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| <title>mod_session - Apache HTTP Server</title> |
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| <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.3</p> |
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| <div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_session</h1> |
| <div class="toplang"> |
| <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_session.html" title="English"> en </a></p> |
| </div> |
| <table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Session support</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module Identifier:</a></th><td>session_module</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source File:</a></th><td>mod_session.c</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Compatibility">Compatibility:</a></th><td>Available in Apache 2.3 and later</td></tr></table> |
| <h3>Summary</h3> |
| |
| <div class="warning"><h3>Warning</h3> |
| <p>The session modules make use of HTTP cookies, and as such can fall |
| victim to Cross Site Scripting attacks, or expose potentially private |
| information to clients. Please ensure that the relevant risks have |
| been taken into account before enabling the session functionality on |
| your server.</p> |
| </div> |
| |
| <p>This module provides support for a server wide per user session |
| interface. Sessions can be used for keeping track of whether a user |
| has been logged in, or for other per user information that should |
| be kept available across requests.</p> |
| |
| <p>Sessions may be stored on the server, or may be stored on the |
| browser. Sessions may also be optionally encrypted for added security. |
| These features are divided into several modules in addition to |
| <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session.html">mod_session</a></code>; <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_crypto.html">mod_session_crypto</a></code>, |
| <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_cookie.html">mod_session_cookie</a></code> and <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_dbd.html">mod_session_dbd</a></code>. |
| Depending on the server requirements, load the appropriate modules |
| into the server (either statically at compile time or dynamically |
| via the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_so.html#loadmodule">LoadModule</a></code> directive).</p> |
| |
| <p>Sessions may be manipulated from other modules that depend on the |
| session, or the session may be read from and written to using |
| environment variables and HTTP headers, as appropriate.</p> |
| |
| </div> |
| <div id="quickview"><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3> |
| <ul id="toc"> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#session">Session</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#sessionenv">SessionEnv</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#sessionexclude">SessionExclude</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#sessionheader">SessionHeader</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#sessioninclude">SessionInclude</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#sessionmaxage">SessionMaxAge</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| <h3>Topics</h3> |
| <ul id="topics"> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#whatisasession">What is a session?</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#whocanuseasession">Who can use a session?</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#serversession">Keeping sessions on the server</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#browsersession">Keeping sessions on the browser</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#basicexamples">Basic Examples</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#sessionprivacy">Session Privacy</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cookieprivacy">Cookie Privacy</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#authentication">Session Support for Authentication</a></li> |
| </ul><h3>See also</h3> |
| <ul class="seealso"> |
| <li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_cookie.html">mod_session_cookie</a></code></li> |
| <li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_crypto.html">mod_session_crypto</a></code></li> |
| <li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_dbd.html">mod_session_dbd</a></code></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="whatisasession" id="whatisasession">What is a session?</a></h2> |
| <p>At the core of the session interface is a table of key and value pairs |
| that are made accessible across browser requests.</p> |
| |
| <p>These pairs can be set to any valid string, as needed by the |
| application making use of the session.</p> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="whocanuseasession" id="whocanuseasession">Who can use a session?</a></h2> |
| <p>The session interface is primarily developed for the use by other |
| server modules, such as <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth_form.html">mod_auth_form</a></code>, however CGI |
| based applications can optionally be granted access to the contents |
| of the session via the HTTP_SESSION environment variable. Sessions |
| have the option to be modified and/or updated by inserting an HTTP |
| response header containing the new session parameters.</p> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="serversession" id="serversession">Keeping sessions on the server</a></h2> |
| <p>Apache can be configured to keep track of per user sessions stored |
| on a particular server or group of servers. This functionality is |
| similar to the sessions available in typical application servers.</p> |
| |
| <p>If configured, sessions are tracked through the use of a session ID that |
| is stored inside a cookie, or extracted from the parameters embedded |
| within the URL query string, as found in a typical GET request.</p> |
| |
| <p>As the contents of the session are stored exclusively on the server, |
| there is an expectation of privacy of the contents of the session. This |
| does have performance and resource implications should a large number |
| of sessions be present, or where a large number of webservers have to |
| share sessions with one another.</p> |
| |
| <p>The <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_dbd.html">mod_session_dbd</a></code> module allows the storage of user |
| sessions within a SQL database via <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code>.</p> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="browsersession" id="browsersession">Keeping sessions on the browser</a></h2> |
| <p>Where keeping track of a session on a server is too resource |
| intensive or inconvenient, the option exists to store the contents |
| of the session within a cookie on the client browser instead.</p> |
| |
| <p>This has the advantage that minimal resources are required on the |
| server to keep track of sessions, and multiple servers within a server |
| farm have no need to share session information.</p> |
| |
| <p>The contents of the session however are exposed to the client, with a |
| corresponding risk of a loss of privacy. The |
