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menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/0.10.0/use_cases">Use Cases</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/0.10.0/faq">FAQs</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/0.10.0/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li></ul></nav></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_Q970"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_zHA2"><div class="theme-doc-version-banner alert alert--warning margin-bottom--md" role="alert"><div>This is documentation for <!-- -->Apache Hudi<!-- --> <b>0.10.0</b>, which is no longer actively maintained.</div><div class="margin-top--md">For up-to-date documentation, see the <b><a href="/docs/write_operations">latest version</a></b> (<!-- -->0.14.1<!-- -->).</div></div><div class="docItemContainer_oiyr"><article><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: <!-- -->0.10.0</span><div class="tocCollapsible_aw-L theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_Tx6Y"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_zr6a">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Write Operations</h1></header><p>It may be helpful to understand the different write operations of Hudi and how best to leverage them. These operations |
| can be chosen/changed across each commit/deltacommit issued against the table. See the <a href="/docs/writing_data">How To docs on Writing Data</a> |
| to see more examples.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="operation-types">Operation Types<a class="hash-link" href="#operation-types" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h2><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="upsert">UPSERT<a class="hash-link" href="#upsert" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>This is the default operation where the input records are first tagged as inserts or updates by looking up the index. |
| The records are ultimately written after heuristics are run to determine how best to pack them on storage to optimize for things like file sizing. |
| This operation is recommended for use-cases like database change capture where the input almost certainly contains updates. The target table will never show duplicates. </p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="insert">INSERT<a class="hash-link" href="#insert" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>This operation is very similar to upsert in terms of heuristics/file sizing but completely skips the index lookup step. Thus, it can be a lot faster than upserts |
| for use-cases like log de-duplication (in conjunction with options to filter duplicates mentioned below). This is also suitable for use-cases where the table can tolerate duplicates, but just |
| need the transactional writes/incremental pull/storage management capabilities of Hudi.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="bulk_insert">BULK_INSERT<a class="hash-link" href="#bulk_insert" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>Both upsert and insert operations keep input records in memory to speed up storage heuristics computations faster (among other things) and thus can be cumbersome for |
| initial loading/bootstrapping a Hudi table at first. Bulk insert provides the same semantics as insert, while implementing a sort-based data writing algorithm, which can scale very well for several hundred TBs |
| of initial load. However, this just does a best-effort job at sizing files vs guaranteeing file sizes like inserts/upserts do.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="delete">DELETE<a class="hash-link" href="#delete" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>Hudi supports implementing two types of deletes on data stored in Hudi tables, by enabling the user to specify a different record payload implementation.</p><ul><li><strong>Soft Deletes</strong> : Retain the record key and just null out the values for all the other fields. |
| This can be achieved by ensuring the appropriate fields are nullable in the table schema and simply upserting the table after setting these fields to null.</li><li><strong>Hard Deletes</strong> : A stronger form of deletion is to physically remove any trace of the record from the table. This can be achieved in 3 different ways. <ul><li>Using DataSource, set <code>OPERATION_OPT_KEY</code> to <code>DELETE_OPERATION_OPT_VAL</code>. This will remove all the records in the DataSet being submitted. </li><li>Using DataSource, set <code>PAYLOAD_CLASS_OPT_KEY</code> to <code>"org.apache.hudi.EmptyHoodieRecordPayload"</code>. This will remove all the records in the DataSet being submitted. </li><li>Using DataSource or DeltaStreamer, add a column named <code>_hoodie_is_deleted</code> to DataSet. The value of this column must be set to <code>true</code> for all the records to be deleted and either <code>false</code> or left null for any records which are to be upserted.</li></ul></li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="writing-path">Writing path<a class="hash-link" href="#writing-path" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h2><p>The following is an inside look on the Hudi write path and the sequence of events that occur during a write.</p><ol><li><a href="/docs/configurations/#writeinsertdeduplicate">Deduping</a><ol><li>First your input records may have duplicate keys within the same batch and duplicates need to be combined or reduced by key.</li></ol></li><li><a href="/docs/indexing">Index Lookup</a><ol><li>Next, an index lookup is performed to try and match the input records to identify which file groups they belong to.</li></ol></li><li><a href="/docs/file_sizing">File Sizing</a><ol><li>Then, based on the average size of previous commits, Hudi will make a plan to add enough records to a small file to get it close to the configured maximum limit.</li></ol></li><li><a href="/docs/file_layouts">Partitioning</a><ol><li>We now arrive at partitioning where we decide what file groups certain updates and inserts will be placed in or if new file groups will be created</li></ol></li><li>Write I/O<ol><li>Now we actually do the write operations which is either creating a new base file, appending to the log file, |
| or versioning an existing base file.</li></ol></li><li>Update <a href="/docs/indexing">Index</a><ol><li>Now that the write is performed, we will go back and update the index.</li></ol></li><li>Commit<ol><li>Finally we commit all of these changes atomically. (A <a href="/docs/writing_data#commit-notifications">callback notification</a> is exposed)</li></ol></li><li><a href="/docs/hoodie_cleaner">Clean</a> (if needed)<ol><li>Following the commit, cleaning is invoked if needed.</li></ol></li><li><a href="/docs/compaction">Compaction</a><ol><li>If you are using MOR tables, compaction will either run inline, or be scheduled asynchronously</li></ol></li><li>Archive<ol><li>Lastly, we perform an archival step which moves old <a href="/docs/timeline">timeline</a> items to an archive folder.</li></ol></li></ol></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/apache/hudi/tree/asf-site/website/versioned_docs/version-0.10.0/write_operations.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_mS5F" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 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