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<p class="title is-size-2 is-centered">单行原子操作</p>
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<section class="section" style="padding-top: 2rem;">
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<p>从 v1.10.0 版本开始，Pegasus 支持了单行原子操作。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>这里的<strong>单行</strong>是指同一 HashKey 下的所有数据。</p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="原理">原理</h1>
<p>Pegasus 的数据分布策略采用了固定 Hash 分片，同一个 HashKey 的数据总是存储在同一个 Partition 中，即在单节点内的同一 Replica 中。同时，同一个 Replica 的写操作在 server 端总是串行执行的。因此对于同一 HashKey 下的数据操作，可以很方便地实现原子语义。</p>
<p>对于写操作，譬如 <a href="/zh/clients/java-client#multiset">multiSet</a> 和 <a href="/zh/clients/java-client#multidel">multiDel</a>，单个操作中对多个 SortKey 同时 <em>set</em> 或者 <em>delete</em>，原子语义很容易理解，要么同时成功，要么同时失败，所以这两个操作属于单行原子操作。</p>
<p>这里重点介绍另一类操作：<strong>先读后写，并且写操作依赖读的结果</strong>。这类操作的特点就是：它们是<strong>非幂等</strong>的，即同一个操作如果重复执行，造成的结果（包括数据实际的更新情况、返回给用户的结果）可能是不同的。原子增减和 CAS 操作都属于这类。 Pegasus 能保证这类操作的原子性和一致性，因为：</p>
<ul>
<li>同一个 HashKey 的数据总是存储在同一个 Replica 中</li>
<li>同一个 Replica 的写操作在 server 端总是串行执行的</li>
<li>同一个操作保证执行且只会执行一次，即使发生数据迁移、宕机恢复等情况</li>
</ul>
<p>由于非幂等特性，这类操作会和 Pegasus 的另外一些特性冲突，譬如 <a href="/zh/administration/duplication">跨机房同步</a>。所以我们在 1.10.0 版本中还提供了一个配置项，用于配置集群是否允许非幂等操作，如果配置为 false，则所有非幂等操作都会返回<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ERR_OPERATION_DISABLED</code>：</p>
<div class="language-ini highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nn">[replication]</span>
<span class="py">allow_non_idempotent_write</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">false</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h1 id="原子增减">原子增减</h1>
<p>虽然 Pegasus 的 value 不支持 schema，但是我们依然提供了原子增减操作，类似 Redis 的 <a href="https://redis.io/commands/incr/">incr命令</a>，Pegasus 接口参见 <a href="/zh/clients/java-client#incr">incr</a>。</p>
<h2 id="语义解释">语义解释</h2>
<ul>
<li>由于存储引擎 RocksDB 只能存储字节串类型的 value，所以在 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">incr()</code> 的时候会先将读取出 value 字节串，转换为 int64 类型（转换方式就是简单的 String-to-Int），譬如字节串<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">"12345"</code>就会转换为数字 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">12345</code>。完成<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">incr()</code>操作后，得到的结果会重新转换为字节串，然后存储为新值</li>
<li>字节串转换为 int64 时可能出错，譬如不是合法的数字、超过 int64 的范围等，都会返回失败</li>
<li>如果原 value 不存在，则认为原始值为 0，再执行<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">incr()</code>操作</li>
<li>操作数<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">increment</code>可以为正数也可以为负数，所以一个<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">incr()</code>接口就可以实现原子增或者原子减</li>
<li>TTL：如果原 value 存在，则新值和原值的 TTL 保持一致；如果原 value 不存在，则新值在存储时不设 TTL</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="cas-操作">CAS 操作</h1>
<p>另一类很有用的原子操作就是 CAS（Compare-And-Swap）操作。基于 CAS 操作，可以实现很多高级的并发特性，譬如分布式锁。</p>
<p>Pegasus 提供了 <em>check_and_set</em> 的 CAS 操作，其语义就是：根据 HashKey 的某一个 SortKey 的 value 是否满足某种条件，来决定是否修改另一个 SortKey 的值。将用于判断条件的 SortKey 称之为<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckSortKey</code>，将用于设置值的 SortKey 称之为<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">SetSortKey</code>。对应地，<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckSortKey</code> 的 value 称之为<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckValue</code>，<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">SetSortKey</code> 要设置的 value 称之为<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">SetValue</code>。参见 <a href="/zh/clients/java-client#checkandset">checkAndSet</a>，以及其扩展版本 <a href="/zh/clients/java-client#checkandmutate">checkAndMutate</a> 和 <a href="/zh/clients/java-client#compareexchange">compareExchange</a>。</p>
<h2 id="语义解释-1">语义解释</h2>
<ul>
<li>只有当<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckValue</code>满足指定的条件时，才会设置<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">SetSortKey</code>的值</li>
<li>需要满足的条件类型通过<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckType</code>指定，有的<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckType</code>还需要指定操作数<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckOperand</code>。目前支持的类型包括：
<ul>
<li>判断<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckValue</code>的 <em>存在性</em>：是否存在、是否为空字节串等</li>
<li>字节串比较：将<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckValue</code>与<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckOperand</code>按照字节序比较，看是否满足<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;</code>、<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;=</code>、<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">==</code>、<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&gt;=</code>、<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&gt;=</code>关系</li>
<li>数字比较：类似于 <a href="#原子增减">incr操作</a>，先将<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckValue</code>转换为int64，再与<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckOperand</code>比较，看是否满足<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;</code>、<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;=</code>、<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">==</code>、<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&gt;=</code>、<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&gt;=</code>关系</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckSortKey</code>和<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">SetSortKey</code>可以相同，如果相同，就是先判断旧值是否满足条件，满足的话就设置为新值</li>
<li>可以通过选项<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckAndSetOptions.returnCheckValue</code>指定返回<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckValue</code>的值</li>
<li>可以通过选项<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckAndSetOptions.setValueTTLSeconds</code>指定<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">SetValue</code>的 TTL</li>
</ul>
<p>为了方便使用，Pegasus Java Client 还提供了 <em>compare_exchange</em> 接口：当 HashKey 的某个 SortKey 的 value 按照字节串比较等于用户指定的<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ExpectedValue</code>时，就将其 value 更新为用户指定的<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">DesiredValue</code>。从语义上来看，<em>compare_exchange</em> 是 Compare-And-Swap 的一种特殊形式。接口参见 <a href="/zh/clients/java-client#compareexchange">compareExchange</a>。</p>
<p><em>compare_exchange</em> 其实是 <em>check_and_set</em> 的特化版本，即：</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckSortKey</code>和<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">SetSortKey</code>相同</li>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CheckType</code>为<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CT_VALUE_BYTES_EQUAL</code></li>
</ul>
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