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<H1 ALIGN="CENTER">Apache API notes</H1>
These are some notes on the Apache API and the data structures you
have to deal with, <EM>etc.</EM> They are not yet nearly complete, but
hopefully, they will help you get your bearings. Keep in mind that
the API is still subject to change as we gain experience with it.
(See the TODO file for what <EM>might</EM> be coming). However,
it will be easy to adapt modules to any changes that are made.
(We have more modules to adapt than you do).
<P>
A few notes on general pedagogical style here. In the interest of
conciseness, all structure declarations here are incomplete --- the
real ones have more slots that I'm not telling you about. For the
most part, these are reserved to one component of the server core or
another, and should be altered by modules with caution. However, in
some cases, they really are things I just haven't gotten around to
yet. Welcome to the bleeding edge.<P>
Finally, here's an outline, to give you some bare idea of what's
coming up, and in what order:
<UL>
<LI> <A HREF="#basics">Basic concepts.</A>
<MENU>
<LI> <A HREF="#HMR">Handlers, Modules, and Requests</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#moduletour">A brief tour of a module</A>
</MENU>
<LI> <A HREF="#handlers">How handlers work</A>
<MENU>
<LI> <A HREF="#req_tour">A brief tour of the <CODE>request_rec</CODE></A>
<LI> <A HREF="#req_orig">Where request_rec structures come from</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#req_return">Handling requests, declining, and returning error
codes</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#resp_handlers">Special considerations for response handlers</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#auth_handlers">Special considerations for authentication
handlers</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#log_handlers">Special considerations for logging handlers</A>
</MENU>
<LI> <A HREF="#pools">Resource allocation and resource pools</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#config">Configuration, commands and the like</A>
<MENU>
<LI> <A HREF="#per-dir">Per-directory configuration structures</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#commands">Command handling</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#servconf">Side notes --- per-server configuration,
virtual servers, <EM>etc</EM>.</A>
</MENU>
</UL>
<H2><A NAME="basics">Basic concepts.</A></H2>
We begin with an overview of the basic concepts behind the
API, and how they are manifested in the code.
<H3><A NAME="HMR">Handlers, Modules, and Requests</A></H3>
Apache breaks down request handling into a series of steps, more or
less the same way the Netscape server API does (although this API has
a few more stages than NetSite does, as hooks for stuff I thought
might be useful in the future). These are:
<UL>
<LI> URI -&gt; Filename translation
<LI> Auth ID checking [is the user who they say they are?]
<LI> Auth access checking [is the user authorized <EM>here</EM>?]
<LI> Access checking other than auth
<LI> Determining MIME type of the object requested
<LI> `Fixups' --- there aren't any of these yet, but the phase is
intended as a hook for possible extensions like
<CODE>SetEnv</CODE>, which don't really fit well elsewhere.
<LI> Actually sending a response back to the client.
<LI> Logging the request
</UL>
These phases are handled by looking at each of a succession of
<EM>modules</EM>, looking to see if each of them has a handler for the
phase, and attempting invoking it if so. The handler can typically do
one of three things:
<UL>
<LI> <EM>Handle</EM> the request, and indicate that it has done so
by returning the magic constant <CODE>OK</CODE>.
<LI> <EM>Decline</EM> to handle the request, by returning the magic
integer constant <CODE>DECLINED</CODE>. In this case, the
server behaves in all respects as if the handler simply hadn't
been there.
<LI> Signal an error, by returning one of the HTTP error codes.
This terminates normal handling of the request, although an
ErrorDocument may be invoked to try to mop up, and it will be
logged in any case.
</UL>
Most phases are terminated by the first module that handles them;
however, for logging, `fixups', and non-access authentication
checking, all handlers always run (barring an error). Also, the
response phase is unique in that modules may declare multiple handlers
for it, via a dispatch table keyed on the MIME type of the requested
object. Modules may declare a response-phase handler which can handle
<EM>any</EM> request, by giving it the key <CODE>*/*</CODE> (<EM>i.e.</EM>, a
wildcard MIME type specification). However, wildcard handlers are
only invoked if the server has already tried and failed to find a more
specific response handler for the MIME type of the requested object
(either none existed, or they all declined).<P>
The handlers themselves are functions of one argument (a
<CODE>request_rec</CODE> structure. vide infra), which returns an
integer, as above.<P>
<H3><A NAME="moduletour">A brief tour of a module</A></H3>
At this point, we need to explain the structure of a module. Our
candidate will be one of the messier ones, the CGI module --- this
handles both CGI scripts and the <CODE>ScriptAlias</CODE> config file
command. It's actually a great deal more complicated than most
modules, but if we're going to have only one example, it might as well
be the one with its fingers in every place.<P>
Let's begin with handlers. In order to handle the CGI scripts, the
module declares a response handler for them. Because of
<CODE>ScriptAlias</CODE>, it also has handlers for the name
translation phase (to recognize <CODE>ScriptAlias</CODE>ed URIs), the
type-checking phase (any <CODE>ScriptAlias</CODE>ed request is typed
as a CGI script).<P>
The module needs to maintain some per (virtual)
server information, namely, the <CODE>ScriptAlias</CODE>es in effect;
the module structure therefore contains pointers to a functions which
builds these structures, and to another which combines two of them (in
case the main server and a virtual server both have
<CODE>ScriptAlias</CODE>es declared).<P>
Finally, this module contains code to handle the
<CODE>ScriptAlias</CODE> command itself. This particular module only
declares one command, but there could be more, so modules have
<EM>command tables</EM> which declare their commands, and describe
where they are permitted, and how they are to be invoked. <P>
A final note on the declared types of the arguments of some of these
commands: a <CODE>pool</CODE> is a pointer to a <EM>resource pool</EM>
structure; these are used by the server to keep track of the memory
which has been allocated, files opened, <EM>etc.</EM>, either to service a
particular request, or to handle the process of configuring itself.
