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<title>Redirecting and Remapping with mod_rewrite - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</title>
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> &gt; <a href="../">Version 2.5</a> &gt; <a href="./">Rewrite</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Redirecting and Remapping with mod_rewrite</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/remapping.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a></p>
</div>
<p>This document supplements the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
<a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>. It describes
how you can use <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> to redirect and remap
request. This includes many examples of common uses of mod_rewrite,
including detailed descriptions of how each works.</p>
<div class="warning">Note that many of these examples won't work unchanged in your
particular server configuration, so it's important that you understand
them, rather than merely cutting and pasting the examples into your
configuration.</div>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#old-to-new">From Old to New (internal)</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#old-to-new-extern">Rewriting From Old to New (external)</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#movehomedirs">Resource Moved to Another Server</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#static-to-dynamic">From Static to Dynamic</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#backward-compatibility">Backward Compatibility for file extension change</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#canonicalhost">Canonical Hostnames</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#multipledirs">Search for pages in more than one directory</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#archive-access-multiplexer">Redirecting to Geographically Distributed Servers</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#canonicalurl">Canonical URLs</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#moveddocroot">Moved <code>DocumentRoot</code></a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#fallback-resource">Fallback Resource</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewrite-query">Rewrite query string</a></li>
</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module documentation</a></li><li><a href="intro.html">mod_rewrite introduction</a></li><li><a href="access.html">Controlling access</a></li><li><a href="vhosts.html">Virtual hosts</a></li><li><a href="proxy.html">Proxying</a></li><li><a href="rewritemap.html">Using RewriteMap</a></li><li><a href="advanced.html">Advanced techniques</a></li><li><a href="avoid.html">When not to use mod_rewrite</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="old-to-new" id="old-to-new">From Old to New (internal)</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>Assume we have recently renamed the page
<code>foo.html</code> to <code>bar.html</code> and now want
to provide the old URL for backward compatibility. However,
we want that users of the old URL even not recognize that
the pages was renamed - that is, we don't want the address to
change in their browser.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We rewrite the old URL to the new one internally via the
following rule:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule "^<strong>/foo</strong>\.html$" "<strong>/bar</strong>.html" [PT]</pre>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="old-to-new-extern" id="old-to-new-extern">Rewriting From Old to New (external)</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>Assume again that we have recently renamed the page
<code>foo.html</code> to <code>bar.html</code> and now want
to provide the old URL for backward compatibility. But this
time we want that the users of the old URL get hinted to
the new one, i.e. their browsers Location field should
change, too.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We force a HTTP redirect to the new URL which leads to a
change of the browsers and thus the users view:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule "^<strong>/foo</strong>\.html$" "<strong>bar</strong>.html" [<strong>R</strong>]</pre>
</dd>
<dt>Discussion</dt>
<dd>
<p>In this example, as contrasted to the <a href="#old-to-new-intern">internal</a> example above, we can simply
use the Redirect directive. mod_rewrite was used in that earlier
example in order to hide the redirect from the client:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Redirect "/foo.html" "/bar.html"</pre>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="movehomedirs" id="movehomedirs">Resource Moved to Another Server</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>If a resource has moved to another server, you may wish to have
URLs continue to work for a time on the old server while people
update their bookmarks.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>You can use <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> to redirect these URLs
to the new server, but you might also consider using the Redirect
or RedirectMatch directive.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">#With mod_rewrite
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule "^/docs/(.+)" "http://new.example.com/docs/$1" [R,L]</pre>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">#With RedirectMatch
RedirectMatch "^/docs/(.*)" "http://new.example.com/docs/$1"</pre>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">#With Redirect
Redirect "/docs/" "http://new.example.com/docs/"</pre>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="static-to-dynamic" id="static-to-dynamic">From Static to Dynamic</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>How can we transform a static page
<code>foo.html</code> into a dynamic variant
<code>foo.cgi</code> in a seamless way, i.e. without notice
by the browser/user.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We just rewrite the URL to the CGI-script and force the
handler to be <strong>cgi-script</strong> so that it is
executed as a CGI program.
