docs/manual/mod/core.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE modulesynopsis SYSTEM "../style/modulesynopsis.dtd">
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="../style/manual.en.xsl"?>
<modulesynopsis>

<name>core</name>
<description>Core Apache HTTP Server features that are always
available</description>
<status>Core</status>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>AcceptPathInfo</name>
<description>Resources accept trailing pathname information</description>
<syntax>AcceptPathInfo On|Off|Default</syntax>
<default>AcceptPathInfo Default</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context>
<context>virtual host</context><context>directory</context>
<context>.htaccess</context></contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>
<compatibility>Available in Apache 2.0.30 and later</compatibility>

<usage>

    <p>This directive controls whether requests that contain trailing
    pathname information that follows an actual filename (or
    non-existent file in an existing directory) will be accepted or
    rejected.  The trailing pathname information can be made
    available to scripts in the <code>PATH_INFO</code> environment
    variable.</p>

    <p>For example, assume the location <code>/test/</code> points to
    a directory that contains only the single file
    <code>here.html</code>.  Then requests for
    <code>/test/here.html/more</code> and
    <code>/test/nothere.html/more</code> both collect
    <code>/more</code> as <code>PATH_INFO</code>.</p>

    <p>The three possible arguments for the
    <directive>AcceptPathInfo</directive> directive are:</p>
    <dl>
    <dt><code>Off</code></dt><dd>A request will only be accepted if it
    maps to a literal path that exists.  Therefore a request with
    trailing pathname information after the true filename such as
    <code>/test/here.html/more</code> in the above example will return
    a 404 NOT FOUND error.</dd>

    <dt><code>On</code></dt><dd>A request will be accepted if a
    leading path component maps to a file that exists.  The above
    example <code>/test/here.html/more</code> will be accepted if
    <code>/test/here.html</code> maps to a valid file.</dd>

    <dt><code>Default</code></dt><dd>The treatment of requests with
    trailing pathname information is determined by the <a
    href="../handler.html">handler</a> responsible for the request.
    The core handler for normal files defaults to rejecting
    <code>PATH_INFO</code>. Handlers that serve scripts, such as <a
    href="mod_cgi.html">cgi-script</a> and <a
    href="mod_isapi.html">isapi-isa</a>, generally accept
    <code>PATH_INFO</code> by default.</dd>
    </dl>

    <p>The primary purpose of the <code>AcceptPathInfo</code>
    directive is to allow you to override the handler's choice of
    accepting or rejecting <code>PATH_INFO</code>. This override is required,
    for example, when you use a <a href="../filter.html">filter</a>, such
    as <a href="mod_include.html">INCLUDES</a>, to generate content
    based on <code>PATH_INFO</code>.  The core handler would usually reject
    the request, so you can use the following configuration to enable
    such a script:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Files "mypaths.shtml"&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        Options +Includes<br />
        SetOutputFilter INCLUDES<br />
        AcceptPathInfo On<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Files&gt;
    </example>

</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>AccessFileName</name>
<description>Name of the distributed configuration file</description>
<syntax>AccessFileName <var>filename</var> [<var>filename</var>] ...</syntax>
<default>AccessFileName .htaccess</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>While processing a request the server looks for
    the first existing configuration file from this list of names in
    every directory of the path to the document, if distributed
    configuration files are enabled for that directory. For
    example:</p>

    <example>
      AccessFileName .acl
    </example>

    <p>before returning the document
    <code>/usr/local/web/index.html</code>, the server will read
    <code>/.acl</code>, <code>/usr/.acl</code>,
    <code>/usr/local/.acl</code> and <code>/usr/local/web/.acl</code>
    for directives, unless they have been disabled with</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory /&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        AllowOverride None<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;
    </example>
</usage>
<seealso><directive module="core">AllowOverride</directive></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../howto/htaccess.html">.htaccess Files</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>AddDefaultCharset</name>
<description>Default character set to be added for a
response without an explicit character set</description>
<syntax>AddDefaultCharset On|Off|<var>charset</var></syntax>
<default>AddDefaultCharset Off</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context>
<context>virtual host</context><context>directory</context>
<context>.htaccess</context></contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>

<usage>
    <p>This directive specifies the name of the character set that
    will be added to any response that does not have any parameter on
    the content type in the HTTP headers. This will override any
    character set specified in the body of the document via a
    <code>META</code> tag. A setting of <code>AddDefaultCharset
    Off</code> disables this
    functionality. <code>AddDefaultCharset On</code> enables
    Apache's internal default charset of <code>iso-8859-1</code> as
    required by the directive. You can also specify an alternate
    <var>charset</var> to be used. For example:</p>

    <example>
      AddDefaultCharset utf-8
    </example>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>AddOutputFilterByType</name>
<description>assigns an output filter to a particular MIME-type</description>
<syntax>AddOutputFilterByType <var>filter</var>[;<var>filter</var>...]
<var>MIME-type</var> [<var>MIME-type</var>] ...</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context>
<context>virtual host</context><context>directory</context>
<context>.htaccess</context></contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>
<compatibility>Available in Apache 2.0.33 and later</compatibility>

<usage>
    <p>This directive activates a particular output <a
    href="../filter.html">filter</a> for a request depending on the
    response MIME-type.</p>

    <p>The following example uses the <code>DEFLATE</code> filter, which
    is provided by <module>mod_deflate</module>. It will compress all
    output (either static or dynamic) which is labeled as
    <code>text/html</code> or <code>text/plain</code> before it is sent
    to the client.</p>

    <example>
      AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain
    </example>

    <p>If you want the content to be processed by more than one filter, they
    have to be separated by semicolons. It's also possible to use one
    <directive>AddOutputFilterByType</directive> directive for each of
    them.</p>

    <p>The configuration below causes all script output labeled as
    <code>text/html</code> to be processed at first by the
    <code>INCLUDES</code> filter and then by the <code>DEFLATE</code>
    filter.</p>

