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Advanced Usage
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Complex Expressions
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Examples
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Basic Filtering
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<h1 id="expression-dsl">Expression DSL<a class="headerlink" href="#expression-dsl" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>The PyIceberg library provides a powerful expression Domain Specific Language (DSL) for building complex row filter expressions. This guide will help you understand how to use the expression DSL effectively. This DSL allows you to build type-safe expressions for use in the <code>row_filter</code> scan argument.</p>
<p>They are composed of terms, predicates, and logical operators.</p>
<h2 id="basic-concepts">Basic Concepts<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-concepts" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="terms">Terms<a class="headerlink" href="#terms" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Terms are the basic building blocks of expressions. They represent references to fields in your data:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pyiceberg.expressions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Reference</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1"># Create a reference to a field named &quot;age&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">age_field</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Reference</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="predicates">Predicates<a class="headerlink" href="#predicates" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Predicates are expressions that evaluate to a boolean value. They can be combined using logical operators.</p>
<h4 id="literal-predicates">Literal Predicates<a class="headerlink" href="#literal-predicates" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pyiceberg.expressions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">NotEqualTo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LessThan</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LessThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">GreaterThan</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">GreaterThanOrEqual</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="c1"># age equals 18</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">age_equals_18</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="c1"># age is not equal to 18</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="n">age_not_equals_18</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NotEqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="c1"># age is less than 18</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10" href="#__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="n">age_less_than_18</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LessThan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11" href="#__codelineno-1-11"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12" href="#__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="c1"># Less than or equal to</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13" href="#__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="n">age_less_than_or_equal_18</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LessThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14" href="#__codelineno-1-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15" href="#__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="c1"># Greater than</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16" href="#__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="n">age_greater_than_18</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GreaterThan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17" href="#__codelineno-1-17"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18" href="#__codelineno-1-18"></a><span class="c1"># Greater than or equal to</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-19" name="__codelineno-1-19" href="#__codelineno-1-19"></a><span class="n">age_greater_than_or_equal_18</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GreaterThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="set-predicates">Set Predicates<a class="headerlink" href="#set-predicates" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pyiceberg.expressions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">In</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">NotIn</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="c1"># age is one of 18, 19, 20</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="n">age_in_set</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">In</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">19</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="c1"># age is not 18, 19, oer 20</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="n">age_not_in_set</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NotIn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">19</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">])</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="unary-predicates">Unary Predicates<a class="headerlink" href="#unary-predicates" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pyiceberg.expressions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">IsNull</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">NotNull</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="c1"># Is null</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="n">name_is_null</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IsNull</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="c1"># Is not null</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="n">name_is_not_null</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NotNull</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="string-predicates">String Predicates<a class="headerlink" href="#string-predicates" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pyiceberg.expressions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StartsWith</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">NotStartsWith</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="c1"># TRUE for &#39;Johnathan&#39;, FALSE for &#39;Johan&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="n">name_starts_with</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StartsWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;John&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="c1"># FALSE for &#39;Johnathan&#39;, TRUE for &#39;Johan&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7" href="#__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="n">name_not_starts_with</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NotStartsWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;John&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="logical-operators">Logical Operators<a class="headerlink" href="#logical-operators" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>You can combine predicates using logical operators:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pyiceberg.expressions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Or</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Not</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="c1"># TRUE for 25, FALSE for 67 and 15</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="n">age_between</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a> <span class="n">LessThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">65</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8" href="#__codelineno-5-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9" href="#__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="c1"># FALSE for 25, TRUE for 67 and 15</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10" href="#__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="n">age_outside</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Or</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11" href="#__codelineno-5-11"></a> <span class="n">LessThan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12" href="#__codelineno-5-12"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">65</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13" href="#__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14" href="#__codelineno-5-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15" href="#__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="c1"># NOT operator</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16" href="#__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="n">not_adult</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Not</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GreaterThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="advanced-usage">Advanced Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#advanced-usage" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="complex-expressions">Complex Expressions<a class="headerlink" href="#complex-expressions" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>You can build complex expressions by combining multiple predicates and operators:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pyiceberg.expressions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Or</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Not</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">GreaterThan</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LessThan</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">In</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="c1"># (age &gt;= 18 AND age &lt;= 65) AND (status = &#39;active&#39; OR status = &#39;pending&#39;)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="n">complex_filter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7" href="#__codelineno-6-7"></a> <span class="n">LessThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">65</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8" href="#__codelineno-6-8"></a> <span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9" href="#__codelineno-6-9"></a> <span