This way a request to <code>/~quux/foo.html</code>
internally leads to the invocation of
<code>/~quux/foo.cgi</code>.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteEngine on
RewriteBase "/~quux/"
RewriteRule "^foo\.html$" "foo.cgi" [H=<strong>cgi-script</strong>]</pre>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="backward-compatibility" id="backward-compatibility">Backward Compatibility for file extension change</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>How can we make URLs backward compatible (still
existing virtually) after migrating <code>document.YYYY</code>
to <code>document.XXXX</code>, e.g. after translating a
bunch of <code>.html</code> files to <code>.php</code>?</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We rewrite the name to its basename and test for
existence of the new extension. If it exists, we take
that name, else we rewrite the URL to its original state.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"># backward compatibility ruleset for
# rewriting document.html to document.php
# when and only when document.php exists
&lt;Directory "/var/www/htdocs"&gt;
RewriteEngine on
RewriteBase "/var/www/htdocs"
RewriteCond "$1.php" -f
RewriteCond "$1.html" !-f
RewriteRule "^(.*).html$" "$1.php"
&lt;/Directory&gt;</pre>
</dd>
<dt>Discussion</dt>
<dd>
<p>This example uses an often-overlooked feature of mod_rewrite,
by taking advantage of the order of execution of the ruleset. In
particular, mod_rewrite evaluates the left-hand-side of the
RewriteRule before it evaluates the RewriteCond directives.
Consequently, $1 is already defined by the time the RewriteCond
directives are evaluated. This allows us to test for the existence
of the original (<code>document.html</code>) and target
(<code>document.php</code>) files using the same base filename.</p>
<p>This ruleset is designed to use in a per-directory context (In a
&lt;Directory&gt; block or in a .htaccess file), so that the
<code>-f</code> checks are looking at the correct directory path.
You may need to set a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritebase">RewriteBase</a></code> directive to specify the
directory base that you're working in.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="canonicalhost" id="canonicalhost">Canonical Hostnames</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>The goal of this rule is to force the use of a particular
hostname, in preference to other hostnames which may be used to
reach the same site. For example, if you wish to force the use
of <strong>www.example.com</strong> instead of
<strong>example.com</strong>, you might use a variant of the
following recipe.</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>The very best way to solve this doesn't involve mod_rewrite at all,
but rather uses the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#redirect">Redirect</a></code>
directive placed in a virtual host for the non-canonical
hostname(s).</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
ServerName undesired.example.com
ServerAlias example.com notthis.example.com
Redirect "/" "http://www.example.com/"
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;
&lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;
ServerName www.example.com
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</pre>
<p>You can alternatively accomplish this using the
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#if">&lt;If&gt;</a></code>
directive: (<strong>2.4 and later</strong>)</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">&lt;If "%{HTTP_HOST} != 'www.example.com'"&gt;
Redirect "/" "http://www.example.com/"
&lt;/If&gt;</pre>
<p>Or, for example, to redirect a portion of your site to HTTPS, you
might do the following:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">&lt;If "%{SERVER_PROTOCOL} != 'HTTPS'"&gt;
Redirect "/admin/" "https://www.example.com/admin/"
&lt;/If&gt;</pre>
<p>If, for whatever reason, you still want to use <code>mod_rewrite</code>
- if, for example, you need this to work with a larger set of RewriteRules -
you might use one of the recipes below.</p>
<p>For sites running on a port other than 80:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}" "!^www\.example\.com" [NC]
RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}" "!^$"
RewriteCond "%{SERVER_PORT}" "!^80$"
RewriteRule "^/?(.*)" "http://www.example.com:%{SERVER_PORT}/$1" [L,R,NE]</pre>
<p>And for a site running on port 80</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}" "!^www\.example\.com" [NC]
RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}" "!^$"
RewriteRule "^/?(.*)" "http://www.example.com/$1" [L,R,NE]</pre>
<p>
If you wanted to do this generically for all domain names - that
is, if you want to redirect <strong>example.com</strong> to
<strong>www.example.com</strong> for all possible values of
<strong>example.com</strong>, you could use the following
recipe:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}" "!^www\." [NC]
RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}" "!^$"
RewriteRule "^/?(.*)" "http://www.%{HTTP_HOST}/$1" [L,R,NE]</pre>
<p>These rulesets will work either in your main server configuration
file, or in a <code>.htaccess</code> file placed in the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> of the server.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="multipledirs" id="multipledirs">Search for pages in more than one directory</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>A particular resource might exist in one of several places, and
we want to look in those places for the resource when it is
requested. Perhaps we've recently rearranged our directory
structure, dividing content into several locations.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>The following ruleset searches in two directories to find the
resource, and, if not finding it in either place, will attempt to
just serve it out of the location requested.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteEngine on