That way, when the request is over (or, for the configuration pool,
when the server is restarting), the memory can be freed, and the files
closed, <EM>en masse</EM>, without anyone having to write explicit code to
track them all down and dispose of them. Also, a
<CODE>cmd_parms</CODE> structure contains various information about
the config file being read, and other status information, which is
sometimes of use to the function which processes a config-file command
(such as <CODE>ScriptAlias</CODE>).
With no further ado, the module itself:
<PRE>
/* Declarations of handlers. */
int translate_scriptalias (request_rec *);
int type_scriptalias (request_rec *);
int cgi_handler (request_rec *);
/* Subsidiary dispatch table for response-phase handlers, by MIME type */
handler_rec cgi_handlers[] = {
{ "application/x-httpd-cgi", cgi_handler },
{ NULL }
};
/* Declarations of routines to manipulate the module's configuration
* info. Note that these are returned, and passed in, as void *'s;
* the server core keeps track of them, but it doesn't, and can't,
* know their internal structure.
*/
void *make_cgi_server_config (pool *);
void *merge_cgi_server_config (pool *, void *, void *);
/* Declarations of routines to handle config-file commands */
extern char *script_alias(cmd_parms *, void *per_dir_config, char *fake,
char *real);
command_rec cgi_cmds[] = {
{ "ScriptAlias", script_alias, NULL, RSRC_CONF, TAKE2,
"a fakename and a realname"},
{ NULL }
};
module cgi_module = {
STANDARD_MODULE_STUFF,
NULL, /* initializer */
NULL, /* dir config creator */
NULL, /* dir merger --- default is to override */
make_cgi_server_config, /* server config */
merge_cgi_server_config, /* merge server config */
cgi_cmds, /* command table */
cgi_handlers, /* handlers */
translate_scriptalias, /* filename translation */
NULL, /* check_user_id */
NULL, /* check auth */
NULL, /* check access */
type_scriptalias, /* type_checker */
NULL, /* fixups */
NULL, /* logger */
NULL /* header parser */
};
</PRE>
<H2><A NAME="handlers">How handlers work</A></H2>
The sole argument to handlers is a <CODE>request_rec</CODE> structure.
This structure describes a particular request which has been made to
the server, on behalf of a client. In most cases, each connection to
the client generates only one <CODE>request_rec</CODE> structure.<P>
<H3><A NAME="req_tour">A brief tour of the <CODE>request_rec</CODE></A></H3>
The <CODE>request_rec</CODE> contains pointers to a resource pool
which will be cleared when the server is finished handling the
request; to structures containing per-server and per-connection
information, and most importantly, information on the request itself.<P>
The most important such information is a small set of character
strings describing attributes of the object being requested, including
its URI, filename, content-type and content-encoding (these being filled
in by the translation and type-check handlers which handle the
request, respectively). <P>
Other commonly used data items are tables giving the MIME headers on
the client's original request, MIME headers to be sent back with the
response (which modules can add to at will), and environment variables
for any subprocesses which are spawned off in the course of servicing
the request. These tables are manipulated using the
<CODE>ap_table_get</CODE> and <CODE>ap_table_set</CODE> routines. <P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
Note that the <SAMP>Content-type</SAMP> header value <EM>cannot</EM> be
set by module content-handlers using the <SAMP>ap_table_*()</SAMP>
routines. Rather, it is set by pointing the <SAMP>content_type</SAMP>
field in the <SAMP>request_rec</SAMP> structure to an appropriate
string. <EM>E.g.</EM>,
<PRE>
r-&gt;content_type = "text/html";
</PRE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
Finally, there are pointers to two data structures which, in turn,
point to per-module configuration structures. Specifically, these
hold pointers to the data structures which the module has built to
describe the way it has been configured to operate in a given
directory (via <CODE>.htaccess</CODE> files or
<CODE>&lt;Directory&gt;</CODE> sections), for private data it has
built in the course of servicing the request (so modules' handlers for
one phase can pass `notes' to their handlers for other phases). There
is another such configuration vector in the <CODE>server_rec</CODE>
data structure pointed to by the <CODE>request_rec</CODE>, which
contains per (virtual) server configuration data.<P>
Here is an abridged declaration, giving the fields most commonly used:<P>
<PRE>
struct request_rec {
pool *pool;
conn_rec *connection;
server_rec *server;
/* What object is being requested */
char *uri;
char *filename;
char *path_info;
char *args; /* QUERY_ARGS, if any */
struct stat finfo; /* Set by server core;
* st_mode set to zero if no such file */
char *content_type;
char *content_encoding;
/* MIME header environments, in and out. Also, an array containing
* environment variables to be passed to subprocesses, so people can
* write modules to add to that environment.
*
* The difference between headers_out and err_headers_out is that
* the latter are printed even on error, and persist across internal
* redirects (so the headers printed for ErrorDocument handlers will
* have them).
*/
table *headers_in;
table *headers_out;
table *err_headers_out;
table *subprocess_env;
/* Info about the request itself... */
int header_only; /* HEAD request, as opposed to GET */
char *protocol; /* Protocol, as given to us, or HTTP/0.9 */
char *method; /* GET, HEAD, POST, <EM>etc.</EM> */
int method_number; /* M_GET, M_POST, <EM>etc.</EM> */
/* Info for logging */
char *the_request;
int bytes_sent;
/* A flag which modules can set, to indicate that the data being
* returned is volatile, and clients should be told not to cache it.
