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href="/docs/0.13.1/use_cases">Use Cases</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/0.13.1/faq">FAQs</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/0.13.1/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li></ul></nav></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_Q970"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_zHA2"><div class="theme-doc-version-banner alert alert--warning margin-bottom--md" role="alert"><div>This is documentation for <!-- -->Apache Hudi<!-- --> <b>0.13.1</b>, which is no longer actively maintained.</div><div class="margin-top--md">For up-to-date documentation, see the <b><a href="/docs/tuning-guide">latest version</a></b> (<!-- -->0.14.1<!-- -->).</div></div><div class="docItemContainer_oiyr"><article><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: <!-- -->0.13.1</span><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Tuning Guide</h1></header><div class="admonition admonition-note alert alert--secondary"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="16" viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.3 5.69a.942.942 0 0 1-.28-.7c0-.28.09-.52.28-.7.19-.18.42-.28.7-.28.28 0 .52.09.7.28.18.19.28.42.28.7 0 .28-.09.52-.28.7a1 1 0 0 1-.7.3c-.28 0-.52-.11-.7-.3zM8 7.99c-.02-.25-.11-.48-.31-.69-.2-.19-.42-.3-.69-.31H6c-.27.02-.48.13-.69.31-.2.2-.3.44-.31.69h1v3c.02.27.11.5.31.69.2.2.42.31.69.31h1c.27 0 .48-.11.69-.31.2-.19.3-.42.31-.69H8V7.98v.01zM7 2.3c-3.14 0-5.7 2.54-5.7 5.68 0 3.14 2.56 5.7 5.7 5.7s5.7-2.55 5.7-5.7c0-3.15-2.56-5.69-5.7-5.69v.01zM7 .98c3.86 0 7 3.14 7 7s-3.14 7-7 7-7-3.12-7-7 3.14-7 7-7z"></path></svg></span>Profiling Tip</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>To get a better understanding of where your Hudi jobs is spending its time, use a tool like <a href="https://www.yourkit.com/download/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">YourKit Java Profiler</a>, to obtain heap dumps/flame graphs.</p></div></div><p>Writing data via Hudi happens as a Spark job and thus general rules of spark debugging applies here too. Below is a list of things to keep in mind, if you are looking to improving performance or reliability.</p><p><strong>Input Parallelism</strong> : By default, Hudi tends to over-partition input (i.e <code>withParallelism(1500)</code>), to ensure each Spark partition stays within the 2GB limit for inputs upto 500GB. Bump this up accordingly if you have larger inputs. We recommend having shuffle parallelism <code>hoodie.[insert|upsert|bulkinsert].shuffle.parallelism</code> such that its atleast input_data_size/500MB</p><p><strong>Off-heap memory</strong> : Hudi writes parquet files and that needs good amount of off-heap memory proportional to schema width. Consider setting something like <code>spark.executor.memoryOverhead</code> or <code>spark.driver.memoryOverhead</code>, if you are running into such failures.</p><p><strong>Spark Memory</strong> : Typically, hudi needs to be able to read a single file into memory to perform merges or compactions and thus the executor memory should be sufficient to accomodate this. In addition, Hoodie caches the input to be able to intelligently place data and thus leaving some <code>spark.memory.storageFraction</code> will generally help boost performance.</p><p><strong>Sizing files</strong>: Set <code>limitFileSize</code> above judiciously, to balance ingest/write latency vs number of files & consequently metadata overhead associated with it.</p><p><strong>Timeseries/Log data</strong> : Default configs are tuned for database/nosql changelogs where individual record sizes are large. Another very popular class of data is timeseries/event/log data that tends to be more volumnious with lot more records per partition. In such cases consider tuning the bloom filter accuracy via <code>.bloomFilterFPP()/bloomFilterNumEntries()</code> to achieve your target index look up time. Also, consider making a key that is prefixed with time of the event, which will enable range pruning & significantly speeding up index lookup.</p><p><strong>GC Tuning</strong>: Please be sure to follow garbage collection tuning tips from Spark tuning guide to avoid OutOfMemory errors. <!-- -->[Must]<!-- --> Use G1/CMS Collector. Sample CMS Flags to add to spark.executor.extraJavaOptions:</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_J+bg language-java theme-code-block"><div class="codeBlockContent_csEI java"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-java codeBlock_rtdJ thin-scrollbar" style="color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36"><code class="codeBlockLines_1zSZ"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">-XX:NewSize=1g -XX:SurvivorRatio=2 -XX:+UseCompressedOops -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC -XX:+UseParNewGC -XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=70 -XX:+PrintGCDetails -XX:+PrintGCTimeStamps -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps -XX:+PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime -XX:+PrintGCApplicationConcurrentTime -XX:+PrintTenuringDistribution -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -XX:HeapDumpPath=/tmp/hoodie-heapdump.hprof</span><br></span></code></pre><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_M3SB clean-btn">Copy</button></div></div><p><strong>OutOfMemory Errors</strong>: If it keeps OOMing still, reduce spark memory conservatively: <code>spark.memory.fraction=0.2, spark.memory.storageFraction=0.2</code> allowing it to spill rather than OOM. (reliably slow vs crashing intermittently)</p><p>Below is a full working production config</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_J+bg language-scala theme-code-block"><div class="codeBlockContent_csEI scala"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-scala codeBlock_rtdJ thin-scrollbar" style="color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36"><code class="codeBlockLines_1zSZ"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.driver.extraClassPath /etc/hive/conf</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.driver.extraJavaOptions -XX:+PrintTenuringDistribution -XX:+PrintGCDetails -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps -XX:+PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime -XX:+PrintGCApplicationConcurrentTime -XX:+PrintGCTimeStamps -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -XX:HeapDumpPath=/tmp/hoodie-heapdump.hprof</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.driver.maxResultSize 2g</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.driver.memory 4g</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.executor.cores 1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.executor.extraJavaOptions -XX:+PrintFlagsFinal -XX:+PrintReferenceGC -verbose:gc -XX:+PrintGCDetails -XX:+PrintGCTimeStamps -XX:+PrintAdaptiveSizePolicy -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -XX:HeapDumpPath=/tmp/hoodie-heapdump.hprof</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.executor.id driver</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.executor.instances 300</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.executor.memory 6g</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.rdd.compress true</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.kryoserializer.buffer.max 512m</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.serializer org.apache.spark.serializer.KryoSerializer</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.shuffle.service.enabled true</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.sql.hive.convertMetastoreParquet false</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.submit.deployMode cluster</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.task.cpus 1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.task.maxFailures 4</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.driver.memoryOverhead 1024</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.executor.memoryOverhead 3072</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">spark.yarn.max.executor.failures 100</span><br></span></code></pre><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_M3SB clean-btn">Copy</button></div></div></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/apache/hudi/tree/asf-site/website/versioned_docs/version-0.13.1/tuning-guide.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" 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