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| <i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></a></li><div id=Migration class=collapse><ul class=sub-menu><li><a href=../table-migration/>Overview</a></li><li><a href=../hive-migration/>Hive Migration</a></li><li><a href=../delta-lake-migration/>Delta Lake Migration</a></li></ul></div><li><a href=https://iceberg.apache.org/docs/fd-update-javadocs/../../javadoc/latest><span>Javadoc</span></a></li><li><a target=_blank href=https://py.iceberg.apache.org/><span>PyIceberg</span></a></li></div></div><div id=content class=markdown-body><div class=margin-for-toc><h1 id=branching-and-tagging>Branching and Tagging</h1><h2 id=overview>Overview</h2><p>Iceberg table metadata maintains a log of snapshots which represent the changes applied to a table. |
| Snapshots are fundamental in Iceberg as they are the basis for reader isolation and time travel queries. |
| For controlling metadata size and storage costs, Iceberg provides snapshot lifecycle management procedures such as <a href=../../spark/spark-procedures/#expire-snapshots><code>expire_snapshots</code></a> for removing unused snapshots and no longer neccessary data files based on table snapshot retention properties.</p><p><strong>For more sophisticated snapshot lifecycle management, Iceberg supports branches and tags which are named references to snapshots with their own independent lifecycles. This lifecycle is controlled by branch and tag level retention policies.</strong> |
| Branches are independent lineages of snapshots and point to the head of the lineage. |
| Branches and tags have a maximum reference age property which control when the reference to the snapshot itself should be expired. |
| Branches have retention properties which define the minimum number of snapshots to retain on a branch as well as the maximum age of individual snapshots to retain on the branch. |
| These properties are used when the expireSnapshots procedure is run. |
| For details on the algorithm for expireSnapshots, refer to the <a href=../../../spec#snapshot-retention-policy>spec</a>.</p><h2 id=use-cases>Use Cases</h2><p>Branching and tagging can be used for handling GDPR requirements and retaining important historical snapshots for auditing. |
| Branches can also be used as part of data engineering workflows, for enabling experimental branches for testing and validating new jobs. |
| See below for some examples of how branching and tagging can facilitate these use cases.</p><h3 id=historical-tags>Historical Tags</h3><p>Tags can be used for retaining important historical snapshots for auditing purposes.</p><p><img src=../img/historical-snapshot-tag.png alt="Historical Tags"></p><p>The above diagram demonstrates retaininig important historical snapshot with the following retention policy, defined |
| via Spark SQL.</p><ol><li>Retain 1 snapshot per week for 1 month. This can be achieved by tagging the weekly snapshot and setting the tag retention to be a month. |
| snapshots will be kept, and the branch reference itself will be retained for 1 week.</li></ol><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-sql data-lang=sql><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#75715e>-- Create a tag for the first end of week snapshot. Retain the snapshot for a week |
| </span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#75715e></span><span style=color:#66d9ef>ALTER</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>TABLE</span> prod.db.<span style=color:#66d9ef>table</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>CREATE</span> TAG <span style=color:#e6db74>'EOW-01'</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>AS</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>OF</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>VERSION</span> <span style=color:#ae81ff>7</span> RETAIN <span style=color:#ae81ff>7</span> DAYS |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><ol start=2><li>Retain 1 snapshot per month for 6 months. This can be achieved by tagging the monthly snapshot and setting the tag retention to be 6 months.</li></ol><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-sql data-lang=sql><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#75715e>-- Create a tag for the first end of month snapshot. Retain the snapshot for 6 months |
| </span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#75715e></span><span style=color:#66d9ef>ALTER</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>TABLE</span> prod.db.<span style=color:#66d9ef>table</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>CREATE</span> TAG <span style=color:#e6db74>'EOM-01'</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>AS</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>OF</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>VERSION</span> <span style=color:#ae81ff>30</span> RETAIN <span style=color:#ae81ff>180</span> DAYS |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><ol start=3><li>Retain 1 snapshot per year forever. This can be achieved by tagging the annual snapshot. The default retention for branches and tags is forever.</li></ol><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-sql data-lang=sql><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#75715e>-- Create a tag for the end of the year and retain it forever. |