*/
int no_cache;
/* Various other config info which may change with .htaccess files
* These are config vectors, with one void* pointer for each module
* (the thing pointed to being the module's business).
*/
void *per_dir_config; /* Options set in config files, <EM>etc.</EM> */
void *request_config; /* Notes on *this* request */
};
</PRE>
<H3><A NAME="req_orig">Where request_rec structures come from</A></H3>
Most <CODE>request_rec</CODE> structures are built by reading an HTTP
request from a client, and filling in the fields. However, there are
a few exceptions:
<UL>
<LI> If the request is to an imagemap, a type map (<EM>i.e.</EM>, a
<CODE>*.var</CODE> file), or a CGI script which returned a
local `Location:', then the resource which the user requested
is going to be ultimately located by some URI other than what
the client originally supplied. In this case, the server does
an <EM>internal redirect</EM>, constructing a new
<CODE>request_rec</CODE> for the new URI, and processing it
almost exactly as if the client had requested the new URI
directly. <P>
<LI> If some handler signaled an error, and an
<CODE>ErrorDocument</CODE> is in scope, the same internal
redirect machinery comes into play.<P>
<LI> Finally, a handler occasionally needs to investigate `what
would happen if' some other request were run. For instance,
the directory indexing module needs to know what MIME type
would be assigned to a request for each directory entry, in
order to figure out what icon to use.<P>
Such handlers can construct a <EM>sub-request</EM>, using the
functions <CODE>ap_sub_req_lookup_file</CODE>,
<CODE>ap_sub_req_lookup_uri</CODE>, and
<CODE>ap_sub_req_method_uri</CODE>; these construct a new
<CODE>request_rec</CODE> structure and processes it as you
would expect, up to but not including the point of actually
sending a response. (These functions skip over the access
checks if the sub-request is for a file in the same directory
as the original request).<P>
(Server-side includes work by building sub-requests and then
actually invoking the response handler for them, via the
function <CODE>ap_run_sub_req</CODE>).
</UL>
<H3><A NAME="req_return">Handling requests, declining, and returning error
codes</A></H3>
As discussed above, each handler, when invoked to handle a particular
<CODE>request_rec</CODE>, has to return an <CODE>int</CODE> to
indicate what happened. That can either be
<UL>
<LI> OK --- the request was handled successfully. This may or may
not terminate the phase.
<LI> DECLINED --- no erroneous condition exists, but the module
declines to handle the phase; the server tries to find another.
<LI> an HTTP error code, which aborts handling of the request.
</UL>
Note that if the error code returned is <CODE>REDIRECT</CODE>, then
the module should put a <CODE>Location</CODE> in the request's
<CODE>headers_out</CODE>, to indicate where the client should be
redirected <EM>to</EM>. <P>
<H3><A NAME="resp_handlers">Special considerations for response
handlers</A></H3>
Handlers for most phases do their work by simply setting a few fields
in the <CODE>request_rec</CODE> structure (or, in the case of access
checkers, simply by returning the correct error code). However,
response handlers have to actually send a request back to the client. <P>
They should begin by sending an HTTP response header, using the
function <CODE>ap_send_http_header</CODE>. (You don't have to do
anything special to skip sending the header for HTTP/0.9 requests; the
function figures out on its own that it shouldn't do anything). If
the request is marked <CODE>header_only</CODE>, that's all they should
do; they should return after that, without attempting any further
output. <P>
Otherwise, they should produce a request body which responds to the
client as appropriate. The primitives for this are <CODE>ap_rputc</CODE>
and <CODE>ap_rprintf</CODE>, for internally generated output, and
<CODE>ap_send_fd</CODE>, to copy the contents of some <CODE>FILE *</CODE>
straight to the client. <P>
At this point, you should more or less understand the following piece
of code, which is the handler which handles <CODE>GET</CODE> requests
which have no more specific handler; it also shows how conditional
<CODE>GET</CODE>s can be handled, if it's desirable to do so in a
particular response handler --- <CODE>ap_set_last_modified</CODE> checks
against the <CODE>If-modified-since</CODE> value supplied by the
client, if any, and returns an appropriate code (which will, if
nonzero, be USE_LOCAL_COPY). No similar considerations apply for
<CODE>ap_set_content_length</CODE>, but it returns an error code for
symmetry.<P>
<PRE>
int default_handler (request_rec *r)
{
int errstatus;
FILE *f;
if (r-&gt;method_number != M_GET) return DECLINED;
if (r-&gt;finfo.st_mode == 0) return NOT_FOUND;
if ((errstatus = ap_set_content_length (r, r-&gt;finfo.st_size))
|| (errstatus = ap_set_last_modified (r, r-&gt;finfo.st_mtime)))
return errstatus;
f = fopen (r-&gt;filename, "r");
if (f == NULL) {
log_reason("file permissions deny server access",
r-&gt;filename, r);
return FORBIDDEN;
}
register_timeout ("send", r);
ap_send_http_header (r);
if (!r-&gt;header_only) send_fd (f, r);
ap_pfclose (r-&gt;pool, f);
return OK;
}
</PRE>
Finally, if all of this is too much of a challenge, there are a few
ways out of it. First off, as shown above, a response handler which
has not yet produced any output can simply return an error code, in
which case the server will automatically produce an error response.