    <example>
    &lt;Location /cgi-bin/&gt;<br />
    <indent>
      Options Includes<br />
      AddOutputFilterByType INCLUDES;DEFLATE text/html<br />
    </indent>
    &lt;/Location&gt;
    </example>

    <note type="warning"><title>Note</title>
      <p>Enabling filters with <directive>AddOutputFilterByType</directive>
      may fail partially or completely in some cases. For expample, no
      filters are applied if the content type falls back to the <directive
      module="core">DefaultType</directive>, even if the <directive
      module="core">DefaultType</directive> is the same.</p>

      <p>However, if you want to make sure, that the filters will be
      applied, assign the content type to a resource explicitely, for
      example with <directive module="mod_mime">AddType</directive> or
      <directive module="core">ForceType</directive>. Setting the
      content type within a (non-nph) CGI script is also safe.</p>

      <p>The by-type output filters are never applied on proxy requests.</p>
    </note>
</usage>

<seealso><directive module="mod_mime">AddOutputFilter</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="core">SetOutputFilter</directive></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../filter.html">filters</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>AllowOverride</name>
<description>Types of directives that are allowed in
<code>.htaccess</code> files</description>
<syntax>AllowOverride All|None|<var>directive-type</var>
[<var>directive-type</var>] ...</syntax>
<default>AllowOverride All</default>
<contextlist><context>directory</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>When the server finds an <code>.htaccess</code> file (as
    specified by <directive module="core">AccessFileName</directive>)
    it needs to know which directives declared in that file can override
    earlier access information.</p>

    <note><title>Only available in &lt;Directory&gt; sections</title>
    <directive>AllowOverride</directive> is valid only in
    <directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive>
    sections, not in <directive type="section"
    module="core">Location</directive> or <directive type="section"
    module="core">Files</directive> sections.
    </note>

    <p>When this directive is set to <code>None</code>, then
    <a href="#accessfilename">.htaccess</a> files are completely ignored.
    In this case, the server will not even attempt to read
    <code>.htaccess</code> files in the filesystem.</p>

    <p>When this directive is set to <code>All</code>, then any
    directive which has the .htaccess <a
    href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context</a> is allowed in
    <code>.htaccess</code> files.</p>

    <p>The <var>directive-type</var> can be one of the following
    groupings of directives.</p>

    <dl>
      <dt>AuthConfig</dt>

      <dd>

      Allow use of the authorization directives (<directive
      module="mod_auth_dbm">AuthDBMGroupFile</directive>,
      <directive module="mod_auth_dbm">AuthDBMUserFile</directive>,
      <directive module="mod_auth">AuthGroupFile</directive>,
      <directive module="core">AuthName</directive>,
      <directive module="core">AuthType</directive>, <directive
      module="mod_auth">AuthUserFile</directive>, <directive
      module="core">Require</directive>, <em>etc.</em>).</dd>

      <dt>FileInfo</dt>

      <dd>
      Allow use of the directives controlling document types (<directive
      module="core">DefaultType</directive>, <directive
      module="core">ErrorDocument</directive>, <directive
      module="core">ForceType</directive>, <directive
      module="mod_negotiation">LanguagePriority</directive>,
      <directive module="core">SetHandler</directive>, <directive
      module="core">SetInputFilter</directive>, <directive
      module="core">SetOutputFilter</directive>, and
      <module>mod_mime</module> Add* and Remove*
      directives, <em>etc.</em>).</dd>

      <dt>Indexes</dt>

      <dd>
      Allow use of the directives controlling directory indexing
      (<directive
      module="mod_autoindex">AddDescription</directive>,
      <directive module="mod_autoindex">AddIcon</directive>, <directive
      module="mod_autoindex">AddIconByEncoding</directive>,
      <directive module="mod_autoindex">AddIconByType</directive>,
      <directive module="mod_autoindex">DefaultIcon</directive>, <directive
      module="mod_dir">DirectoryIndex</directive>, <directive
      module="mod_autoindex">FancyIndexing</directive>, <directive
      module="mod_autoindex">HeaderName</directive>, <directive
      module="mod_autoindex">IndexIgnore</directive>, <directive
      module="mod_autoindex">IndexOptions</directive>, <directive
      module="mod_autoindex">ReadmeName</directive>,
      <em>etc.</em>).</dd>

      <dt>Limit</dt>

      <dd>
      Allow use of the directives controlling host access (<directive
      module="mod_access">Allow</directive>, <directive
      module="mod_access">Deny</directive> and <directive
      module="mod_access">Order</directive>).</dd>

      <dt>Options</dt>

      <dd>
      Allow use of the directives controlling specific directory
      features (<directive module="core">Options</directive> and
      <directive module="mod_include">XBitHack</directive>).</dd>
    </dl>

    <p>Example:</p>

    <example>
      AllowOverride AuthConfig Indexes
    </example>
</usage>

<seealso><directive module="core">AccessFileName</directive></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../howto/htaccess.html">.htaccess Files</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>AuthName</name>
<description>Authorization realm for use in HTTP
authentication</description>
<syntax>AuthName <var>auth-domain</var></syntax>
<contextlist><context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>AuthConfig</override>

<usage>
    <p>This directive sets the name of the authorization realm for a
    directory. This realm is given to the client so that the user
    knows which username and password to send.
    <directive>AuthName</directive> takes a single argument; if the
    realm name contains spaces, it must be enclosed in quotation
    marks.  It must be accompanied by <directive
    module="core">AuthType</directive> and <directive
    module="core">Require</directive> directives, and directives such
    as <directive module="mod_auth">AuthUserFile</directive> and
    <directive module="mod_auth">AuthGroupFile</directive> to
    work.</p>

   <p>For example:</p>

   <example>
     AuthName "Top Secret"
   </example>

    <p>The string provided for the <code>AuthName</code> is what will
    appear in the password dialog provided by most browsers.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><a
    href="../howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and
    Access Control</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>AuthType</name>
<description>Type of user authentication</description>
<syntax>AuthType Basic|Digest</syntax>
<contextlist><context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>AuthConfig</override>

<usage>
    <p>This directive selects the type of user authentication for a
    directory. Only <code>Basic</code> and <code>Digest</code> are
    currently implemented.