| <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_crypto.html">mod_session_crypto</a></code> module can be configured to encrypt the |
| contents of the session before writing the session to the client.</p> |
| |
| <p>The <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_cookie.html">mod_session_cookie</a></code> allows the storage of user |
| sessions on the browser within an HTTP cookie.</p> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="basicexamples" id="basicexamples">Basic Examples</a></h2> |
| |
| <p>Creating a session is as simple as turning the session on, and deciding |
| where the session will be stored. In this example, the session will be |
| stored on the browser, in a cookie called <code>session</code>.</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><h3>Browser based session</h3><p><code> |
| Session On<br /> |
| SessionCookieName session path=/<br /> |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>The session is not useful unless it can be written to or read from. The |
| following example shows how values can be injected into the session through |
| the use of a predetermined HTTP response header called |
| <code>X-Replace-Session</code>.</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><h3>Writing to a session</h3><p><code> |
| Session On<br /> |
| SessionCookieName session path=/<br /> |
| SessionHeader X-Replace-Session<br /> |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>The header should contain name value pairs expressed in the same format |
| as a query string in a URL, as in the example below. Setting a key to the |
| empty string has the effect of removing that key from the session.</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><h3>CGI to write to a session</h3><p><code> |
| #!/bin/bash<br /> |
| echo "Content-Type: text/plain"<br /> |
| echo "X-Replace-Session: key1=foo&key2=&key3=bar"<br /> |
| echo<br /> |
| env<br /> |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>If configured, the session can be read back from the HTTP_SESSION |
| environment variable. By default, the session is kept private, so this |
| has to be explicitly turned on with the |
| <code class="directive"><a href="#sessionenv">SessionEnv</a></code> directive.</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><h3>Read from a session</h3><p><code> |
| Session On<br /> |
| SessionEnv On<br /> |
| SessionCookieName session path=/<br /> |
| SessionHeader X-Replace-Session<br /> |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>Once read, the CGI variable <code>HTTP_SESSION</code> should contain |
| the value <code>key1=foo&key3=bar</code>.</p> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="sessionprivacy" id="sessionprivacy">Session Privacy</a></h2> |
| |
| <p>Using the "show cookies" feature of your browser, you would have seen |
| a clear text representation of the session. This could potentially be a |
| problem should the end user need to be kept unaware of the contents of |
| the session, or where a third party could gain unauthorised access to the |
| data within the session.</p> |
| |
| <p>The contents of the session can be optionally encrypted before being |
| placed on the browser using the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_crypto.html">mod_session_crypto</a></code> |
| module.</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><h3>Browser based encrypted session</h3><p><code> |
| Session On<br /> |
| SessionCryptoPassphrase secret<br /> |
| SessionCookieName session path=/<br /> |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>The session will be automatically decrypted on load, and encrypted on |
| save by Apache, the underlying application using the session need have |
| no knowledge that encryption is taking place.</p> |
| |
| <p>Sessions stored on the server rather than on the browser can also be |
| encrypted as needed, offering privacy where potentially sensitive |
| information is being shared between webservers in a server farm using |
| the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_dbd.html">mod_session_dbd</a></code> module.</p> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="cookieprivacy" id="cookieprivacy">Cookie Privacy</a></h2> |
| |
| <p>The HTTP cookie mechanism also offers privacy features, such as the |
| ability to restrict cookie transport to SSL protected pages only, or |
| to prevent browser based javascript from gaining access to the contents |
| of the cookie.</p> |
| |
| <div class="warning"><h3>Warning</h3> |
| <p>Some of the HTTP cookie privacy features are either non-standard, or |
| are not implemented consistently across browsers. The session modules |
| allow you to set cookie parameters, but it makes no guarantee that privacy |
| will be respected by the browser. If security is a concern, use the |
| <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_crypto.html">mod_session_crypto</a></code> to encrypt the contents of the session, |
| or store the session on the server using the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_session_dbd.html">mod_session_dbd</a></code> |
| module.</p> |
| </div> |
| |
| <p>Standard cookie parameters can be specified after the name of the cookie, |
| as in the example below.</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><h3>Setting cookie parameters</h3><p><code> |
| Session On<br /> |
| SessionCryptoPassphrase secret<br /> |
| SessionCookieName session path=/private;domain=example.com;httponly;secure;<br /> |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>In cases where the Apache server forms the frontend for backend origin servers, |
| it is possible to have the session cookies removed from the incoming HTTP headers using |
| the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_session_cookie.html#sessioncookieremove">SessionCookieRemove</a></code> directive. |
| This keeps the contents of the session cookies from becoming accessible from the |
| backend server. |
| </p> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="authentication" id="authentication">Session Support for Authentication</a></h2> |
| |
| <p>As is possible within many application servers, authentication modules can use |
| a session for storing the username and password after login. The |
| <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth_form.html">mod_auth_form</a></code> saves the user's login name and password within |
| the session.</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><h3>Form based authentication</h3><p><code> |
| Session On<br /> |
| SessionCryptoPassphrase secret<br /> |
| SessionCookieName session path=/<br /> |
| AuthFormProvider file<br /> |
| AuthUserFile conf/passwd<br /> |
| AuthType form<br /> |
| AuthName realm<br /> |
| ...<br /> |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>See the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth_form.html">mod_auth_form</a></code> module for documentation and complete |
| examples.</p> |
| |
| </div> |
| <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="Session" id="Session">Session</a> <a name="session" id="session">Directive</a></h2> |