Secondly, it can punt to some other handler by invoking
<CODE>ap_internal_redirect</CODE>, which is how the internal redirection
machinery discussed above is invoked. A response handler which has
internally redirected should always return <CODE>OK</CODE>. <P>
(Invoking <CODE>ap_internal_redirect</CODE> from handlers which are
<EM>not</EM> response handlers will lead to serious confusion).
<H3><A NAME="auth_handlers">Special considerations for authentication
handlers</A></H3>
Stuff that should be discussed here in detail:
<UL>
<LI> Authentication-phase handlers not invoked unless auth is
configured for the directory.
<LI> Common auth configuration stored in the core per-dir
configuration; it has accessors <CODE>ap_auth_type</CODE>,
<CODE>ap_auth_name</CODE>, and <CODE>ap_requires</CODE>.
<LI> Common routines, to handle the protocol end of things, at least
for HTTP basic authentication (<CODE>ap_get_basic_auth_pw</CODE>,
which sets the <CODE>connection-&gt;user</CODE> structure field
automatically, and <CODE>ap_note_basic_auth_failure</CODE>, which
arranges for the proper <CODE>WWW-Authenticate:</CODE> header
to be sent back).
</UL>
<H3><A NAME="log_handlers">Special considerations for logging handlers</A></H3>
When a request has internally redirected, there is the question of
what to log. Apache handles this by bundling the entire chain of
redirects into a list of <CODE>request_rec</CODE> structures which are
threaded through the <CODE>r-&gt;prev</CODE> and <CODE>r-&gt;next</CODE>
pointers. The <CODE>request_rec</CODE> which is passed to the logging
handlers in such cases is the one which was originally built for the
initial request from the client; note that the bytes_sent field will
only be correct in the last request in the chain (the one for which a
response was actually sent).
<H2><A NAME="pools">Resource allocation and resource pools</A></H2>
<P>
One of the problems of writing and designing a server-pool server is
that of preventing leakage, that is, allocating resources (memory,
open files, <EM>etc.</EM>), without subsequently releasing them. The resource
pool machinery is designed to make it easy to prevent this from
happening, by allowing resource to be allocated in such a way that
they are <EM>automatically</EM> released when the server is done with
them.
</P>
<P>
The way this works is as follows: the memory which is allocated, file
opened, <EM>etc.</EM>, to deal with a particular request are tied to a
<EM>resource pool</EM> which is allocated for the request. The pool
is a data structure which itself tracks the resources in question.
</P>
<P>
When the request has been processed, the pool is <EM>cleared</EM>. At
that point, all the memory associated with it is released for reuse,
all files associated with it are closed, and any other clean-up
functions which are associated with the pool are run. When this is
over, we can be confident that all the resource tied to the pool have
been released, and that none of them have leaked.
</P>
<P>
Server restarts, and allocation of memory and resources for per-server
configuration, are handled in a similar way. There is a
<EM>configuration pool</EM>, which keeps track of resources which were
allocated while reading the server configuration files, and handling
the commands therein (for instance, the memory that was allocated for
per-server module configuration, log files and other files that were
opened, and so forth). When the server restarts, and has to reread
the configuration files, the configuration pool is cleared, and so the
memory and file descriptors which were taken up by reading them the
last time are made available for reuse.
</P>
<P>
It should be noted that use of the pool machinery isn't generally
obligatory, except for situations like logging handlers, where you
really need to register cleanups to make sure that the log file gets
closed when the server restarts (this is most easily done by using the
function <CODE><A HREF="#pool-files">ap_pfopen</A></CODE>, which also
arranges for the underlying file descriptor to be closed before any
child processes, such as for CGI scripts, are <CODE>exec</CODE>ed), or
in case you are using the timeout machinery (which isn't yet even
documented here). However, there are two benefits to using it:
resources allocated to a pool never leak (even if you allocate a
scratch string, and just forget about it); also, for memory
allocation, <CODE>ap_palloc</CODE> is generally faster than
<CODE>malloc</CODE>.
</P>
<P>
We begin here by describing how memory is allocated to pools, and then
discuss how other resources are tracked by the resource pool
machinery.
</P>
<H3>Allocation of memory in pools</H3>
<P>
Memory is allocated to pools by calling the function
<CODE>ap_palloc</CODE>, which takes two arguments, one being a pointer to
a resource pool structure, and the other being the amount of memory to
allocate (in <CODE>char</CODE>s). Within handlers for handling
requests, the most common way of getting a resource pool structure is
by looking at the <CODE>pool</CODE> slot of the relevant
<CODE>request_rec</CODE>; hence the repeated appearance of the
following idiom in module code:
</P>
<PRE>
int my_handler(request_rec *r)
{
struct my_structure *foo;
...
foo = (foo *)ap_palloc (r-&gt;pool, sizeof(my_structure));
}
</PRE>
<P>
Note that <EM>there is no <CODE>ap_pfree</CODE></EM> ---
<CODE>ap_palloc</CODE>ed memory is freed only when the associated
resource pool is cleared. This means that <CODE>ap_palloc</CODE> does not
have to do as much accounting as <CODE>malloc()</CODE>; all it does in
the typical case is to round up the size, bump a pointer, and do a
range check.
</P>
<P>
(It also raises the possibility that heavy use of <CODE>ap_palloc</CODE>
could cause a server process to grow excessively large. There are
two ways to deal with this, which are dealt with below; briefly, you
can use <CODE>malloc</CODE>, and try to be sure that all of the memory
gets explicitly <CODE>free</CODE>d, or you can allocate a sub-pool of
the main pool, allocate your memory in the sub-pool, and clear it out
periodically. The latter technique is discussed in the section on
sub-pools below, and is used in the directory-indexing code, in order
to avoid excessive storage allocation when listing directories with
thousands of files).
