`, `val2` and `val3` all being distinc values, they
     /// would all be a single value of `val1,val2,val3`, in which case case they&#39;d only receive a
     /// single index.
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
     /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;option&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
     ///         .takes_value(true)
     ///         .multiple(true))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;-o=val1,val2,val3&quot;]);
     ///             // ARGV idices: ^0       ^1
     ///             // clap idices:             ^2
     ///             //
     ///             // clap sees the above as &#39;myapp -o &quot;val1,val2,val3&quot;&#39;
     ///             //                         ^0    ^1  ^2
     /// assert_eq!(m.indices_of(&quot;option&quot;).unwrap().collect::&lt;Vec&lt;_&gt;&gt;(), &amp;[2]);
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     /// [`ArgMatches::index_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.index_of
     /// [delimiter]: ./struct.Arg.html#method.value_delimiter
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>indices_of&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Indices&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(arg) = <span class="self">self</span>.args.get(name.as_ref()) {
             <span class="kw">fn </span>to_usize(i: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>usize) -&gt; usize {
                 <span class="kw-2">*</span>i
             }
             <span class="kw">let </span>to_usize: <span class="kw">fn</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>usize) -&gt; usize = to_usize; <span class="comment">// coerce to fn pointer
             </span><span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(Indices {
                 iter: arg.indices.iter().map(to_usize),
             });
         }
         <span class="prelude-val">None
     </span>}

     <span class="doccomment">/// Because [`Subcommand`]s are essentially &quot;sub-[`App`]s&quot; they have their own [`ArgMatches`]
     /// as well. This method returns the [`ArgMatches`] for a particular subcommand or `None` if
     /// the subcommand wasn&#39;t present at runtime.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
     /// let app_m = App::new(&quot;myprog&quot;)
     ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;debug&quot;)
     ///         .short(&quot;d&quot;))
     ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name(&quot;test&quot;)
     ///         .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;opt&quot;)
     ///             .long(&quot;option&quot;)
     ///             .takes_value(true)))
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         &quot;myprog&quot;, &quot;-d&quot;, &quot;test&quot;, &quot;--option&quot;, &quot;val&quot;
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// // Both parent commands, and child subcommands can have arguments present at the same times
     /// assert!(app_m.is_present(&quot;debug&quot;));
     ///
     /// // Get the subcommand&#39;s ArgMatches instance
     /// if let Some(sub_m) = app_m.subcommand_matches(&quot;test&quot;) {
     ///     // Use the struct like normal
     ///     assert_eq!(sub_m.value_of(&quot;opt&quot;), Some(&quot;val&quot;));
     /// }
     /// ```
     /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>subcommand_matches&lt;S: AsRef&lt;str&gt;&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>, name: S) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>ArgMatches&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">ref </span>s) = <span class="self">self</span>.subcommand {
             <span class="kw">if </span>s.name == name.as_ref() {
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>s.matches);
             }
         }
         <span class="prelude-val">None
     </span>}

