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| <h1 id="功能目标">功能目标</h1> |
| |
| <p>当需要升级 Pegasus server 版本或者持久化修改配置时，都需要对集群进行重启。对于分布式集群来说，常用的重启方法是滚动重启 (Rolling-Restart)，即不停止集群服务，而对 server 逐个进行重启。</p> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>以下文档假定 Pegasus 集群中表的副本数为 3。</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>集群重启的重要目标是不停服，并且对可用性的影响降至最低。在重启过程中，影响服务可用性的有如下几点：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Replica Server 进程被 kill 后，该进程服务的 replica 无法提供服务： |
| <ul> |
| <li>对于 primary replica：因为 primary replica 直接向客户端提供读写服务，所以进程被 kill 后肯定会影响读写，需要等 Meta Server 重新分派新的 primary replica 后才能恢复。Meta Server 通过心跳维护 Replica Server 的存活状态，Failure Detector 的时间延迟取决于配置参数 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">fd_grace_seconds</code>，默认为 10 秒，即最多需要经过 10 秒，Meta Server 才能知道 Replica Server 宕机了，然后重新分派新的 primary replica。</li> |
| <li>对于 secondary replica：由于 secondary replica 不服务读，所以理论上对读无影响。但是会影响写，因为 PacificA 一致性协议要求所有副本都写成功，写操作才能提交。进程被 kill 后，primary replica 在执行写操作过程中会发现该 secondary replica 已失联，然后通知 Meta Server 将其踢出，经过 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">reconfiguration</code> 阶段后变成一主一备，继续提供写服务。对于在该切换过程中尚未完成的写操作，即使有 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">reconciliation</code> 阶段重新执行，但客户端可能已经超时，这对可用性是有一定影响的。但是这个影响相对较小，因为 `` 的速度是比较快的，通常能在 1 秒内完成。</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>重启 Meta Server：重启 Meta Server 对可用性的影响几乎可以忽略不计。因为客户端首次从 Meta Server 获取到各 partition 的服务节点信息后，会在本地缓存该信息，通常不需要再次向 Meta Server 查询，因此 Meta Server 重启过程中的短暂失联对客户端基本没有影响。不过考虑到 Meta Server 需要与 Replica Server 维持心跳，所以要避免长时间停止 Meta Server 进程，造成 Replica Server 失联。</li> |
| <li>重启 Collector：重启 Collector 对可用性没有影响。但是可用性统计是在 Collector 上进行的，所以可能会对 metrics 数据有轻微影响。</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>因此，可以考虑如下几点来保持集群重启过程中的可用性：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>一次只能重启一个进程，且在该进程重启并完全恢复进入服务状态后，才能重启下一个进程。因为： |
| <ul> |
| <li>如果重启一个进程后，集群没有恢复到完全健康状态，有的 partition 还只有一主一备，这时如果再 kill 一个 Replica Server 进程，很可能进入只有一主的状态，从而无法提供写服务。</li> |
| <li>等待集群所有 partition 都恢复三副本后再重启下一个进程，也能降低数据丢失的风险。</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>尽量主动迁移 replica，而不是被动迁移 replica，避免 Failure Detector 的延迟影响可用性。因为： |
| <ul> |
| <li>被动迁移需要等待 Failure Detector 来感知节点失联，而主动迁移就是在 kill 掉 Replica Server 之前，先将这个进程服务的 primary replica 都迁移到其他节点上，这个 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">reconfiguration</code> 过程是很快的，基本 1 秒以内完成。</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>尽量在 kill 掉 Replica Server 之前，将该进程服务的 secondary replica 手动降级。因为： |
| <ul> |
| <li>将 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">reconfiguration</code> 过程由写失败时的被动触发变为主动触发，进一步降低对可用性的影响。</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>尽量减少进程重启时恢复过程的工作量，以缩短进程重启时间。 |
| <ul> |
| <li>Replica Server 在重启时需要 replay WAL log 来恢复数据。如果直接 kill 掉，则需要 replay 的数据量可能很大。但是如果在 kill 之前，先主动触发 memtable 的 flush 操作，让内存数据持久化到磁盘，在重启时需要 replay 的数据量就会大大减少，重启时间会缩短很多，而整个集群重启所需的时间也能大大缩短。</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>尽量减少不必要的节点间数据拷贝，避免因为增加 CPU、网络 IO、磁盘 IO 的负载带来的可用性影响。 |
| <ul> |
| <li>Replica Server 挂掉后，部分 partition 进入一主一备的状态。如果 Meta Server 立即在其他 Replica Server 上补充副本，会带来大量的跨节点数据拷贝，增加 CPU、网络 IO、磁盘 IO 负载压力，影响集群稳定性。Pegasus 解决这个问题的办法是，允许在一段时间内维持一主一备状态，给重启的 Replica Server 一个维护窗口。如果长时间没有恢复，才会在其他的 Replica Server 上补充副本。这样兼顾了数据的完整性和集群的稳定性。可以通过配置参数 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">replica_assign_delay_ms_for_dropouts</code> 控制等待时间，默认为 5 分钟。</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h1 id="重启流程">重启流程</h1> |
| |
| <h2 id="高可用重启">高可用重启</h2> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>如果是升级，请先准备好新的 server 程序包和配置文件</li> |
| <li>使用 shell 工具将集群的 meta level 设置为 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">steady</code>，关闭 <a href="rebalance">负载均衡功能</a>，避免不必要的 replica 迁移 |
| <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>>>> set_meta_level steady |
| </code></pre></div> </div> |
| </li> |
| <li>使用 shell 工具设置单 Replica Server 的维护时间 |
| <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>>>> remote_command -t meta-server meta.lb.assign_delay_ms $value |
| </code></pre></div> </div> |
| <p>其中 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">value</code> 为 Meta Server 发现 Replica Server 失联后，到其他节点补充副本的触发时间。例如配置为 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">3600000</code>。</p> |
| </li> |
| <li>重启 Replica Server 进程，采用逐个重启的策略。重启单个 Replica Server： |
| <ul> |
| <li>通过 shell 工具向 Meta Server 发送 <a href="remote-commands#meta-server">远程命令</a>，临时禁掉 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">add_secondary</code> 操作： |