</P>
<H3>Allocating initialized memory</H3>
<P>
There are functions which allocate initialized memory, and are
frequently useful. The function <CODE>ap_pcalloc</CODE> has the same
interface as <CODE>ap_palloc</CODE>, but clears out the memory it
allocates before it returns it. The function <CODE>ap_pstrdup</CODE>
takes a resource pool and a <CODE>char *</CODE> as arguments, and
allocates memory for a copy of the string the pointer points to,
returning a pointer to the copy. Finally <CODE>ap_pstrcat</CODE> is a
varargs-style function, which takes a pointer to a resource pool, and
at least two <CODE>char *</CODE> arguments, the last of which must be
<CODE>NULL</CODE>. It allocates enough memory to fit copies of each
of the strings, as a unit; for instance:
</P>
<PRE>
ap_pstrcat (r-&gt;pool, "foo", "/", "bar", NULL);
</PRE>
<P>
returns a pointer to 8 bytes worth of memory, initialized to
<CODE>"foo/bar"</CODE>.
</P>
<H3><A NAME="pools-used">Commonly-used pools in the Apache Web server</A></H3>
<P>
A pool is really defined by its lifetime more than anything else. There
are some static pools in http_main which are passed to various
non-http_main functions as arguments at opportune times. Here they are:
</P>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT>permanent_pool
</DT>
<DD>
<UL>
<LI>never passed to anything else, this is the ancestor of all pools
</LI>
</UL>
</DD>
<DT>pconf
</DT>
<DD>
<UL>
<LI>subpool of permanent_pool
</LI>
<LI>created at the beginning of a config "cycle"; exists until the
server is terminated or restarts; passed to all config-time
routines, either via cmd-&gt;pool, or as the "pool *p" argument on
those which don't take pools
</LI>
<LI>passed to the module init() functions
</LI>
</UL>
</DD>
<DT>ptemp
</DT>
<DD>
<UL>
<LI>sorry I lie, this pool isn't called this currently in 1.3, I
renamed it this in my pthreads development. I'm referring to
the use of ptrans in the parent... contrast this with the later
definition of ptrans in the child.
</LI>
<LI>subpool of permanent_pool
</LI>
<LI>created at the beginning of a config "cycle"; exists until the
end of config parsing; passed to config-time routines <EM>via</EM>
cmd-&gt;temp_pool. Somewhat of a "bastard child" because it isn't
available everywhere. Used for temporary scratch space which
may be needed by some config routines but which is deleted at
the end of config.
</LI>
</UL>
</DD>
<DT>pchild
</DT>
<DD>
<UL>
<LI>subpool of permanent_pool
</LI>
<LI>created when a child is spawned (or a thread is created); lives
until that child (thread) is destroyed
</LI>
<LI>passed to the module child_init functions
</LI>
<LI>destruction happens right after the child_exit functions are
called... (which may explain why I think child_exit is redundant
and unneeded)
</LI>
</UL>
</DD>
<DT>ptrans
<DT>
<DD>
<UL>
<LI>should be a subpool of pchild, but currently is a subpool of
permanent_pool, see above
</LI>
<LI>cleared by the child before going into the accept() loop to receive
a connection
</LI>
<LI>used as connection-&gt;pool
</LI>
</UL>
</DD>
<DT>r-&gt;pool
</DT>
<DD>
<UL>
<LI>for the main request this is a subpool of connection-&gt;pool; for
subrequests it is a subpool of the parent request's pool.
</LI>
<LI>exists until the end of the request (<EM>i.e.</EM>,
ap_destroy_sub_req, or
in child_main after process_request has finished)
</LI>
<LI>note that r itself is allocated from r-&gt;pool; <EM>i.e.</EM>,
r-&gt;pool is
first created and then r is the first thing palloc()d from it
</LI>
</UL>
</DD>
</DL>
<P>
For almost everything folks do, r-&gt;pool is the pool to use. But you
can see how other lifetimes, such as pchild, are useful to some
modules... such as modules that need to open a database connection once
per child, and wish to clean it up when the child dies.
</P>
<P>
You can also see how some bugs have manifested themself, such as setting
connection-&gt;user to a value from r-&gt;pool -- in this case
connection exists
for the lifetime of ptrans, which is longer than r-&gt;pool (especially if
r-&gt;pool is a subrequest!). So the correct thing to do is to allocate
from connection-&gt;pool.
</P>
<P>
And there was another interesting bug in mod_include/mod_cgi. You'll see
in those that they do this test to decide if they should use r-&gt;pool
or r-&gt;main-&gt;pool. In this case the resource that they are registering
for cleanup is a child process. If it were registered in r-&gt;pool,
then the code would wait() for the child when the subrequest finishes.
With mod_include this could be any old #include, and the delay can be up
to 3 seconds... and happened quite frequently. Instead the subprocess
is registered in r-&gt;main-&gt;pool which causes it to be cleaned up when
the entire request is done -- <EM>i.e.</EM>, after the output has been sent to
the client and logging has happened.
</P>
<H3><A NAME="pool-files">Tracking open files, etc.</A></H3>
<P>
As indicated above, resource pools are also used to track other sorts
of resources besides memory. The most common are open files. The
routine which is typically used for this is <CODE>ap_pfopen</CODE>, which
takes a resource pool and two strings as arguments; the strings are
the same as the typical arguments to <CODE>fopen</CODE>, <EM>e.g.</EM>,
</P>
<PRE>
...
