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>Eviction Policies</a>
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<a href="/docs/latest/persistence/snapshot-directory"
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<a href="/docs/latest/persistence/disk-compression"
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<a href="/docs/latest/persistence/persistence-tuning"
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<a href="/docs/latest/persistence/change-data-capture"
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<a href="/docs/latest/snapshots/snapshots" class='' >Cluster Snapshots</a>
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<a href="/docs/latest/configuring-caches/near-cache"
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<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/data-rebalancing" class='' >Data Rebalancing</a>
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<a href="/docs/latest/data-streaming" class='' >Data Streaming</a>
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<a href="/docs/latest/read-repair"
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<a href="/docs/latest/key-value-api/transactions" class='' >Performing Transactions</a>
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<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/binary-classification/introduction" class=''>Introduction</a></li>
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<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/binary-classification/decision-trees" class=''>Decision Trees</a></li>
<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/binary-classification/multilayer-perceptron" class=''>Multilayer Perceptron</a></li>
<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/binary-classification/logistic-regression" class=''>Logistic Regression</a></li>
<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/binary-classification/knn-classification" class=''>k-NN Classification</a></li>
<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/binary-classification/ann" class=''>ANN (Approximate Nearest Neighbor)</a></li>
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<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/regression/decision-trees-regression" class=''>Decision Trees Regression</a></li>
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<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/preprocessing"
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<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/multiclass-classification"
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<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/ensemble-methods/baggin" class=''>Bagging</a></li>
<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/ensemble-methods/random-forest" class=''>Random Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/ensemble-methods/gradient-boosting" class=''>Gradient Boosting</a></li>
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<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/recommendation-systems"
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>Recommendation Systems</a>
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<button
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</li>
</nav>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/key-value-api/continuous-queries" class='' >Using Continuous Queries</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/services/services" class='' >Using Ignite Services</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/messaging" class='' >Using Ignite Messaging</a>
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<a href="/docs/latest/data-structures/atomic-types"
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</li>
<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/data-structures/countdownlatch"
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</li>
<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/data-structures/atomic-sequence"
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</li>
<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/data-structures/semaphore"
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</li>
<li>
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<div class="left-nav__overlay"></div>
<article data-swiftype-index='true'>
<a class='edit-link' href="https://github.com/apache/ignite/tree/IGNITE-7595/docs/_docs/sql-reference/dml.adoc" target="_blank">Edit</a>
<h1>Data Manipulation Language (DML)</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This page includes all data manipulation language (DML) commands supported by Ignite.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="select">SELECT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Retrieve data from a table or multiple tables.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">SELECT</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">TOP</span> <span class="n">term</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">DISTINCT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">ALL</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">selectExpression</span> <span class="p">[,...]</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">tableExpression</span> <span class="p">[,...]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="k">GROUP</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[,...]]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">HAVING</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[{</span><span class="k">UNION</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">ALL</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">MINUS</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">EXCEPT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">INTERSECT</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">select</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="k">order</span> <span class="p">[,...]]</span>
<span class="p">[{</span> <span class="k">LIMIT</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">OFFSET</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">SAMPLE_SIZE</span> <span class="n">rowCountInt</span><span class="p">]}</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">{[</span><span class="k">OFFSET</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="k">ROW</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">ROWS</span><span class="p">}]</span>
<span class="p">[{</span><span class="k">FETCH</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="k">FIRST</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NEXT</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="k">ROW</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">ROWS</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">ONLY</span><span class="p">}]}]</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="parameters">Parameters</h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>DISTINCT</code> - removes duplicate rows from a result set.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>GROUP BY</code> - groups the result by the given expression(s).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>HAVING</code> - filters rows after grouping.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>ORDER BY</code> - sorts the result by the given column(s) or expression(s).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>LIMIT and FETCH FIRST/NEXT ROW(S) ONLY</code> - limits the number of rows returned by the query (no limit if null or smaller than zero).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>OFFSET</code> - specifies​ how many rows to skip.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS, EXPECT</code> - combines the result of this query with the results of another query.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>tableExpression</code> - Joins a table. The join expression is not supported for cross and natural joins. A natural join is an inner join, where the condition is automatically on the columns with the same name.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="n">tableExpression</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="k">LEFT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">RIGHT</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="k">OUTER</span><span class="p">}]</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">INNER</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">CROSS</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NATURAL</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">JOIN</span> <span class="n">tableExpression</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="k">ON</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">]</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>LEFT</code> - LEFT JOIN performs a join starting with the first (left-most) table and then any matching second (right-most) table records.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>RIGHT</code> - RIGHT JOIN performs a join starting with the second (right-most) table and then any matching first (left-most) table records.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>OUTER</code> - Outer joins subdivide further into left outer joins, right outer joins, and full outer joins, depending on which table&#8217;s rows are retained (left, right, or both).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>INNER</code> - An inner join requires each row in the two joined tables to have matching column values.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>CROSS</code> - CROSS JOIN returns the Cartesian product of rows from tables in the join.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>NATURAL</code> - The natural join is a special case of equi-join.