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class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist hasHref_TwRn" href="/cn/docs/next/faq">Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)</a></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/cn/docs/next/privacy">隐私协议</a></li></ul></nav></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_Q970"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_zHA2"><div class="theme-doc-version-banner alert alert--warning margin-bottom--md" role="alert"><div>This is unreleased documentation for <!-- -->Apache Hudi<!-- --> <b>Next</b> version.</div><div class="margin-top--md">For up-to-date documentation, see the <b><a href="/cn/docs/rollbacks">latest version</a></b> (<!-- -->0.14.1<!-- -->).</div></div><div class="docItemContainer_oiyr"><article><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: <!-- -->Next</span><div class="tocCollapsible_aw-L theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_Tx6Y"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_zr6a">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Rollback Mechanism</h1></header><p>Your pipelines could fail due to numerous reasons like crashes, valid bugs in the code, unavailability of any external |
| third-party system (like a lock provider), or user could kill the job midway to change some properties. A well-designed |
| system should detect such partially failed commits, ensure dirty data is not exposed to the queries, and clean them up. |
| Hudi's rollback mechanism takes care of cleaning up such failed writes. </p><p>Hudi’s timeline forms the core for reader and writer isolation. If a commit has not transitioned to complete as per the |
| hudi timeline, the readers will ignore the data from the respective write. And so partially failed writes are never read |
| by any readers (for all query types). But the curious question is, how is the partially written data eventually deleted? |
| Does it require manual command to be executed from time to time or should it be automatically handled by the system? This |
| page presents insights on how "rollback" in Hudi can automatically clean up handling partially failed writes without |
| manual input from users.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="handling-partially-failed-commits">Handling partially failed commits<a class="hash-link" href="#handling-partially-failed-commits" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>Hudi has a lot of platformization built in so as to ease the operationalization of lakehouse tables. One such feature |
| is the automatic cleanup of partially failed commits. Users don’t need to run any additional commands to clean up dirty |
| data or the data produced by failed commits. If you continue to write to hudi tables, one of your future commits will |
| take care of cleaning up older data that failed midway during a write/commit. We call this cleanup of a failed commit a |
| "rollback". A rollback will revert everything about a commit, including deleting data and removal from the timeline. |
| Additionally, the restore operation utilizes a series rollbacks to undo completed commits.</p><p>Let’s zoom in a bit and understand how such cleanups happen and the challenges involved in such cleaning when |
| multi-writers are involved.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="rolling-back-partially-failed-commits-for-a-single-writer">Rolling back partially failed commits for a single writer<a class="hash-link" href="#rolling-back-partially-failed-commits-for-a-single-writer" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>In case of single writer model, the rollback logic is fairly straightforward. Every action in Hudi's timeline goes |
| through 3 states, namely requested, inflight and completed. Whenever a new commit starts, hudi checks the timeline |
| for any actions/commits that is not yet committed and that refers to partially failed commit. So, immediately rollback |
| is triggered and all dirty data is cleaned up followed by cleaning up the commit instants from the timeline.</p><p><img alt="An example illustration of single writer rollbacks" src="/cn/assets/images/Rollback_1-c87400434eae44437bd9734b62665a83.png"> |
| <em>Figure 1: single writer with eager rollbacks</em></p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="rolling-back-of-partially-failed-commits-w-multi-writers">Rolling back of partially failed commits w/ multi-writers<a class="hash-link" href="#rolling-back-of-partially-failed-commits-w-multi-writers" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h3><p>The challenging part is when multi-writers are invoked. Just because a commit is still non-completed as per the |
| timeline, it does not mean current writer (new) can assume that it's a partially failed commit. Because, there could be |
| a concurrent writer that’s currently making progress. Hudi has been designed to not have any centralized server |
| running always and in such a case Hudi has an ingenious way to deduce such partially failed writes.</p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="heartbeats">Heartbeats<a class="hash-link" href="#heartbeats" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h4><p>We are leveraging heartbeats to our rescue here. Each commit will keep emitting heartbeats from the start of the |
| write until its completion. During rollback deduction, Hudi checks for heartbeat timeouts for all ongoing or incomplete |
| commits and detects partially failed commits on such timeouts. For any ongoing commits, the heartbeat should not |
| have elapsed the timeout. For example, if a commit’s heartbeat is not updated for 10+ mins, we can safely assume the |
| original writer has failed/crashed and is the incomplete commit is safe to clean up. So, the rollbacks in case of |
| multi-writers are lazy and is not eager as we saw with single writer model. But it is still automatic and users don’t |
| need to execute any explicit command to trigger such cleanup of failed writes. When such lazy rollback kicks in, both |
| data files and timeline files for the failed writes are deleted.</p><p>Hudi employs a simple yet effective heartbeat mechanism to notify that a commit is still making progress. A heartbeat |
| file is created for every commit under “.hoodie/.heartbeat/” (for eg, “.hoodie/.heartbeat/20230819183853177”). |
| The writer will start a background thread which will keep updating this heartbeat file at a regular cadence to refresh |
| the last modification time of the file. So, checking for last modification time of the heartbeat file gives us |
| information whether the writer that started the commit of interest is still making progress or not. On completion of |
| the commit, the heartbeat file is deleted. Or if the write failed midway, the last modification time of the heartbeat |
| file is no longer updated, so other writers can deduce the failed write after a period of time elapses.</p><p><img alt="An example illustration of multi writer rollbacks" src="/cn/assets/images/rollback2_new-43ff68c4c2dfd94e6a52437f39d29c6e.png"> |
| <em>Figure 2: multi-writer with lazy cleaning of failed commits</em></p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="related-resources">Related Resources<a class="hash-link" href="#related-resources" title="Direct link to heading"></a></h2><h3>Videos</h3><ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vi25q4vzogs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">How to Rollback to Previous Checkpoint during Disaster in Apache Hudi using Glue 4.0 Demo</a></li></ul></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/apache/hudi/tree/asf-site/website/docs/rollbacks.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_mS5F" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="col lastUpdated_mt2f"></div></div></footer></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/cn/docs/next/hoodie_cleaner"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Cleaning</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/cn/docs/next/markers"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Marker Mechanism</div></a></div></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_vrFS thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#handling-partially-failed-commits" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Handling partially failed commits</a></li><li><a href="#rolling-back-partially-failed-commits-for-a-single-writer" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Rolling back partially failed commits for a single writer</a></li><li><a href="#rolling-back-of-partially-failed-commits-w-multi-writers" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Rolling back of partially failed commits w/ multi-writers</a><ul><li><a href="#heartbeats" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Heartbeats</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#related-resources" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Related Resources</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">About</div><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/cn/blog/2021/07/21/streaming-data-lake-platform">Our Vision</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" 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