FILE *f = ap_pfopen (r-&gt;pool, r-&gt;filename, "r");
if (f == NULL) { ... } else { ... }
</PRE>
<P>
There is also a <CODE>ap_popenf</CODE> routine, which parallels the
lower-level <CODE>open</CODE> system call. Both of these routines
arrange for the file to be closed when the resource pool in question
is cleared.
</P>
<P>
Unlike the case for memory, there <EM>are</EM> functions to close
files allocated with <CODE>ap_pfopen</CODE>, and <CODE>ap_popenf</CODE>,
namely <CODE>ap_pfclose</CODE> and <CODE>ap_pclosef</CODE>. (This is
because, on many systems, the number of files which a single process
can have open is quite limited). It is important to use these
functions to close files allocated with <CODE>ap_pfopen</CODE> and
<CODE>ap_popenf</CODE>, since to do otherwise could cause fatal errors on
systems such as Linux, which react badly if the same
<CODE>FILE*</CODE> is closed more than once.
</P>
<P>
(Using the <CODE>close</CODE> functions is not mandatory, since the
file will eventually be closed regardless, but you should consider it
in cases where your module is opening, or could open, a lot of files).
</P>
<H3>Other sorts of resources --- cleanup functions</H3>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
More text goes here. Describe the the cleanup primitives in terms of
which the file stuff is implemented; also, <CODE>spawn_process</CODE>.
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Pool cleanups live until clear_pool() is called: clear_pool(a) recursively
calls destroy_pool() on all subpools of a; then calls all the cleanups for a;
then releases all the memory for a. destroy_pool(a) calls clear_pool(a)
and then releases the pool structure itself. <EM>i.e.</EM>, clear_pool(a) doesn't
delete a, it just frees up all the resources and you can start using it
again immediately.
</P>
<H3>Fine control --- creating and dealing with sub-pools, with a note
on sub-requests</H3>
On rare occasions, too-free use of <CODE>ap_palloc()</CODE> and the
associated primitives may result in undesirably profligate resource
allocation. You can deal with such a case by creating a
<EM>sub-pool</EM>, allocating within the sub-pool rather than the main
pool, and clearing or destroying the sub-pool, which releases the
resources which were associated with it. (This really <EM>is</EM> a
rare situation; the only case in which it comes up in the standard
module set is in case of listing directories, and then only with
<EM>very</EM> large directories. Unnecessary use of the primitives
discussed here can hair up your code quite a bit, with very little
gain). <P>
The primitive for creating a sub-pool is <CODE>ap_make_sub_pool</CODE>,
which takes another pool (the parent pool) as an argument. When the
main pool is cleared, the sub-pool will be destroyed. The sub-pool
may also be cleared or destroyed at any time, by calling the functions
<CODE>ap_clear_pool</CODE> and <CODE>ap_destroy_pool</CODE>, respectively.
(The difference is that <CODE>ap_clear_pool</CODE> frees resources
associated with the pool, while <CODE>ap_destroy_pool</CODE> also
deallocates the pool itself. In the former case, you can allocate new
resources within the pool, and clear it again, and so forth; in the
latter case, it is simply gone). <P>
One final note --- sub-requests have their own resource pools, which
are sub-pools of the resource pool for the main request. The polite
way to reclaim the resources associated with a sub request which you
have allocated (using the <CODE>ap_sub_req_...</CODE> functions)
is <CODE>ap_destroy_sub_req</CODE>, which frees the resource pool.
Before calling this function, be sure to copy anything that you care
about which might be allocated in the sub-request's resource pool into
someplace a little less volatile (for instance, the filename in its
<CODE>request_rec</CODE> structure). <P>
(Again, under most circumstances, you shouldn't feel obliged to call
this function; only 2K of memory or so are allocated for a typical sub
request, and it will be freed anyway when the main request pool is
cleared. It is only when you are allocating many, many sub-requests
for a single main request that you should seriously consider the
<CODE>ap_destroy_...</CODE> functions).