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>ON</code> - Value or condition to join on.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="description">Description</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>SELECT</code> queries can be executed against both <a href="/docs/latest/data-modeling/data-partitioning#replicated">replicated</a> and <a href="/docs/latest/data-modeling/data-partitioning#partitioned">partitioned</a> data.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When queries are executed against fully replicated data, Ignite sends a query to a single cluster node and run it over the local data there.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>On the other hand, if a query is executed over partitioned data, then the execution flow will be the following:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The query will be parsed and split into multiple map queries and a single reduce query.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>All the map queries are executed on all the nodes where required data resides.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>All the nodes provide result sets of local execution to the query initiator (reducer) that, in turn, will accomplish the reduce phase by properly merging provided result sets.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="joins">JOINs</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Ignite supports colocated and non-colocated distributed SQL joins. Furthermore, if the data resides in different tables (aka. caches in Ignite), Ignite allows for cross-table joins as well.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Joins between partitioned and replicated data sets always work without any limitations.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>However, if you join partitioned data sets, then you have to make sure that the keys you are joining on are either colocated or make sure you switched on the non-colocated joins parameter for a query.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Refer to Distributed Joins page for more details.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="group-by-and-order-by-optimizations">Group By and Order By Optimizations</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>SQL queries with <code>ORDER BY</code> clauses do not require loading the whole result set to a query initiator (reducer) node in order to complete the sorting. Instead, every node to which a query will be mapped will sort its own part of the overall result set and the reducer will do the merge in a streaming fashion.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The same optimization is implemented for sorted <code>GROUP BY</code> queries - there is no need to load the whole result set to the reducer in order to do the grouping before giving it to an application. In Ignite, partial result sets from the individual nodes can be streamed, merged, aggregated, and returned to the application gradually.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="examples" class="discrete">Examples</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Retrieve all rows from the <code>Person</code> table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Get all rows in alphabetical order:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Calculate the number of <code>Persons</code> from a specific city:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">city_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">COUNT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="k">GROUP</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">city_id</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Join data stored in the <code>Person</code> and <code>City</code> tables:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">c</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">City</span> <span class="k">c</span>
<span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">city_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">c</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="insert">INSERT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Inserts data into a table.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">tableName</span>
<span class="p">{[(</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">[,...])]</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">{({</span><span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">[,...])}</span> <span class="p">[,...]</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">DIRECT</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">SORTED</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">select</span><span class="p">}}</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="k">SET</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="p">[,...]}</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="parameters-2">Parameters</h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>tableName</code> - name of the table to be updated.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>columnName</code> - name of a column to be initialized with a value from the VALUES clause.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="description-2">Description</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>INSERT</code> adds an entry or entries into a table.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Since Ignite stores all the data in a form of key-value pairs, all the <code>INSERT</code> statements are finally transformed into a set of key-value operations.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If a single key-value pair is being added into a cache then, eventually, an <code>INSERT</code> statement will be converted into a <code>cache.putIfAbsent(&#8230;&#8203;)</code> operation. In other cases, when multiple key-value pairs are inserted, the DML engine creates an <code>EntryProcessor</code> for each pair and uses <code>cache.invokeAll(&#8230;&#8203;)</code> to propagate the data into a cache.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-2" class="discrete">Examples</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Insert a new Person into the table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">city_id</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'John Doe'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Fill in Person table with the data retrieved from Account table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">city_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">firstName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">secondName</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">city_id</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">Account</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">100</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="update">UPDATE</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Update data in a table.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">tableName</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">newTableAlias</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">SET</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="p">[,...]}</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="p">{(</span><span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">[,...])</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">select</span><span class="p">)}</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="k">LIMIT</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">]</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="parameters-3">Parameters</h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>table</code> - the name of the table to be updated.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>columnName</code> - the name of a column to be updated with a value from a <code>SET</code> clause.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="description-3">Description</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>UPDATE</code> alters existing entries stored in a table.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Since Ignite stores all the data in a form of key-value pairs, all the <code>UPDATE</code> statements are finally transformed into a set of key-value operations.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Initially, the SQL engine generates and executes a <code>SELECT</code> query based on the <code>UPDATE WHERE</code> clause and only after that does it modify the existing values that satisfy the clause result.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The modification is performed via a <code>cache.invokeAll(&#8230;&#8203;)</code> operation. This means that once the result of the <code>SELECT</code> query is ready, the SQL engine will prepare a number of <code>EntryProcessors</code> and will execute all of them using a <code>cache.invokeAll(&#8230;&#8203;)</code> operation. While the data is being modified using <code>EntryProcessors</code>, additional checks are performed to make sure that nobody has interfered between the <code>SELECT</code> and the actual update.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="primary-keys-updates">Primary Keys Updates</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Ignite does not allow updating a primary key because the latter defines a partition the key and its value belong to statically. While the partition with all its data can change several cluster owners, the key always belongs to a single partition. The partition is calculated using a hash function applied to the key&#8217;s value.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Thus, if a key needs to be updated it has to be removed and then inserted.