# first try to find it in dir1/...
# ...and if found stop and be happy:
RewriteCond "%{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir1</strong>/%{REQUEST_URI}" -f
RewriteRule "^(.+)" "%{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir1</strong>/$1" [L]
# second try to find it in dir2/...
# ...and if found stop and be happy:
RewriteCond "%{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir2</strong>/%{REQUEST_URI}" -f
RewriteRule "^(.+)" "%{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir2</strong>/$1" [L]
# else go on for other Alias or ScriptAlias directives,
# etc.
RewriteRule "^" "-" [PT]</pre>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="archive-access-multiplexer" id="archive-access-multiplexer">Redirecting to Geographically Distributed Servers</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We have numerous mirrors of our website, and want to redirect
people to the one that is located in the country where they are
located.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>Looking at the hostname of the requesting client, we determine
which country they are coming from. If we can't do a lookup on their
IP address, we fall back to a default server.</p>
<p>We'll use a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code>
directive to build a list of servers that we wish to use.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">HostnameLookups on
RewriteEngine on
RewriteMap multiplex "txt:/path/to/map.mirrors"
RewriteCond "%{REMOTE_HOST}" "([a-z]+)$" [NC]
RewriteRule "^/(.*)$" "${multiplex:<strong>%1</strong>|http://www.example.com/}$1" [R,L]</pre>
<div class="example"><p><code>
## map.mirrors -- Multiplexing Map<br />
<br />
de http://www.example.de/<br />
uk http://www.example.uk/<br />
com http://www.example.com/<br />
##EOF##
</code></p></div>
</dd>
<dt>Discussion</dt>
<dd>
<div class="warning">This ruleset relies on
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#hostnamelookups">HostNameLookups</a></code>
being set <code>on</code>, which can be
a significant performance hit.</div>
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code>
directive captures the last portion of the hostname of the
requesting client - the country code - and the following RewriteRule
uses that value to look up the appropriate mirror host in the map
file.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="canonicalurl" id="canonicalurl">Canonical URLs</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>On some webservers there is more than one URL for a
resource. Usually there are canonical URLs (which are be
actually used and distributed) and those which are just
shortcuts, internal ones, and so on. Independent of which URL the
user supplied with the request, they should finally see the
canonical one in their browser address bar.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We do an external HTTP redirect for all non-canonical
URLs to fix them in the location view of the Browser and
for all subsequent requests. In the example ruleset below
we replace <code>/puppies</code> and <code>/canines</code>
by the canonical <code>/dogs</code>.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^/(puppies|canines)/(.*)" "/dogs/$2" [R]</pre>
</dd>
<dt>Discussion:</dt>
<dd>
This should really be accomplished with Redirect or RedirectMatch
directives:
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RedirectMatch "^/(puppies|canines)/(.*)" "/dogs/$2"</pre>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="moveddocroot" id="moveddocroot">Moved <code>DocumentRoot</code></a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>
<p>Usually the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>
of the webserver directly relates to the URL "<code>/</code>".