     It must be accompanied by <directive
     module="core">AuthName</directive> and <directive
     module="core">Require</directive> directives, and directives such
     as <directive module="mod_auth">AuthUserFile</directive> and
     <directive module="mod_auth">AuthGroupFile</directive> to
     work.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><a href="../howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization,
and Access Control</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>CGIMapExtension</name>
<description>Technique for locating the interpreter for CGI
scripts</description>
<syntax>CGIMapExtension <var>cgi-path</var> <var>.extension</var></syntax>
<default>None</default>
<contextlist><context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>
<compatibility>NetWare only</compatibility>

<usage>
    <p>This directive is used to control how Apache finds the
    interpreter used to run CGI scripts. For example, setting
    <code>CGIMapExtension sys:\foo.nlm .foo</code> will
    cause all CGI script files with a <code>.foo</code> extension to
    be passed to the FOO interpreter.</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ContentDigest</name>
<description>Enables the generation of <code>Content-MD5</code> HTTP Response
headers</description>
<syntax>ContentDigest On|Off</syntax>
<default>ContentDigest Off</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>Options</override>
<status>Experimental</status>

<usage>
    <p>This directive enables the generation of
    <code>Content-MD5</code> headers as defined in RFC1864
    respectively RFC2068.</p>

    <p>MD5 is an algorithm for computing a "message digest"
    (sometimes called "fingerprint") of arbitrary-length data, with
    a high degree of confidence that any alterations in the data
    will be reflected in alterations in the message digest.</p>

    <p>The <code>Content-MD5</code> header provides an end-to-end
    message integrity check (MIC) of the entity-body. A proxy or
    client may check this header for detecting accidental
    modification of the entity-body in transit. Example header:</p>

    <example>
      Content-MD5: AuLb7Dp1rqtRtxz2m9kRpA==
    </example>

    <p>Note that this can cause performance problems on your server
    since the message digest is computed on every request (the
    values are not cached).</p>

    <p><code>Content-MD5</code> is only sent for documents served
    by the <module>core</module>, and not by any module. For example,
    SSI documents, output from CGI scripts, and byte range responses
    do not have this header.</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>DefaultType</name>
<description>MIME content-type that will be sent if the
server cannot determine a type in any other way</description>
<syntax>DefaultType <var>MIME-type</var></syntax>
<default>DefaultType text/plain</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>

<usage>
    <p>There will be times when the server is asked to provide a
    document whose type cannot be determined by its MIME types
    mappings.</p>

    <p>The server must inform the client of the content-type of the
    document, so in the event of an unknown type it uses the
    <code>DefaultType</code>. For example:</p>

    <example>
      DefaultType image/gif
    </example>

    <p>would be appropriate for a directory which contained many gif
    images with filenames missing the <code>.gif</code> extension.</p>

    <p>Note that unlike <directive
    module="core">ForceType</directive>, this directive is only
    provides the default mime-type. All other mime-type definitions,
    including filename extensions, that might identify the media type
    will override this default.</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>Directory</name>
<description>Enclose a group of directives that apply only to the
named file-system directory and sub-directories</description>
<syntax>&lt;Directory <var>directory-path</var>&gt;
... &lt;/Directory&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p><directive type="section">Directory</directive> and
    <code>&lt;/Directory&gt;</code> are used to enclose a group of
    directives that will apply only to the named directory and
    sub-directories of that directory. Any directive that is allowed
    in a directory context may be used. <var>Directory-path</var> is
    either the full path to a directory, or a wild-card string using
    Unix shell-style matching. In a wild-card string, <code>?</code> matches
    any single character, and <code>*</code> matches any sequences of
    characters. You may also use <code>[]</code> character ranges. None
    of the wildcards match a `/' character, so <code>&lt;Directory
    /*/public_html&gt;</code> will not match
    <code>/home/user/public_html</code>, but <code>&lt;Directory
    /home/*/public_html&gt;</code> will match. Example:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory /usr/local/httpd/htdocs&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        Options Indexes FollowSymLinks<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;
    </example>

    <note>
      <p>Be careful with the <var>directory-path</var> arguments:
      They have to literally match the filesystem path which Apache uses
      to access the files. Directives applied to a particular
      <code>&lt;Directory&gt;</code> will not apply to files accessed from
      that same directory via a different path, such as via different symbolic
      links.</p>
    </note>

    <p>Extended regular
    expressions can also be used, with the addition of the
    <code>~</code> character. For example:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory ~ "^/www/.*/[0-9]{3}"&gt;
    </example>

    <p>would match directories in <code>/www/</code> that consisted of
    three numbers.</p>

    <p>If multiple (non-regular expression) <directive
    type="section">Directory</directive> sections
    match the directory (or its parents) containing a document,
    then the directives are applied in the order of shortest match
    first, interspersed with the directives from the <a
    href="#accessfilename">.htaccess</a> files. For example,
    with</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory /&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        AllowOverride None<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
      <br />
      &lt;Directory /home/&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        AllowOverride FileInfo<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;
    </example>

    <p>for access to the document <code>/home/web/dir/doc.html</code>
    the steps are:</p>

    <ul>
      <li>Apply directive <code>AllowOverride None</code>
      (disabling <code>.htaccess</code> files).</li>

      <li>Apply directive <code>AllowOverride FileInfo</code> (for
      directory <code>/home/web</code>).</li>

      <li>Apply any <code>FileInfo</code> directives in
      <code>/home/web/.htaccess</code></li>
    </ul>

    <p>Regular expressions are not considered until after all of the
    normal sections have been applied. Then all of the regular
    expressions are tested in the order they appeared in the
    configuration file. For example, with</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory ~ abc$&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        # ... directives here ...<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;
    </example>