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-3" class="discrete">Examples</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Update the <code>name</code> column of an entry:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'John Black'</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Update the <code>Person</code> table with the data taken from the <code>Account</code> table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">first_name</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">Account</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="with">WITH</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Used to name a sub-query, can be referenced in other parts of the SQL statement.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">[(</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">[,...]</span> <span class="p">)]</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="k">select</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">[,...]</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">select</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">insert</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">update</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">merge</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">delete</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">createTable</span> <span class="p">}</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="parameters-4">Parameters</h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>query_name</code> - the name of the sub-query to be created. The name assigned to the sub-query is treated as though it was an inline view or table.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="description-4">Description</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>WITH</code> creates a sub-query. One or more common table entries can be referred to by name. Column name declarations are optional - the column names will be inferred from the named select queries. The final action in a WITH statement can be a <code>select</code>, <code>insert</code>, <code>update</code>, <code>merge</code>, <code>delete</code>, or <code>create table</code>.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="example" class="discrete">Example</h3>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cte1</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">FIRST_COLUMN</span>
<span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">cte2</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">FIRST_COLUMN</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">FIRST_COLUMN</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">cte1</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FIRST_COLUMN</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">cte2</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="merge">MERGE</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Merge data into a table.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="n">MERGE</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">tableName</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">[,...])]</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">[,...])]</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">{({</span> <span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">[,...])}</span> <span class="p">[,...]</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">select</span><span class="p">}</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="parameters-5">Parameters</h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>tableName</code> - the name of the table to be updated.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>columnName</code> - the name of a column to be initialized with a value from a <code>VALUES</code> clause.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="description-5">Description</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>MERGE</code> updates existing entries and inserts new entries.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Because Ignite stores all the data in a form of key-value pairs, all the <code>MERGE</code> statements are transformed into a set of key-value operations.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>MERGE</code> is one of the most straightforward operations because it is translated into <code>cache.put(&#8230;&#8203;)</code> and <code>cache.putAll(&#8230;&#8203;)</code> operations depending on the number of rows that need to be inserted or updated as part of the <code>MERGE</code> query.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-4" class="discrete">Examples</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Merge some rows into the <code>Person</code> table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="n">MERGE</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">city_id</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'John Smith'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Mary Jones'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Fill in the <code>Person</code> table with the data retrieved from the <code>Account</code> table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="n">MERGE</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">city_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">firstName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">secondName</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">city_id</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">Account</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">100</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="delete">DELETE</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Delete data from a table.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">DELETE</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">TOP</span> <span class="n">term</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">tableName</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="k">LIMIT</span> <span class="n">term</span><span class="p">]</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="parameters-6">Parameters</h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>tableName</code> - the name of the table to delete data from.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>TOP, LIMIT</code> - specifies the number​ of entries to be deleted (no limit if null or smaller than zero).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="description-6">Description</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>DELETE</code> removes data from a table.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Because Ignite stores all the data in a form of key-value pairs, all the <code>DELETE</code> statements are transformed into a set of key-value operations.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A <code>DELETE</code> statements' execution is split into two phases and is similar to the execution of <code>UPDATE</code> statements.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First, using a <code>SELECT</code> query, the SQL engine gathers those keys that satisfy the <code>WHERE</code> clause in the <code>DELETE</code> statement. Next, after having all those keys in place, it creates a number of <code>EntryProcessors</code> and executes them with <code>cache.invokeAll(&#8230;&#8203;)</code>. While the data is being deleted, additional checks are performed to make sure that nobody has interfered between the <code>SELECT</code> and the actual removal of the data.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-5" class="discrete">Examples</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Delete all the <code>Persons</code> with a specific name:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'John Doe'</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="copyright">
© 2022 The Apache Software Foundation.<br/>
Apache, Apache Ignite, the Apache feather and the Apache Ignite logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.
</div>
</article>
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<div class="toc-wrapper">
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#select">SELECT</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#parameters">Parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#description">Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#joins">JOINs</a></li>
<li><a href="#group-by-and-order-by-optimizations">Group By and Order By Optimizations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#insert">INSERT</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#parameters-2">Parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#description-2">Description</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#update">UPDATE</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#parameters-3">Parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#description-3">Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#primary-keys-updates">Primary Keys Updates</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#with">WITH</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#parameters-4">Parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#description-4">Description</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#merge">MERGE</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#parameters-5">Parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#description-5">Description</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#delete">DELETE</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#parameters-6">Parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#description-6">Description</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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