     <span class="doccomment">/// Because [`Subcommand`]s are essentially &quot;sub-[`App`]s&quot; they have their own [`ArgMatches`]
     /// as well.But simply getting the sub-[`ArgMatches`] doesn&#39;t help much if we don&#39;t also know
     /// which subcommand was actually used. This method returns the name of the subcommand that was
     /// used at runtime, or `None` if one wasn&#39;t.
     ///
     /// *NOTE*: Subcommands form a hierarchy, where multiple subcommands can be used at runtime,
     /// but only a single subcommand from any group of sibling commands may used at once.
     ///
     /// An ASCII art depiction may help explain this better...Using a fictional version of `git` as
     /// the demo subject. Imagine the following are all subcommands of `git` (note, the author is
     /// aware these aren&#39;t actually all subcommands in the real `git` interface, but it makes
     /// explanation easier)
     ///
     /// ```notrust
     ///              Top Level App (git)                         TOP
     ///                              |
     ///       -----------------------------------------
     ///      /             |                \          \
     ///   clone          push              add       commit      LEVEL 1
     ///     |           /    \            /    \       |
     ///    url      origin   remote    ref    name   message     LEVEL 2
     ///             /                  /\
     ///          path            remote  local                   LEVEL 3
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Given the above fictional subcommand hierarchy, valid runtime uses would be (not an all
     /// inclusive list, and not including argument options per command for brevity and clarity):
     ///
     /// ```sh
     /// $ git clone url
     /// $ git push origin path
     /// $ git add ref local
     /// $ git commit message
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Notice only one command per &quot;level&quot; may be used. You could not, for example, do `$ git
     /// clone url push origin path`
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
     ///  let app_m = App::new(&quot;git&quot;)
     ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name(&quot;clone&quot;))
     ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name(&quot;push&quot;))
     ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name(&quot;commit&quot;))
     ///      .get_matches();
     ///
     /// match app_m.subcommand_name() {
     ///     Some(&quot;clone&quot;)  =&gt; {}, // clone was used
     ///     Some(&quot;push&quot;)   =&gt; {}, // push was used
     ///     Some(&quot;commit&quot;) =&gt; {}, // commit was used
     ///     _              =&gt; {}, // Either no subcommand or one not tested for...
     /// }
     /// ```
     /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     /// [`ArgMatches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>subcommand_name(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.subcommand.as_ref().map(|sc| <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>sc.name[..])
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// This brings together [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`] and [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]
     /// by returning a tuple with both pieces of information.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
     ///  let app_m = App::new(&quot;git&quot;)
     ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name(&quot;clone&quot;))
     ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name(&quot;push&quot;))
     ///      .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name(&quot;commit&quot;))
     ///      .get_matches();
     ///
     /// match app_m.subcommand() {
     ///     (&quot;clone&quot;,  Some(sub_m)) =&gt; {}, // clone was used
     ///     (&quot;push&quot;,   Some(sub_m)) =&gt; {}, // push was used
     ///     (&quot;commit&quot;, Some(sub_m)) =&gt; {}, // commit was used
     ///     _                       =&gt; {}, // Either no subcommand or one not tested for...
     /// }
     /// ```
     ///
     /// Another useful scenario is when you want to support third party, or external, subcommands.
     /// In these cases you can&#39;t know the subcommand name ahead of time, so use a variable instead
     /// with pattern matching!
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// # use clap::{App, AppSettings};
     /// // Assume there is an external subcommand named &quot;subcmd&quot;
     /// let app_m = App::new(&quot;myprog&quot;)
     ///     .setting(AppSettings::AllowExternalSubcommands)
     ///     .get_matches_from(vec![
     ///         &quot;myprog&quot;, &quot;subcmd&quot;, &quot;--option&quot;, &quot;value&quot;, &quot;-fff&quot;, &quot;--flag&quot;
     ///     ]);
     ///
     /// // All trailing arguments will be stored under the subcommand&#39;s sub-matches using an empty
     /// // string argument name
     /// match app_m.subcommand() {
     ///     (external, Some(sub_m)) =&gt; {
     ///          let ext_args: Vec&lt;&amp;str&gt; = sub_m.values_of(&quot;&quot;).unwrap().collect();
     ///          assert_eq!(external, &quot;subcmd&quot;);
     ///          assert_eq!(ext_args, [&quot;--option&quot;, &quot;value&quot;, &quot;-fff&quot;, &quot;--flag&quot;]);
     ///     },
     ///     _ =&gt; {},
     /// }
     /// ```
     /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_matches`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.subcommand_matches
     /// [`ArgMatches::subcommand_name`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.subcommand_name
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>subcommand(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; (<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str, <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>ArgMatches&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;&gt;) {
         <span class="self">self</span>.subcommand
             .as_ref()
             .map_or((<span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>, <span class="prelude-val">None</span>), |sc| (<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>sc.name[..], <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>sc.matches)))
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Returns a string slice of the usage statement for the [`App`] or [`SubCommand`]
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
     /// let app_m = App::new(&quot;myprog&quot;)
     ///     .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name(&quot;test&quot;))
     ///     .get_matches();
     ///
     /// println!(&quot;{}&quot;, app_m.usage());
     /// ```
     /// [`Subcommand`]: ./struct.SubCommand.html
     /// [`App`]: ./struct.App.html
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>usage(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str {
         <span class="self">self</span>.usage.as_ref().map_or(<span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>, |u| <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>u[..])
     }
 }