    <p>the regular expression section won't be considered until after
    all normal <code>&lt;Directory&gt;</code>s and <code>.htaccess</code>
    files have been applied. Then the regular expression will match on
    <code>/home/abc/public_html/abc</code> and be applied.</p>

   <p><strong>Note that the default Apache access for
    <code>&lt;Directory /&gt;</code> is <code>Allow from All</code>.
    This means that Apache will serve any file mapped from an URL. It is
    recommended that you change this with a block such
    as</strong></p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory /&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        Order Deny,Allow<br />
        Deny from All<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;
    </example>

    <p><strong>and then override this for directories you
    <em>want</em> accessible. See the <a
    href="../misc/security_tips.html">Security Tips</a> page for more
    details.</strong></p>

    <p>The directory sections occur in the <code>httpd.conf</code> file.
    <directive type="section">Directory</directive> directives
    cannot nest, and cannot appear in a <directive module="core"
    type="section">Limit</directive> or <directive module="core"
    type="section">LimitExcept</directive> section.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><a href="../sections.html">How &lt;Directory&gt;,
    &lt;Location&gt; and &lt;Files&gt; sections work</a> for an
    explanation of how these different sections are combined when a
    request is received</seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>DirectoryMatch</name>
<description>Enclose directives that apply to
file-system directories matching a regular expression and their
subdirectories</description>
<syntax>&lt;DirectoryMatch <var>regex</var>&gt;
... &lt;/DirectoryMatch&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p><directive type="section">DirectoryMatch</directive> and
    <code>&lt;/DirectoryMatch&gt;</code> are used to enclose a group
    of directives which will apply only to the named directory and
    sub-directories of that directory, the same as <directive
    module="core" type="section">Directory</directive>. However, it
    takes as an argument a regular expression. For example:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;DirectoryMatch "^/www/.*/[0-9]{3}"&gt;
    </example>

    <p>would match directories in <code>/www/</code> that consisted of three
    numbers.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive> for
a description of how regular expressions are mixed in with normal
<directive type="section">Directory</directive>s</seealso>
<seealso><a
href="../sections.html">How &lt;Directory&gt;, &lt;Location&gt; and
&lt;Files&gt; sections work</a> for an explanation of how these different
sections are combined when a request is received</seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>DocumentRoot</name>
<description>Directory that forms the main document tree visible
from the web</description>
<syntax>DocumentRoot <var>directory-path</var></syntax>
<default>DocumentRoot /usr/local/apache/htdocs</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>This directive sets the directory from which <code>httpd</code>
    will serve files. Unless matched by a directive like <directive
    module="mod_alias">Alias</directive>, the server appends the
    path from the requested URL to the document root to make the
    path to the document. Example:</p>

    <example>
      DocumentRoot /usr/web
    </example>

    <p>then an access to
    <code>http://www.my.host.com/index.html</code> refers to
    <code>/usr/web/index.html</code>.</p>

    <p>The <directive>DocumentRoot</directive> should be specified without
    a trailing slash.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><a href="../urlmapping.html">Mapping URLs to Filesystem
Location</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>EnableMMAP</name>
<description>Use memory-mapping to read files during delivery</description>
<syntax>EnableMMAP On|Off</syntax>
<default>EnableMMAP On</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>

<usage>
    <p>This directive controls whether the <code>httpd</code> may use
    memory-mapping if it needs to read the contents of a file during
    delivery.  By default, when the handling of a request requires
    access to the data within a file -- for example, when delivering a
    server-parsed file using <module>mod_include</module> -- Apache
    memory-maps the file if the OS supports it.</p>

    <p>This memory-mapping sometimes yields a performance improvement.
    But in some environments, it is better to disable the memory-mapping
    to prevent operational problems:</p>

    <ul>
    <li>On some multiprocessor systems, memory-mapping can reduce the
    performance of the <code>httpd</code>.</li>
    <li>With an NFS-mounted <directive module="core">DocumentRoot</directive>,
    the <code>httpd</code> may crash due to a segmentation fault if a file
    is deleted or truncated while the <code>httpd</code> has it
    memory-mapped.</li>
    </ul>

    <p>For server configurations that are vulnerable to these problems,
    you should disable memory-mapping of delivered files by specifying:</p>

    <example>
      EnableMMAP Off
    </example>

    <p>For NFS mounted files, this feature may be disabled explicitly for
    the offending files by specifying:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory "/path-to-nfs-files"&gt;
      <indent>
        EnableMMAP Off
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;
    </example>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>EnableSendfile</name>
<description>Use the kernel sendfile support to deliver files to the client</description>
<syntax>EnableSendfile On|Off</syntax>
<default>EnableSendfile On</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>
<compatibility>Available in version 2.0.44 and later</compatibility>

<usage>
    <p>This directive controls whether <code>httpd</code> may use the sendfile
    support from the kernel to transmit file contents to the client.
    By default, when the handling of a request requires no access
    to the data within a file -- for example, when delivering a
    static file -- Apache uses sendfile to deliver the file contents
    without ever reading the file if the OS supports it.</p>

    <p>This sendfile mechanism avoids seperate read and send operations,
    and buffer allocations. But on some platforms or within some
    filesystems, it is better to disable this feature to avoid
    operational problems:</p>

    <ul>
    <li>Some platforms may have broken sendfile support that the build
    system did not detect, especially if the binaries were built on
    another box and moved to such a machine with broken sendfile
    support.</li>
    <li>With a network-mounted <directive
    module="core">DocumentRoot</directive> (e.g., NFS or SMB),
    the kernel may be unable to serve the network file through
    its own cache.</li>
    </ul>

    <p>For server configurations that are vulnerable to these problems,
    you should disable this feature by specifying:</p>