<H2><A NAME="config">Configuration, commands and the like</A></H2>
One of the design goals for this server was to maintain external
compatibility with the NCSA 1.3 server --- that is, to read the same
configuration files, to process all the directives therein correctly,
and in general to be a drop-in replacement for NCSA. On the other
hand, another design goal was to move as much of the server's
functionality into modules which have as little as possible to do with
the monolithic server core. The only way to reconcile these goals is
to move the handling of most commands from the central server into the
modules. <P>
However, just giving the modules command tables is not enough to
divorce them completely from the server core. The server has to
remember the commands in order to act on them later. That involves
maintaining data which is private to the modules, and which can be
either per-server, or per-directory. Most things are per-directory,
including in particular access control and authorization information,
but also information on how to determine file types from suffixes,
which can be modified by <CODE>AddType</CODE> and
<CODE>DefaultType</CODE> directives, and so forth. In general, the
governing philosophy is that anything which <EM>can</EM> be made
configurable by directory should be; per-server information is
generally used in the standard set of modules for information like
<CODE>Alias</CODE>es and <CODE>Redirect</CODE>s which come into play
before the request is tied to a particular place in the underlying
file system. <P>
Another requirement for emulating the NCSA server is being able to
handle the per-directory configuration files, generally called
<CODE>.htaccess</CODE> files, though even in the NCSA server they can
contain directives which have nothing at all to do with access
control. Accordingly, after URI -&gt; filename translation, but before
performing any other phase, the server walks down the directory
hierarchy of the underlying filesystem, following the translated
pathname, to read any <CODE>.htaccess</CODE> files which might be
present. The information which is read in then has to be
<EM>merged</EM> with the applicable information from the server's own
config files (either from the <CODE>&lt;Directory&gt;</CODE> sections
in <CODE>access.conf</CODE>, or from defaults in
<CODE>srm.conf</CODE>, which actually behaves for most purposes almost
exactly like <CODE>&lt;Directory /&gt;</CODE>).<P>
Finally, after having served a request which involved reading
<CODE>.htaccess</CODE> files, we need to discard the storage allocated
for handling them. That is solved the same way it is solved wherever
else similar problems come up, by tying those structures to the
per-transaction resource pool. <P>
<H3><A NAME="per-dir">Per-directory configuration structures</A></H3>
Let's look out how all of this plays out in <CODE>mod_mime.c</CODE>,
which defines the file typing handler which emulates the NCSA server's
behavior of determining file types from suffixes. What we'll be
looking at, here, is the code which implements the
<CODE>AddType</CODE> and <CODE>AddEncoding</CODE> commands. These
commands can appear in <CODE>.htaccess</CODE> files, so they must be
handled in the module's private per-directory data, which in fact,
consists of two separate <CODE>table</CODE>s for MIME types and
encoding information, and is declared as follows:
<PRE>
typedef struct {
table *forced_types; /* Additional AddTyped stuff */
table *encoding_types; /* Added with AddEncoding... */
} mime_dir_config;
</PRE>
When the server is reading a configuration file, or
<CODE>&lt;Directory&gt;</CODE> section, which includes one of the MIME
module's commands, it needs to create a <CODE>mime_dir_config</CODE>
structure, so those commands have something to act on. It does this
by invoking the function it finds in the module's `create per-dir
config slot', with two arguments: the name of the directory to which
this configuration information applies (or <CODE>NULL</CODE> for
<CODE>srm.conf</CODE>), and a pointer to a resource pool in which the
allocation should happen. <P>
(If we are reading a <CODE>.htaccess</CODE> file, that resource pool
is the per-request resource pool for the request; otherwise it is a
resource pool which is used for configuration data, and cleared on
restarts. Either way, it is important for the structure being created
to vanish when the pool is cleared, by registering a cleanup on the
pool if necessary). <P>
For the MIME module, the per-dir config creation function just
<CODE>ap_palloc</CODE>s the structure above, and a creates a couple of
<CODE>table</CODE>s to fill it. That looks like this:
<PRE>
void *create_mime_dir_config (pool *p, char *dummy)
{
mime_dir_config *new =
(mime_dir_config *) ap_palloc (p, sizeof(mime_dir_config));
new-&gt;forced_types = ap_make_table (p, 4);
new-&gt;encoding_types = ap_make_table (p, 4);
return new;
}
</PRE>
Now, suppose we've just read in a <CODE>.htaccess</CODE> file. We
already have the per-directory configuration structure for the next
directory up in the hierarchy. If the <CODE>.htaccess</CODE> file we
just read in didn't have any <CODE>AddType</CODE> or
<CODE>AddEncoding</CODE> commands, its per-directory config structure
for the MIME module is still valid, and we can just use it.
Otherwise, we need to merge the two structures somehow. <P>
To do that, the server invokes the module's per-directory config merge
function, if one is present. That function takes three arguments:
the two structures being merged, and a resource pool in which to
allocate the result. For the MIME module, all that needs to be done
is overlay the tables from the new per-directory config structure with
those from the parent:
<PRE>
void *merge_mime_dir_configs (pool *p, void *parent_dirv, void *subdirv)
{
mime_dir_config *parent_dir = (mime_dir_config *)parent_dirv;
mime_dir_config *subdir = (mime_dir_config *)subdirv;
mime_dir_config *new =
(mime_dir_config *)ap_palloc (p, sizeof(mime_dir_config));
new-&gt;forced_types = ap_overlay_tables (p, subdir-&gt;forced_types,
parent_dir-&gt;forced_types);
new-&gt;encoding_types = ap_overlay_tables (p, subdir-&gt;encoding_types,
parent_dir-&gt;encoding_types);
return new;
}
</PRE>
As a note --- if there is no per-directory merge function present, the
server will just use the subdirectory's configuration info, and ignore
the parent's. For some modules, that works just fine (<EM>e.g.</EM>, for the
includes module, whose per-directory configuration information
consists solely of the state of the <CODE>XBITHACK</CODE>), and for
those modules, you can just not declare one, and leave the
corresponding structure slot in the module itself <CODE>NULL</CODE>.<P>
<H3><A NAME="commands">Command handling</A></H3>
Now that we have these structures, we need to be able to figure out
how to fill them. That involves processing the actual
<CODE>AddType</CODE> and <CODE>AddEncoding</CODE> commands. To find
commands, the server looks in the module's <CODE>command table</CODE>.
That table contains information on how many arguments the commands
take, and in what formats, where it is permitted, and so forth. That
information is sufficient to allow the server to invoke most
command-handling functions with pre-parsed arguments. Without further
ado, let's look at the <CODE>AddType</CODE> command handler, which
looks like this (the <CODE>AddEncoding</CODE> command looks basically
the same, and won't be shown here):
<PRE>
char *add_type(cmd_parms *cmd, mime_dir_config *m, char *ct, char *ext)
{
if (*ext == '.') ++ext;
ap_table_set (m-&gt;forced_types, ext, ct);
return NULL;
}
</PRE>
This command handler is unusually simple. As you can see, it takes
four arguments, two of which are pre-parsed arguments, the third being
the per-directory configuration structure for the module in question,
and the fourth being a pointer to a <CODE>cmd_parms</CODE> structure.