 <span class="comment">// The following were taken and adapated from vec_map source
 // repo: https://github.com/contain-rs/vec-map
 // commit: be5e1fa3c26e351761b33010ddbdaf5f05dbcc33
 // license: MIT - Copyright (c) 2015 The Rust Project Developers

 </span><span class="doccomment">/// An iterator for getting multiple values out of an argument via the [`ArgMatches::values_of`]
 /// method.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
 ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;output&quot;)
 ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
 ///         .multiple(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;-o&quot;, &quot;val1&quot;, &quot;val2&quot;]);
 ///
 /// let mut values = m.values_of(&quot;output&quot;).unwrap();
 ///
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some(&quot;val1&quot;));
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), Some(&quot;val2&quot;));
 /// assert_eq!(values.next(), None);
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgMatches::values_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of
 </span><span class="attribute">#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>Values&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     iter: Map&lt;Iter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, OsString&gt;, <span class="kw">fn</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>OsString) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>str&gt;,
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Iterator <span class="kw">for </span>Values&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Item = <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>str;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>next(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>str&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.iter.next()
     }
     <span class="kw">fn </span>size_hint(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; (usize, <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;usize&gt;) {
         <span class="self">self</span>.iter.size_hint()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; DoubleEndedIterator <span class="kw">for </span>Values&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>next_back(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>str&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.iter.next_back()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; ExactSizeIterator <span class="kw">for </span>Values&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {}

 <span class="doccomment">/// Creates an empty iterator.
 </span><span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Default <span class="kw">for </span>Values&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>default() -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">static </span>EMPTY: [OsString; <span class="number">0</span>] = [];
         <span class="comment">// This is never called because the iterator is empty:
         </span><span class="kw">fn </span>to_str_slice(<span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>OsString) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>str {
             <span class="macro">unreachable!</span>()
         }
         Values {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_str_slice),
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// An iterator for getting multiple values out of an argument via the [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]
 /// method. Usage of this iterator allows values which contain invalid UTF-8 code points unlike
 /// [`Values`].
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 </span><span class="attribute">#[cfg_attr(not(unix), doc = <span class="string">&quot; ```ignore&quot;</span>)]
 #[cfg_attr(unix, doc = <span class="string">&quot; ```&quot;</span>)]
 </span><span class="doccomment">/// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// use std::ffi::OsString;
 /// use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt,OsStringExt};
 ///
 /// let m = App::new(&quot;utf8&quot;)
 ///     .arg(Arg::from_usage(&quot;&lt;arg&gt; &#39;some arg&#39;&quot;))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec![OsString::from(&quot;myprog&quot;),
 ///                             // &quot;Hi {0xe9}!&quot;
 ///                             OsString::from_vec(vec![b&#39;H&#39;, b&#39;i&#39;, b&#39; &#39;, 0xe9, b&#39;!&#39;])]);
 /// assert_eq!(&amp;*m.value_of_os(&quot;arg&quot;).unwrap().as_bytes(), [b&#39;H&#39;, b&#39;i&#39;, b&#39; &#39;, 0xe9, b&#39;!&#39;]);
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgMatches::values_of_os`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.values_of_os
 /// [`Values`]: ./struct.Values.html
 </span><span class="attribute">#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>OsValues&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     iter: Map&lt;Iter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, OsString&gt;, <span class="kw">fn</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>OsString) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>OsStr&gt;,
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Iterator <span class="kw">for </span>OsValues&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Item = <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>OsStr;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>next(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>OsStr&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.iter.next()
     }
     <span class="kw">fn </span>size_hint(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; (usize, <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;usize&gt;) {
         <span class="self">self</span>.iter.size_hint()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; DoubleEndedIterator <span class="kw">for </span>OsValues&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>next_back(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>OsStr&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.iter.next_back()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; ExactSizeIterator <span class="kw">for </span>OsValues&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {}