    <example>
      EnableSendfile Off
    </example>

    <p>For NFS or SMB mounted files, this feature may be disabled explicitly
    for the offending files by specifying:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory "/path-to-nfs-files"&gt;
      <indent>
        EnableSendfile Off
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;
    </example>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ErrorDocument</name>
<description>What the server will return to the client
in case of an error</description>
<syntax>ErrorDocument <var>error-code</var> <var>document</var></syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>
<compatibility>Quoting syntax for text messages is different in Apache
2.0</compatibility>

<usage>
    <p>In the event of a problem or error, Apache can be configured
    to do one of four things,</p>

    <ol>
      <li>output a simple hardcoded error message</li>

      <li>output a customized message</li>

      <li>redirect to a local <var>URL-path</var> to handle the
      problem/error</li>

      <li>redirect to an external <var>URL</var> to handle the
      problem/error</li>
    </ol>

    <p>The first option is the default, while options 2-4 are
    configured using the <directive>ErrorDocument</directive>
    directive, which is followed by the HTTP response code and a URL
    or a message. Apache will sometimes offer additional information
    regarding the problem/error.</p>

    <p>URLs can begin with a slash (/) for local URLs, or be a full
    URL which the client can resolve. Alternatively, a message can
    be provided to be displayed by the browser. Examples:</p>

    <example>
      ErrorDocument 500 http://foo.example.com/cgi-bin/tester<br />
      ErrorDocument 404 /cgi-bin/bad_urls.pl<br />
      ErrorDocument 401 /subscription_info.html<br />
      ErrorDocument 403 "Sorry can't allow you access today"
    </example>

    <p>Note that when you specify an <directive>ErrorDocument</directive>
    that points to a remote URL (ie. anything with a method such as
    <code>http</code> in front of it), Apache will send a redirect to the
    client to tell it where to find the document, even if the
    document ends up being on the same server. This has several
    implications, the most important being that the client will not
    receive the original error status code, but instead will
    receive a redirect status code. This in turn can confuse web
    robots and other clients which try to determine if a URL is
    valid using the status code. In addition, if you use a remote
    URL in an <code>ErrorDocument 401</code>, the client will not
    know to prompt the user for a password since it will not
    receive the 401 status code. Therefore, <strong>if you use an
    <code>ErrorDocument 401</code> directive then it must refer to a local
    document.</strong></p>

    <p>Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE) will by default ignore
    server-generated error messages when they are "too small" and substitute
    its own "friendly" error messages. The size threshold varies depending on
    the type of error, but in general, if you make your error document
    greater than 512 bytes, then MSIE will show the server-generated
    error rather than masking it.  More information is available in
    Microsoft Knowledgebase article <a
    href="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q294807"
    >Q294807</a>.</p>

    <p>Prior to version 2.0, messages were indicated by prefixing
    them with a single unmatched double quote character.</p>
</usage>

<seealso><a href="../custom-error.html">documentation of
    customizable responses</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ErrorLog</name>
<description>Location where the server will log errors</description>
<syntax> ErrorLog <var>file-path</var>|syslog[:<var>facility</var>]</syntax>
<default>ErrorLog logs/error_log (Unix)<br />
ErrorLog logs/error.log (Windows and OS/2)</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>ErrorLog</directive> directive sets the name of
    the file to which the server will log any errors it encounters. If
    the <var>file-path</var> is not absolute (in general: does not begin
    with a slash (/)) then it is assumed to be relative to the <directive
    module="core">ServerRoot</directive>.</p>

    <example><title>Example</title>
    ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/error_log
    </example>

    <p>If the <var>file-path</var>
    begins with a pipe (|) then it is assumed to be a command to spawn
    to handle the error log.</p>

    <example><title>Example</title>
    ErrorLog "|/usr/local/bin/httpd_errors"
    </example>

    <p>Using <code>syslog</code> instead of a filename enables logging
    via syslogd(8) if the system supports it. The default is to use
    syslog facility <code>local7</code>, but you can override this by
    using the <code>syslog:<var>facility</var></code> syntax where
    <var>facility</var> can be one of the names usually documented in
    syslog(1).</p>

    <example><title>Example</title>
    ErrorLog syslog:user
    </example>

    <p>SECURITY: See the <a
    href="../misc/security_tips.html#serverroot">security tips</a>
    document for details on why your security could be compromised
    if the directory where logfiles are stored is writable by
    anyone other than the user that starts the server.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><directive module="core">LogLevel</directive></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../logs.html">Apache Log Files</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>FileETag</name>
<description>File attributes used to create the ETag
HTTP response header</description>
<syntax>FileETag <var>component</var> ...</syntax>
<default>FileETag INode MTime Size</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>

<usage>
    <p>
    The <directive>FileETag</directive> directive configures the file
    attributes that are used to create the <code>ETag</code> (entity
    tag) response header field when the document is based on a file.
    (The <code>ETag</code> value is used in cache management to save
    network bandwidth.) In Apache 1.3.22 and earlier, the
    <code>ETag</code> value was <em>always</em> formed
    from the file's inode, size, and last-modified time (mtime). The
    <directive>FileETag</directive> directive allows you to choose
    which of these -- if any -- should be used. The recognized keywords are:
    </p>

    <dl>
     <dt><strong>INode</strong></dt>
     <dd>The file's i-node number will be included in the calculation</dd>
     <dt><strong>MTime</strong></dt>
     <dd>The date and time the file was last modified will be included</dd>
     <dt><strong>Size</strong></dt>
     <dd>The number of bytes in the file will be included</dd>
     <dt><strong>All</strong></dt>
     <dd>All available fields will be used. This is equivalent to:
         <example>FileETag INode MTime Size</example></dd>
     <dt><strong>None</strong></dt>
     <dd>If a document is file-based, no <code>ETag</code> field will be
       included in the response</dd>
    </dl>

    <p>The <code>INode</code>, <code>MTime</code>, and <code>Size</code>
    keywords may be prefixed with either <code>+</code> or <code>-</code>,
    which allow changes to be made to the default setting inherited
    from a broader scope. Any keyword appearing without such a prefix
    immediately and completely cancels the inherited setting.</p>