| <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>>>> remote_command -t meta-server meta.lb.add_secondary_max_count_for_one_node 0 |
| </code></pre></div> </div> |
| </li> |
| <li>通过 migrate_node 命令，将 Replica Server 上的 primary replica 都转移到其他节点： |
| <div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nv">$ </span>./run.sh migrate_node <span class="nt">-c</span> <span class="nv">$meta_list</span> <span class="nt">-n</span> <span class="nv">$node</span> <span class="nt">-t</span> run |
| </code></pre></div> </div> |
| <p>通过 shell 工具的 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">nodes -d</code> 命令查看该节点服务的 replica 情况，等待 <strong>primary</strong> replica 的个数变为 0。如果长时间不变为 0，请重新执行该命令。</p> |
| </li> |
| <li>通过 downgrade_node 命令，将 Replica Server 上的 secondary replica 都降级为 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">INACTIVE</code>： |
| <div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nv">$ </span>./run.sh downgrade_node <span class="nt">-c</span> <span class="nv">$meta_list</span> <span class="nt">-n</span> <span class="nv">$node</span> <span class="nt">-t</span> run |
| </code></pre></div> </div> |
| <p>通过 shell 工具的 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">nodes -d</code> 命令查看该节点的服务 replica 情况，等待 <strong>secondary</strong> replica 的个数变为 0。如果长时间不变为 0，请重新执行该命令。</p> |
| </li> |
| <li>通过 shell 工具向 Replica Server 发送远程命令，将所有 replica 都关闭，以触发 flush 操作： |
| <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>>>> remote_command -l $node replica.kill_partition |
| </code></pre></div> </div> |
| <p>等待大约 1 分钟，让数据刷到磁盘完成。</p> |
| </li> |
| <li>如果是升级操作，则替换程序包和配置文件</li> |
| <li>重启 Replica Server 进程</li> |
| <li>通过 shell 工具向 Meta Server 发送 <a href="remote-commands#meta-server">远程命令</a>，开启 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">add_secondary</code> 操作，让其快速补充副本： |
| <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>>>> remote_command -t meta-server meta.lb.add_secondary_max_count_for_one_node 100 |
| </code></pre></div> </div> |
| </li> |
| <li>使用 shell 工具的 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ls -d</code> 命令查看集群状态，等待所有 partition 都完全恢复健康</li> |
| <li>继续操作下一个 Replica Server</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>重启 Meta Server 进程，采用逐个重启的策略。重启单个 Meta Server： |
| <ul> |
| <li>如果是升级操作，替换程序包和配置文件</li> |
| <li>重启 Meta Server 进程</li> |
| <li>等待 30 秒以上，保证 Meta Server 与 Replica Server 心跳的连续性</li> |
| <li>继续操作下一个 Meta Server</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>重启 Collector 进程： |
| <ul> |
| <li>如果是升级操作，替换程序包和配置文件</li> |
| <li>重启 Collector 进程</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>重置参数 |
| <ul> |
| <li>通过 shell 工具重置以上步骤修改过的参数： |
| <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>>>> remote_command -t meta-server meta.lb.add_secondary_max_count_for_one_node DEFAULT |
| >>> remote_command -t meta-server meta.lb.assign_delay_ms DEFAULT |
| </code></pre></div> </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h2 id="简化版重启">简化版重启</h2> |
| |
| <p>如果对可用性要求不高，重启流程可简化如下：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>如果是升级操作，请准备好新的 server 程序包和配置文件</li> |
| <li>使用 shell 工具将集群的 meta level 设置为 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">steady</code>，关闭 <a href="rebalance">负载均衡功能</a>，避免不必要的 replica 迁移 |
| <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>>>> set_meta_level steady |
| </code></pre></div> </div> |
| </li> |
| <li>重启 Replica Server 进程，采用逐个重启的策略。重启单个 Replica Server： |
| <ul> |
| <li>如果是升级操作，则替换程序包和配置文件</li> |
| <li>重启 Replica Server 进程</li> |
| <li>使用 shell 工具的 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ls -d</code> 命令查看集群状态，等待所有 partition 都完全恢复健康</li> |
| <li>继续操作下一个 Replica Server</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>重启 Meta Server 进程，采用逐个重启的策略。重启单个 Meta Server： |
| <ul> |
| <li>如果是升级操作，替换程序包和配置文件</li> |
| <li>重启 Meta Server 进程</li> |
| <li>等待 30 秒以上，保证 Meta Server 与 Replica Server 心跳的连续性</li> |
| <li>继续操作下一个 Meta Server</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>重启 Collector 进程： |
| <ul> |
| <li>如果是升级操作，替换程序包和配置文件</li> |
| <li>重启 Collector 进程</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h1 id="重启脚本">重启脚本</h1> |
| |
| <p>可参考基于 <a href="https://github.com/XiaoMi/minos">Minos</a> 和 <a href="#高可用重启">高可用重启</a> 流程的脚本：<a href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-pegasus/blob/master/scripts/pegasus_rolling_update.sh">scripts/pegasus_rolling_update.sh</a>。</p> |
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