That structure contains a bunch of arguments which are frequently of
use to some, but not all, commands, including a resource pool (from
which memory can be allocated, and to which cleanups should be tied),
and the (virtual) server being configured, from which the module's
per-server configuration data can be obtained if required.<P>
Another way in which this particular command handler is unusually
simple is that there are no error conditions which it can encounter.
If there were, it could return an error message instead of
<CODE>NULL</CODE>; this causes an error to be printed out on the
server's <CODE>stderr</CODE>, followed by a quick exit, if it is in
the main config files; for a <CODE>.htaccess</CODE> file, the syntax
error is logged in the server error log (along with an indication of
where it came from), and the request is bounced with a server error
response (HTTP error status, code 500). <P>
The MIME module's command table has entries for these commands, which
look like this:
<PRE>
command_rec mime_cmds[] = {
{ "AddType", add_type, NULL, OR_FILEINFO, TAKE2,
"a mime type followed by a file extension" },
{ "AddEncoding", add_encoding, NULL, OR_FILEINFO, TAKE2,
"an encoding (<EM>e.g.</EM>, gzip), followed by a file extension" },
{ NULL }
};
</PRE>
The entries in these tables are:
<UL>
<LI> The name of the command
<LI> The function which handles it
<LI> a <CODE>(void *)</CODE> pointer, which is passed in the
<CODE>cmd_parms</CODE> structure to the command handler ---
this is useful in case many similar commands are handled by the
same function.
<LI> A bit mask indicating where the command may appear. There are
mask bits corresponding to each <CODE>AllowOverride</CODE>
option, and an additional mask bit, <CODE>RSRC_CONF</CODE>,
indicating that the command may appear in the server's own
config files, but <EM>not</EM> in any <CODE>.htaccess</CODE>
file.
<LI> A flag indicating how many arguments the command handler wants
pre-parsed, and how they should be passed in.
<CODE>TAKE2</CODE> indicates two pre-parsed arguments. Other
options are <CODE>TAKE1</CODE>, which indicates one pre-parsed
argument, <CODE>FLAG</CODE>, which indicates that the argument
should be <CODE>On</CODE> or <CODE>Off</CODE>, and is passed in
as a boolean flag, <CODE>RAW_ARGS</CODE>, which causes the
server to give the command the raw, unparsed arguments
(everything but the command name itself). There is also
<CODE>ITERATE</CODE>, which means that the handler looks the
same as <CODE>TAKE1</CODE>, but that if multiple arguments are
present, it should be called multiple times, and finally
<CODE>ITERATE2</CODE>, which indicates that the command handler
looks like a <CODE>TAKE2</CODE>, but if more arguments are
present, then it should be called multiple times, holding the
first argument constant.
<LI> Finally, we have a string which describes the arguments that
should be present. If the arguments in the actual config file
are not as required, this string will be used to help give a
more specific error message. (You can safely leave this
<CODE>NULL</CODE>).
</UL>
Finally, having set this all up, we have to use it. This is
ultimately done in the module's handlers, specifically for its
file-typing handler, which looks more or less like this; note that the
per-directory configuration structure is extracted from the
<CODE>request_rec</CODE>'s per-directory configuration vector by using
the <CODE>ap_get_module_config</CODE> function.
<PRE>
int find_ct(request_rec *r)
{
int i;
char *fn = ap_pstrdup (r-&gt;pool, r-&gt;filename);
mime_dir_config *conf = (mime_dir_config *)
ap_get_module_config(r-&gt;per_dir_config, &amp;mime_module);
char *type;
if (S_ISDIR(r-&gt;finfo.st_mode)) {
r-&gt;content_type = DIR_MAGIC_TYPE;
return OK;
}
if((i=ap_rind(fn,'.')) &lt; 0) return DECLINED;
++i;
if ((type = ap_table_get (conf-&gt;encoding_types, &amp;fn[i])))
{
r-&gt;content_encoding = type;
/* go back to previous extension to try to use it as a type */
fn[i-1] = '\0';
if((i=ap_rind(fn,'.')) &lt; 0) return OK;
++i;
}
if ((type = ap_table_get (conf-&gt;forced_types, &amp;fn[i])))
{
r-&gt;content_type = type;
}
return OK;
}
</PRE>
<H3><A NAME="servconf">Side notes --- per-server configuration, virtual
servers, <EM>etc</EM>.</A></H3>
The basic ideas behind per-server module configuration are basically
the same as those for per-directory configuration; there is a creation
function and a merge function, the latter being invoked where a
virtual server has partially overridden the base server configuration,
and a combined structure must be computed. (As with per-directory
configuration, the default if no merge function is specified, and a
module is configured in some virtual server, is that the base
configuration is simply ignored). <P>
The only substantial difference is that when a command needs to
configure the per-server private module data, it needs to go to the
<CODE>cmd_parms</CODE> data to get at it. Here's an example, from the
alias module, which also indicates how a syntax error can be returned
(note that the per-directory configuration argument to the command
handler is declared as a dummy, since the module doesn't actually have
per-directory config data):
<PRE>
char *add_redirect(cmd_parms *cmd, void *dummy, char *f, char *url)
{
server_rec *s = cmd-&gt;server;
alias_server_conf *conf = (alias_server_conf *)
ap_get_module_config(s-&gt;module_config,&amp;alias_module);
alias_entry *new = ap_push_array (conf-&gt;redirects);
if (!ap_is_url (url)) return "Redirect to non-URL";
new-&gt;fake = f; new-&gt;real = url;
return NULL;
}
</PRE>
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