    <p>If a directory's configuration includes
    <code>FileETag&nbsp;INode&nbsp;MTime&nbsp;Size</code>, and a
    subdirectory's includes <code>FileETag&nbsp;-INode</code>,
    the setting for that subdirectory (which will be inherited by
    any sub-subdirectories that don't override it) will be equivalent to
    <code>FileETag&nbsp;MTime&nbsp;Size</code>.</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>Files</name>
<description>Contains directives that apply to matched
filenames</description>
<syntax>&lt;Files <var>filename</var>&gt; ... &lt;/Files&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive type="section">Files</directive> directive
    provides for access control by filename. It is comparable to the
    <directive module="core" type="section">Directory</directive>
    directive and <directive module="core"
    type="section">Location</directive> directives. It should be
    matched with a <directive type="section">Files</directive> directive. The
    directives given within this section will be applied to any object
    with a basename (last component of filename) matching the
    specified filename. <directive type="section">Files</directive>
    sections are processed in the order they appear in the
    configuration file, after the <directive module="core"
    type="section">Directory</directive> sections and
    <code>.htaccess</code> files are read, but before <directive
    type="section" module="core">Location</directive> sections. Note
    that <directive type="section">Files</directive> can be nested
    inside <directive type="section"
    module="core">Directory</directive> sections to restrict the
    portion of the filesystem they apply to.</p>

    <p>The <var>filename</var> argument should include a filename, or
    a wild-card string, where <code>?</code> matches any single character,
    and <code>*</code> matches any sequences of characters. Extended regular
    expressions can also be used, with the addition of the
    <code>~</code> character. For example:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Files ~ "\.(gif|jpe?g|png)$"&gt;
    </example>

    <p>would match most common Internet graphics formats. <directive
    module="core" type="section">FilesMatch</directive> is preferred,
    however.</p>

    <p>Note that unlike <directive type="section"
    module="core">Directory</directive> and <directive type="section"
    module="core">Location</directive> sections, <directive
    type="section">Files</directive> sections can be used inside
    <code>.htaccess</code> files. This allows users to control access to
    their own files, at a file-by-file level.</p>

</usage>
<seealso><a href="../sections.html">How &lt;Directory&gt;, &lt;Location&gt;
    and &lt;Files&gt; sections work</a> for an explanation of how these
    different sections are combined when a request is received</seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>FilesMatch</name>
<description>Contains directives that apply to regular-expression matched
filenames</description>
<syntax>&lt;FilesMatch <var>regex</var>&gt; ... &lt;/FilesMatch&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive type="section">FilesMatch</directive> directive
    provides for access control by filename, just as the <directive
    module="core" type="section">Files</directive> directive
    does. However, it accepts a regular expression. For example:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;FilesMatch "\.(gif|jpe?g|png)$"&gt;
    </example>

    <p>would match most common Internet graphics formats.</p>
</usage>

<seealso><a href="../sections.html">How &lt;Directory&gt;, &lt;Location&gt;
    and &lt;Files&gt; sections work</a> for an explanation of how these
    different sections are combined when a request is received</seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ForceType</name>
<description>Forces all matching files to be served with the specified
MIME content-type</description>
<syntax>ForceType <var>MIME-type</var>|none</syntax>
<contextlist><context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>
<compatibility>Moved to the core in Apache 2.0</compatibility>

<usage>
    <p>When placed into an <code>.htaccess</code> file or a
    <directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive>, or
    <directive type="section" module="core">Location</directive> or
    <directive type="section" module="core">Files</directive>
    section, this directive forces all matching files to be served
    with the content type identification given by
    <var>MIME-type</var>. For example, if you had a directory full of
    GIF files, but did not want to label them all with <code>.gif</code>,
    you might want to use:</p>

    <example>
      ForceType image/gif
    </example>

    <p>Note that unlike <directive module="core">DefaultType</directive>,
    this directive overrides all mime-type associations, including
    filename extensions, that might identify the media type.</p>

    <p>You can override any <directive>ForceType</directive> setting
    by using the value of <code>none</code>:</p>

    <example>
      # force all files to be image/gif:<br />
      &lt;Location /images&gt;<br />
        <indent>
          ForceType image/gif<br />
        </indent>
      &lt;/Location&gt;<br />
      <br />
      # but normal mime-type associations here:<br />
      &lt;Location /images/mixed&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        ForceType none<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Location&gt;
    </example>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>HostnameLookups</name>
<description>Enables DNS lookups on client IP addresses</description>
<syntax>HostnameLookups On|Off|Double</syntax>
<default>HostnameLookups Off</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>This directive enables DNS lookups so that host names can be
    logged (and passed to CGIs/SSIs in <code>REMOTE_HOST</code>).
    The value <code>Double</code> refers to doing double-reverse
    DNS lookup. That is, after a reverse lookup is performed, a forward
    lookup is then performed on that result. At least one of the ip
    addresses in the forward lookup must match the original
    address. (In "tcpwrappers" terminology this is called
    <code>PARANOID</code>.)</p>

    <p>Regardless of the setting, when <module>mod_access</module> is
    used for controlling access by hostname, a double reverse lookup
    will be performed.  This is necessary for security. Note that the
    result of this double-reverse isn't generally available unless you
    set <code>HostnameLookups Double</code>. For example, if only
    <code>HostnameLookups On</code> and a request is made to an object
    that is protected by hostname restrictions, regardless of whether
    the double-reverse fails or not, CGIs will still be passed the
    single-reverse result in <code>REMOTE_HOST</code>.</p>