| </span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#75715e></span><span style=color:#66d9ef>ALTER</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>TABLE</span> prod.db.<span style=color:#66d9ef>table</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>CREATE</span> TAG <span style=color:#e6db74>'EOY-2023'</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>AS</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>OF</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>VERSION</span> <span style=color:#ae81ff>365</span> |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><ol start=4><li>Create a temporary “test-branch” which is retained for 7 days and the latest 2 snapshots on the branch are retained.</li></ol><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-sql data-lang=sql><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#75715e>-- Create a branch "test-branch" which will be retained for 7 days along with the latest 2 snapshots |
| </span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#75715e></span><span style=color:#66d9ef>ALTER</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>TABLE</span> prod.db.<span style=color:#66d9ef>table</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>CREATE</span> BRANCH test<span style=color:#f92672>-</span>branch RETAIN <span style=color:#ae81ff>7</span> DAYS <span style=color:#66d9ef>WITH</span> RETENTION <span style=color:#ae81ff>2</span> SNAPSHOTS |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id=audit-branch>Audit Branch</h3><p><img src=../img/audit-branch.png alt="Audit Branch"></p><p>The above diagram shows an example of using an audit branch for validating a write workflow.</p><ol><li>First ensure <code>write.wap.enabled</code> is set.</li></ol><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-sql data-lang=sql><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#66d9ef>ALTER</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>TABLE</span> db.<span style=color:#66d9ef>table</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>SET</span> TBLPROPERTIES ( |
| </span></span><span style=display:flex><span> <span style=color:#e6db74>'write.wap.enabled''true'</span> |
| </span></span><span style=display:flex><span>) |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><ol start=2><li>Create <code>audit-branch</code> starting from snapshot 3, which will be written to and retained for 1 week.</li></ol><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-sql data-lang=sql><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#66d9ef>ALTER</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>TABLE</span> db.<span style=color:#66d9ef>table</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>CREATE</span> BRANCH <span style=color:#f92672>`</span>audit<span style=color:#f92672>-</span>branch<span style=color:#f92672>`</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>AS</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>OF</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>VERSION</span> <span style=color:#ae81ff>3</span> RETAIN <span style=color:#ae81ff>7</span> DAYS |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><ol start=3><li>Writes are performed on a separate <code>audit-branch</code> independent from the main table history.</li></ol><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-sql data-lang=sql><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#75715e>-- WAP Branch write |
| </span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#75715e></span><span style=color:#66d9ef>SET</span> spark.wap.branch <span style=color:#f92672>=</span> <span style=color:#e6db74>'audit-branch'</span> |
| </span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#66d9ef>INSERT</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>INTO</span> prod.db.<span style=color:#66d9ef>table</span> <span style=color:#66d9ef>VALUES</span> (<span style=color:#ae81ff>3</span>, <span style=color:#e6db74>'c'</span>) |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><ol start=4><li>A validation workflow can validate (e.g. data quality) the state of <code>audit-branch</code>.</li><li>After validation, the main branch can be <code>fastForward</code> to the head of <code>audit-branch</code> to update the main table state.</li></ol><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-java data-lang=java><span style=display:flex><span>table<span style=color:#f92672>.</span><span style=color:#a6e22e>manageSnapshots</span><span style=color:#f92672>().</span><span style=color:#a6e22e>fastForward</span><span style=color:#f92672>(</span><span style=color:#e6db74>"main"</span><span style=color:#f92672>,</span> <span style=color:#e6db74>"audit-branch"</span><span style=color:#f92672>).</span><span style=color:#a6e22e>commit</span><span style=color:#f92672>()</span> |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><ol start=6><li>The branch reference will be removed when <code>expireSnapshots</code> is run 1 week later.</li></ol><h2 id=usage>Usage</h2><p>Creating, querying and writing to branches and tags are supported in the Iceberg Java library, and in Spark and Flink engine integrations.</p><ul><li><a href=../../java-api-quickstart/#branching-and-tagging>Iceberg Java Library</a></li><li><a href=../spark-ddl/#branching-and-tagging-ddl>Spark DDLs</a></li><li><a href=../spark-queries/#time-travel>Spark Reads</a></li><li><a href=../spark-writes/#writing-to-branches>Spark Branch Writes</a></li><li><a href=../flink-queries/#reading-branches-and-tags-with-SQL>Flink Reads</a></li><li><a href=../flink-writes/#branch-writes>Flink Branch Writes</a></li></ul></div><div id=toc class=markdown-body><div id=full><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#overview>Overview</a></li><li><a href=#use-cases>Use Cases</a><ul><li><a href=#historical-tags>Historical Tags</a></li><li><a href=#audit-branch>Audit Branch</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#usage>Usage</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div></section></body><script src=https://iceberg.apache.org/docs/fd-update-javadocs//js/jquery-1.11.0.js></script> |
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