class="n">Or</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10" href="#__codelineno-6-10"></a> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;active&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11" href="#__codelineno-6-11"></a> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;pending&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12" href="#__codelineno-6-12"></a> <span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13" href="#__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14" href="#__codelineno-6-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15" href="#__codelineno-6-15"></a><span class="c1"># NOT (age &lt; 18 OR age &gt; 65)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16" href="#__codelineno-6-16"></a><span class="n">age_in_range</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Not</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17" href="#__codelineno-6-17"></a> <span class="n">Or</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18" href="#__codelineno-6-18"></a> <span class="n">LessThan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19" href="#__codelineno-6-19"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">65</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-20" name="__codelineno-6-20" href="#__codelineno-6-20"></a> <span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-21" name="__codelineno-6-21" href="#__codelineno-6-21"></a><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="best-practices">Best Practices<a class="headerlink" href="#best-practices" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Use Type Hints</strong>: Always use type hints when working with expressions to catch type-related errors early.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Break Down Complex Expressions</strong>: For complex expressions, break them down into smaller, more manageable parts:</p>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="c1"># Instead of this:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">complex_filter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a> <span class="n">LessThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">65</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a> <span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a> <span class="n">Or</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;active&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;pending&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10" href="#__codelineno-7-10"></a> <span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11" href="#__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12" href="#__codelineno-7-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13" href="#__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="c1"># Do this:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14" href="#__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="n">age_range</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15" href="#__codelineno-7-15"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16" href="#__codelineno-7-16"></a> <span class="n">LessThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">65</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17" href="#__codelineno-7-17"></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18" href="#__codelineno-7-18"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-7-19" name="__codelineno-7-19" href="#__codelineno-7-19"></a><span class="n">status_filter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Or</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-20" name="__codelineno-7-20" href="#__codelineno-7-20"></a> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;active&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-21" name="__codelineno-7-21" href="#__codelineno-7-21"></a> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;pending&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-22" name="__codelineno-7-22" href="#__codelineno-7-22"></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-23" name="__codelineno-7-23" href="#__codelineno-7-23"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-7-24" name="__codelineno-7-24" href="#__codelineno-7-24"></a><span class="n">complex_filter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">age_range</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">status_filter</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="common-pitfalls">Common Pitfalls<a class="headerlink" href="#common-pitfalls" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<ol>
<li><strong>Null Handling</strong>: Be careful when using <code>IsNull</code> and <code>NotNull</code> predicates with required fields. The expression DSL will automatically optimize these cases:</li>
<li><code>IsNull</code> (and <code>IsNaN</code> for doubles/floats) on a required field will always return <code>False</code></li>
<li>
<p><code>NotNull</code> (and <code>NotNaN</code> for doubles/floats) on a required field will always return <code>True</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>String Comparisons</strong>: When using string predicates like <code>StartsWith</code>, ensure that the field type is a string type.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="examples">Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Here are some practical examples of using the expression DSL:</p>
<h3 id="basic-filtering">Basic Filtering<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-filtering" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">datetime</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datetime</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pyiceberg.expressions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5" href="#__codelineno-8-5"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6" href="#__codelineno-8-6"></a> <span class="n">LessThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7" href="#__codelineno-8-7"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThan</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8" href="#__codelineno-8-8"></a> <span class="n">In</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9" href="#__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10" href="#__codelineno-8-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11" href="#__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="n">active_adult_users_filter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12" href="#__codelineno-8-12"></a> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;active&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13" href="#__codelineno-8-13"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14" href="#__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15" href="#__codelineno-8-15"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16" href="#__codelineno-8-16"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17" href="#__codelineno-8-17"></a><span class="n">high_value_customers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18" href="#__codelineno-8-18"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;total_spent&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19" href="#__codelineno-8-19"></a> <span class="n">In</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;membership_level&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;gold&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;platinum&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20" href="#__codelineno-8-20"></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-21" name="__codelineno-8-21" href="#__codelineno-8-21"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-8-22" name="__codelineno-8-22" href="#__codelineno-8-22"></a><span class="n">date_range_filter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-23" name="__codelineno-8-23" href="#__codelineno-8-23"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;created_at&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2024</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-24" name="__codelineno-8-24" href="#__codelineno-8-24"></a> <span class="n">LessThanOrEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;created_at&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2024</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">31</span><span class="p">))</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-25" name="__codelineno-8-25" href="#__codelineno-8-25"></a><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="multi-condition-filter">Multi-Condition Filter<a class="headerlink" href="#multi-condition-filter" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pyiceberg.expressions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Or</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Not</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">GreaterThan</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="n">complex_filter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a> <span class="n">Not</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;deleted&quot;</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a> <span class="n">Or</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a> <span class="n">And</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;type&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;premium&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8" href="#__codelineno-9-8"></a> <span class="n">GreaterThan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;subscription_months&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9" href="#__codelineno-9-9"></a> <span class="p">),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10" href="#__codelineno-9-10"></a> <span class="n">EqualTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;type&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;enterprise&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11" href="#__codelineno-9-11"></a> <span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12" href="#__codelineno-9-12"></a><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
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