    <p>The default is <code>Off</code> in order to save the network
    traffic for those sites that don't truly need the reverse
    lookups done. It is also better for the end users because they
    don't have to suffer the extra latency that a lookup entails.
    Heavily loaded sites should leave this directive
    <code>Off</code>, since DNS lookups can take considerable
    amounts of time. The utility <a
    href="../programs/logresolve.html">logresolve</a>, compiled by default
    to the <code>bin</code> subdirectory of your installation directory, can
    be used to look up host names from logged IP addresses offline.</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>IdentityCheck</name>
<description>Enables logging of the RFC1413 identity of the remote
user</description>
<syntax>IdentityCheck On|Off</syntax>
<default>IdentityCheck Off</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context></contextlist>
<usage>
    <p>This directive enables RFC1413-compliant logging of the
    remote user name for each connection, where the client machine
    runs identd or something similar. This information is logged in
    the access log.</p>

    <p>The information should not be trusted in any way except for
    rudimentary usage tracking.</p>

    <p>Note that this can cause serious latency problems accessing
    your server since every request requires one of these lookups
    to be performed. When firewalls are involved each lookup might
    possibly fail and add 30 seconds of latency to each hit. So in
    general this is not very useful on public servers accessible
    from the Internet.</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>IfDefine</name>
<description>Encloses directives that will be processed only
if a test is true at startup</description>
<syntax>&lt;IfDefine [!]<var>parameter-name</var>&gt; ...
    &lt;/IfDefine&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>The <code>&lt;IfDefine <var>test</var>&gt;...&lt;/IfDefine&gt;
    </code> section is used to mark directives that are conditional. The
    directives within an <directive type="section">IfDefine</directive>
    section are only processed if the <var>test</var> is true. If <var>
    test</var> is false, everything between the start and end markers is
    ignored.</p>

    <p>The <var>test</var> in the <directive type="section"
    >IfDefine</directive> section directive can be one of two forms:</p>

    <ul>
      <li><var>parameter-name</var></li>

      <li><code>!</code><var>parameter-name</var></li>
    </ul>

    <p>In the former case, the directives between the start and end
    markers are only processed if the parameter named
    <var>parameter-name</var> is defined. The second format reverses
    the test, and only processes the directives if
    <var>parameter-name</var> is <strong>not</strong> defined.</p>

    <p>The <var>parameter-name</var> argument is a define as given on
    the <code>httpd</code> command line via <code>-D<var>parameter-</var>
    </code>, at the time the server was started.</p>

    <p><directive type="section">IfDefine</directive> sections are
    nest-able, which can be used to implement simple
    multiple-parameter tests. Example:</p>

    <example>
      httpd -DReverseProxy ...<br />
      <br />
      # httpd.conf<br />
      &lt;IfDefine ReverseProxy&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so<br />
        LoadModule proxy_module   modules/libproxy.so<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/IfDefine&gt;
    </example>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>IfModule</name>
<description>Encloses directives that are processed conditional on the
presence or absence of a specific module</description>
<syntax>&lt;IfModule [!]<var>module-name</var>&gt; ...
    &lt;/IfModule&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>The <code>&lt;IfModule <var>test</var>&gt;...&lt;/IfModule&gt;</code>
    section is used to mark directives that are conditional on the presence of
    a specific module. The directives within an <directive type="section"
    >IfModule</directive> section are only processed if the <var>test</var>
    is true. If <var>test</var> is false, everything between the start and
    end markers is ignored.</p>

    <p>The <var>test</var> in the <directive type="section"
    >IfModule</directive> section directive can be one of two forms:</p>

    <ul>
      <li><var>module name</var></li>

      <li>!<var>module name</var></li>
    </ul>

    <p>In the former case, the directives between the start and end
    markers are only processed if the module named <var>module
    name</var> is included in Apache -- either compiled in or
    dynamically loaded using <directive module="mod_so"
    >LoadModule</directive>. The second format reverses the test,
    and only processes the directives if <var>module name</var> is
    <strong>not</strong> included.</p>

    <p>The <var>module name</var> argument is the file name of the
    module, at the time it was compiled.  For example,
    <code>mod_rewrite.c</code>.  If a module consists of several
    source files, use the name of the file containing the string
    <code>STANDARD20_MODULE_STUFF</code>.</p>

    <p><directive type="section">IfModule</directive> sections are
    nest-able, which can be used to implement simple multiple-module
    tests.</p>

    <note>This section should only be used if you need to have one
    configuration file that works whether or not a specific module
    is available. In normal operation, directives need not be
    placed in <directive type="section">IfModule</directive>
    sections.</note>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>Include</name>
<description>Includes other configuration files from within
the server configuration files</description>
<syntax>Include <var>file-path</var>|<var>directory-path</var></syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context>
</contextlist>
<compatibility>Wildcard matching available in 2.0.41 and later</compatibility>

<usage>
    <p>This directive allows inclusion of other configuration files
    from within the server configuration files.</p>

    <p>Shell-style (<code>fnmatch()</code>) wildcard characters can be used to
    include several files at once, in alphabetical order. In
    addition, if <directive>Include</directive> points to a directory,
    rather than a file, Apache will read all files in that directory
    and any subdirectory.  But including entire directories is not
    recommended, because it is easy to accidentally leave temporary
    files in a directory that can cause <code>httpd</code> to
    fail.</p>

    <p>The file path specified may be a fully qualified path (i.e.
    starting with a slash), or may be relative to the
    <directive module="core">ServerRoot</directive> directory.</p>

    <p>Examples:</p>

    <example>
      Include /usr/local/apache2/conf/ssl.conf<br />
      Include /usr/local/apache2/conf/vhosts/*.conf
    </example>

    <p>Or, providing paths relative to your <directive
    module="core">ServerRoot</directive> directory:</p>

    <example>
      Include conf/ssl.conf<br />
      Include conf/vhosts/*.conf
    </example>

    <p>Running <code>apachectl configtest</code> will give you a list
    of the files that are being processed during the configuration
    check:</p>

    <example>
      root@host# apachectl configtest<br />
      Processing config file: /usr/local/apache2/conf/ssl.conf<br />
      Processing config file: /usr/local/apache2/conf/vhosts/vhost1.conf<br />
      Processing config file: /usr/local/apache2/conf/vhosts/vhost2.conf<br />
      Syntax OK
    </example>
</usage>