| <table class="directive"> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Enables a session for the current directory or location</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>Session On|Off</code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>Session Off</code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></th><td>AuthConfig</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_session</td></tr> |
| </table> |
| <p>The <code class="directive">Session</code> directive enables a session for the |
| directory or location container. Further directives control where the |
| session will be stored and how privacy is maintained.</p> |
| |
| </div> |
| <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="SessionEnv" id="SessionEnv">SessionEnv</a> <a name="sessionenv" id="sessionenv">Directive</a></h2> |
| <table class="directive"> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Control whether the contents of the session are written to the |
| <var>HTTP_SESSION</var> environment variable</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>SessionEnv On|Off</code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>SessionEnv Off</code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></th><td>AuthConfig</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_session</td></tr> |
| </table> |
| <p>If set to <var>On</var>, the <code class="directive">SessionEnv</code> directive |
| causes the contents of the session to be written to a CGI environment |
| variable called <var>HTTP_SESSION</var>.</p> |
| |
| <p>The string is written in the URL query format, for example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><p><code> |
| <code>key1=foo&key3=bar</code> |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| |
| </div> |
| <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="SessionExclude" id="SessionExclude">SessionExclude</a> <a name="sessionexclude" id="sessionexclude">Directive</a></h2> |
| <table class="directive"> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Define URL prefixes for which a session is ignored</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>SessionExclude <var>path</var></code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>none</code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_session</td></tr> |
| </table> |
| <p>The <code class="directive">SessionExclude</code> directive allows sessions to |
| be disabled relative to URL prefixes only. This can be used to make a |
| website more efficient, by targeting a more precise URL space for which |
| a session should be maintained. By default, all URLs within the directory |
| or location are included in the session. The |
| <code class="directive"><a href="#sessionexclude">SessionExclude</a></code> directive takes |
| precedence over the |
| <code class="directive"><a href="#sessioninclude">SessionInclude</a></code> directive.</p> |
| |
| <div class="warning"><h3>Warning</h3> |
| <p>This directive has a similar purpose to the <var>path</var> attribute |
| in HTTP cookies, but should not be confused with this attribute. This |
| directive does not set the <var>path</var> attribute, which must be |
| configured separately.</p></div> |
| |
| </div> |
| <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="SessionHeader" id="SessionHeader">SessionHeader</a> <a name="sessionheader" id="sessionheader">Directive</a></h2> |
| <table class="directive"> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Import session updates from a given HTTP response header</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>SessionHeader <var>header</var></code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>none</code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></th><td>AuthConfig</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_session</td></tr> |
| </table> |
| <p>The <code class="directive">SessionHeader</code> directive defines the name of an |
| HTTP response header which, if present, will be parsed and written to the |
| current session.</p> |
| |
| <p>The header value is expected to be in the URL query format, for example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><p><code> |
| <code>key1=foo&key2=&key3=bar</code> |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>Where a key is set to the empty string, that key will be removed from the |
| session.</p> |
| |
| |
| </div> |
| <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="SessionInclude" id="SessionInclude">SessionInclude</a> <a name="sessioninclude" id="sessioninclude">Directive</a></h2> |
| <table class="directive"> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Define URL prefixes for which a session is valid</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>SessionInclude <var>path</var></code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>all URLs</code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></th><td>AuthConfig</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_session</td></tr> |
| </table> |
| <p>The <code class="directive">SessionInclude</code> directive allows sessions to |
| be made valid for specific URL prefixes only. This can be used to make a |
| website more efficient, by targeting a more precise URL space for which |
| a session should be maintained. By default, all URLs within the directory |
| or location are included in the session.</p> |
| |
| <div class="warning"><h3>Warning</h3> |
| <p>This directive has a similar purpose to the <var>path</var> attribute |
| in HTTP cookies, but should not be confused with this attribute. This |
| directive does not set the <var>path</var> attribute, which must be |
| configured separately.</p></div> |
| |
| </div> |
| <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="SessionMaxAge" id="SessionMaxAge">SessionMaxAge</a> <a name="sessionmaxage" id="sessionmaxage">Directive</a></h2> |
| <table class="directive"> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Define a maximum age in seconds for a session</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>SessionMaxAge <var>maxage</var></code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>SessionMaxAge 0</code></td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></th><td>AuthConfig</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> |
| <tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_session</td></tr> |
| </table> |
| <p>The <code class="directive">SessionMaxAge</code> directive defines a time limit |
| for which a session will remain valid. When a session is saved, this time |
| limit is reset and an existing session can be continued. If a session |
| becomes older than this limit without a request to the server to refresh |
| the session, the session will time out and be removed. Where a session is |
| used to stored user login details, this has the effect of logging the user |
| out automatically after the given time.</p> |
| |
| <p>Setting the maxage to zero disables session expiry.</p> |
| |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="bottomlang"> |
| <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_session.html" title="English"> en </a></p> |
| </div><div id="footer"> |
| <p class="apache">Copyright 2011 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p> |
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