But often this data is not really of top-level priority. For example,
you may wish for visitors, on first entering a site, to go to a
particular subdirectory <code>/about/</code>. This may be accomplished
using the following ruleset:</p>
</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>We redirect the URL <code>/</code> to
<code>/about/</code>:
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule "^/$" "/about/" [<strong>R</strong>]</pre>
<p>Note that this can also be handled using the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code> directive:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RedirectMatch "^/$" "http://example.com/about/"</pre>
<p>Note also that the example rewrites only the root URL. That is, it
rewrites a request for <code>http://example.com/</code>, but not a
request for <code>http://example.com/page.html</code>. If you have in
fact changed your document root - that is, if <strong>all</strong> of
your content is in fact in that subdirectory, it is greatly preferable
to simply change your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>
directive, or move all of the content up one directory,
rather than rewriting URLs.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="fallback-resource" id="fallback-resource">Fallback Resource</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>You want a single resource (say, a certain file, like index.php) to
handle all requests that come to a particular directory, except those
that should go to an existing resource such as an image, or a css file.</dd>
<dt>Solution:</dt>
<dd>
<p>As of version 2.2.16, you should use the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_dir.html#fallbackresource">FallbackResource</a></code> directive for this:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">&lt;Directory "/var/www/my_blog"&gt;
FallbackResource index.php
&lt;/Directory&gt;</pre>
<p>However, in earlier versions of Apache, or if your needs are more
complicated than this, you can use a variation of the following rewrite
set to accomplish the same thing:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">&lt;Directory "/var/www/my_blog"&gt;
RewriteBase "/my_blog"
RewriteCond "/var/www/my_blog/%{REQUEST_FILENAME}" !-f
RewriteCond "/var/www/my_blog/%{REQUEST_FILENAME}" !-d
RewriteRule "^" "index.php" [PT]
&lt;/Directory&gt;</pre>
<p>If, on the other hand, you wish to pass the requested URI as a query
string argument to index.php, you can replace that RewriteRule with:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "(.*)" "index.php?$1" [PT,QSA]</pre>
<p>Note that these rulesets can be used in a <code>.htaccess</code>
file, as well as in a &lt;Directory&gt; block.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="rewrite-query" id="rewrite-query">Rewrite query string</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Description:</dt>
<dd>You want to capture a particular value from a query string
and either replace it or incorporate it into another component
of the URL.</dd>
<dt>Solutions:</dt>
<dd>
<p> Many of the solutions in this section will all use the same condition,
which leaves the matched value in the %2 backreference. %1 is the beginining
of the query string (up to the key of intererest), and %3 is the remainder. This
condition is a bit complex for flexibility and to avoid double '&amp;&amp;' in the
substitutions.</p>
<ul>
<li>This solution removes the matching key and value:
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"># Remove mykey=???
RewriteCond "%{QUERY_STRING}" "(.*(?:^|&amp;))mykey=([^&amp;]*)&amp;?(.*)&amp;?$"
RewriteRule "(.*)" "$1?%1%3"</pre>
</li>
<li>This solution uses the captured value in the URL subsitution,
discarding the rest of the original query by appending a '?':
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"># Copy from query string to PATH_INFO
RewriteCond "%{QUERY_STRING}" "(.*(?:^|&amp;))mykey=([^&amp;]*)&amp;?(.*)&amp;?$"
RewriteRule "(.*)" "$1/products/%2/?" [PT]</pre>
</li>
<li>This solution checks the captured value in a subsequent condition:
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"># Capture the value of mykey in the query string
RewriteCond "%{QUERY_STRING}" "(.*(?:^|&amp;))mykey=([^&amp;]*)&amp;?(.*)&amp;?$"
RewriteCond "%2" !=not-so-secret-value
RewriteRule "(.*)" "-" [F]</pre>
</li>
<li>This solution shows the reverse of the previous ones, copying
path components (perhaps PATH_INFO) from the URL into the query string.
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"># The desired URL might be /products/kitchen-sink, and the script expects
# /path?products=kitchen-sink.
RewriteRule "^/?path/([^/]+)/([^/]+)" "/path?$1=$2" [PT]</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</div></div>
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