 <span class="doccomment">/// Creates an empty iterator.
 </span><span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Default <span class="kw">for </span>OsValues&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>default() -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">static </span>EMPTY: [OsString; <span class="number">0</span>] = [];
         <span class="comment">// This is never called because the iterator is empty:
         </span><span class="kw">fn </span>to_str_slice(<span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>OsString) -&gt; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>OsStr {
             <span class="macro">unreachable!</span>()
         }
         OsValues {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_str_slice),
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// An iterator for getting multiple indices out of an argument via the [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]
 /// method.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # use clap::{App, Arg};
 /// let m = App::new(&quot;myapp&quot;)
 ///     .arg(Arg::with_name(&quot;output&quot;)
 ///         .short(&quot;o&quot;)
 ///         .multiple(true)
 ///         .takes_value(true))
 ///     .get_matches_from(vec![&quot;myapp&quot;, &quot;-o&quot;, &quot;val1&quot;, &quot;val2&quot;]);
 ///
 /// let mut indices = m.indices_of(&quot;output&quot;).unwrap();
 ///
 /// assert_eq!(indices.next(), Some(2));
 /// assert_eq!(indices.next(), Some(3));
 /// assert_eq!(indices.next(), None);
 /// ```
 /// [`ArgMatches::indices_of`]: ./struct.ArgMatches.html#method.indices_of
 </span><span class="attribute">#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>Indices&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="comment">// would rather use &#39;_, but: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/48469
     </span>iter: Map&lt;Iter&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, usize&gt;, <span class="kw">fn</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>usize) -&gt; usize&gt;,
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Iterator <span class="kw">for </span>Indices&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">type </span>Item = usize;

     <span class="kw">fn </span>next(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;usize&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.iter.next()
     }
     <span class="kw">fn </span>size_hint(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; (usize, <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;usize&gt;) {
         <span class="self">self</span>.iter.size_hint()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; DoubleEndedIterator <span class="kw">for </span>Indices&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>next_back(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;usize&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.iter.next_back()
     }
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; ExactSizeIterator <span class="kw">for </span>Indices&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {}

 <span class="doccomment">/// Creates an empty iterator.
 </span><span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; Default <span class="kw">for </span>Indices&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>default() -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">static </span>EMPTY: [usize; <span class="number">0</span>] = [];
         <span class="comment">// This is never called because the iterator is empty:
         </span><span class="kw">fn </span>to_usize(<span class="kw">_</span>: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>usize) -&gt; usize {
             <span class="macro">unreachable!</span>()
         }
         Indices {
             iter: EMPTY[..].iter().map(to_usize),
         }
     }
 }

 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(test)]
 </span><span class="kw">mod </span>tests {
     <span class="kw">use super</span>::<span class="kw-2">*</span>;

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_default_values() {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>values: Values = Values::default();
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(values.next(), <span class="prelude-val">None</span>);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_default_values_with_shorter_lifetime() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>matches = ArgMatches::new();
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>values = matches.values_of(<span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>).unwrap_or_default();
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(values.next(), <span class="prelude-val">None</span>);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_default_osvalues() {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>values: OsValues = OsValues::default();
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(values.next(), <span class="prelude-val">None</span>);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_default_osvalues_with_shorter_lifetime() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>matches = ArgMatches::new();
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>values = matches.values_of_os(<span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>).unwrap_or_default();
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(values.next(), <span class="prelude-val">None</span>);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_default_indices() {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>indices: Indices = Indices::default();
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(indices.next(), <span class="prelude-val">None</span>);
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[test]
     </span><span class="kw">fn </span>test_default_indices_with_shorter_lifetime() {
         <span class="kw">let </span>matches = ArgMatches::new();
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>indices = matches.indices_of(<span class="string">&quot;&quot;</span>).unwrap_or_default();
         <span class="macro">assert_eq!</span>(indices.next(), <span class="prelude-val">None</span>);
     }
 }
 </code></pre></div>
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