<seealso><a href="../programs/apachectl.html">apachectl</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>KeepAlive</name>
<description>Enables HTTP persistent connections</description>
<syntax>KeepAlive On|Off</syntax>
<default>KeepAlive On</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The Keep-Alive extension to HTTP/1.0 and the persistent
    connection feature of HTTP/1.1 provide long-lived HTTP sessions
    which allow multiple requests to be sent over the same TCP
    connection. In some cases this has been shown to result in an
    almost 50% speedup in latency times for HTML documents with
    many images. To enable Keep-Alive connections, set
    <code>KeepAlive On</code>.</p>

    <p>For HTTP/1.0 clients, Keep-Alive connections will only be
    used if they are specifically requested by a client. In
    addition, a Keep-Alive connection with an HTTP/1.0 client can
    only be used when the length of the content is known in
    advance. This implies that dynamic content such as CGI output,
    SSI pages, and server-generated directory listings will
    generally not use Keep-Alive connections to HTTP/1.0 clients.
    For HTTP/1.1 clients, persistent connections are the default
    unless otherwise specified. If the client requests it, chunked
    encoding will be used in order to send content of unknown
    length over persistent connections.</p>
</usage>

<seealso><directive module="core">MaxKeepAliveRequests</directive></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>KeepAliveTimeout</name>
<description>Amount of time the server will wait for subsequent
requests on a persistent connection</description>
<syntax>KeepAliveTimeout <var>seconds</var></syntax>
<default>KeepAliveTimeout 15</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The number of seconds Apache will wait for a subsequent
    request before closing the connection. Once a request has been
    received, the timeout value specified by the
    <directive module="core">Timeout</directive> directive applies.</p>

    <p>Setting <directive>KeepAliveTimeout</directive> to a high value
    may cause performance problems in heavily loaded servers. The
    higher the timeout, the more server processes will be kept
    occupied waiting on connections with idle clients.</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>Limit</name>
<description>Restrict enclosed access controls to only certain HTTP
methods</description>
<syntax>&lt;Limit <var>method</var> [<var>method</var>] ... &gt; ...
    &lt;/Limit&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>Access controls are normally effective for
    <strong>all</strong> access methods, and this is the usual
    desired behavior. <strong>In the general case, access control
    directives should not be placed within a
    <directive type="section">Limit</directive> section.</strong></p>

    <p>The purpose of the <directive type="section">Limit</directive>
    directive is to restrict the effect of the access controls to the
    nominated HTTP methods. For all other methods, the access
    restrictions that are enclosed in the <directive
    type="section">Limit</directive> bracket <strong>will have no
    effect</strong>. The following example applies the access control
    only to the methods <code>POST</code>, <code>PUT</code>, and
    <code>DELETE</code>, leaving all other methods unprotected:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Limit POST PUT DELETE&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        Require valid-user<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Limit&gt;
    </example>

    <p>The method names listed can be one or more of: <code>GET</code>,
    <code>POST</code>, <code>PUT</code>, <code>DELETE</code>,
    <code>CONNECT</code>, <code>OPTIONS</code>, <code>TRACE</code>,
    <code>PATCH</code>, <code>PROPFIND</code>, <code>PROPPATCH</code>,
    <code>MKCOL</code>, <code>COPY</code>, <code>MOVE</code>,
    <code>LOCK</code>, and <code>UNLOCK</code>. <strong>The method name is
    case-sensitive.</strong> If <code>GET</code> is used it will also
    restrict <code>HEAD</code> requests.</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>LimitExcept</name>
<description>Restrict access controls to all HTTP methods
except the named ones</description>
<syntax>&lt;LimitExcept <var>method</var> [<var>method</var>] ... &gt; ...
    &lt;/LimitExcept&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p><directive type="section">LimitExcept</directive> and
    <code>&lt;/LimitExcept&gt;</code> are used to enclose
    a group of access control directives which will then apply to any
    HTTP access method <strong>not</strong> listed in the arguments;
    i.e., it is the opposite of a <directive type="section"
    module="core">Limit</directive> section and can be used to control
    both standard and nonstandard/unrecognized methods. See the
    documentation for <directive module="core"
    type="section">Limit</directive> for more details.</p>

    <p>For example:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;LimitExcept POST GET&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        Require valid-user<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;LimitExcept&gt;
    </example>

</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>LimitRequestBody</name>
<description>Restricts the total size of the HTTP request body sent
from the client</description>
<syntax>LimitRequestBody <var>bytes</var></syntax>
<default>LimitRequestBody 0</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>This directive specifies the number of <var>bytes</var> from 0
    (meaning unlimited) to 2147483647 (2GB) that are allowed in a
    request body. The default value is defined by the compile-time
    constant <code>DEFAULT_LIMIT_REQUEST_BODY</code> (0 as
    distributed).</p>

    <p>The <directive>LimitRequestBody</directive> directive allows
    the user to set a limit on the allowed size of an HTTP request
    message body within the context in which the directive is given
    (server, per-directory, per-file or per-location). If the client
    request exceeds that limit, the server will return an error
    response instead of servicing the request. The size of a normal
    request message body will vary greatly depending on the nature of
    the resource and the methods allowed on that resource. CGI scripts
    typically use the message body for retrieving form information.
    Implementations of the <code>PUT</code> method will require
    a value at least as large as any representation that the server
    wishes to accept for that resource.</p>

    <p>This directive gives the server administrator greater
    control over abnormal client request behavior, which may be
    useful for avoiding some forms of denial-of-service
    attacks.</p>

    <p>If, for example, you are permitting file upload to a particular
    location, and wish to limit the size of the uploaded file to 100K,
    you might use the following directive:</p>

    <example>
      LimitRequestBody 102400
    </example>

</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>LimitRequestFields</name>
<description>Limits the number of HTTP request header fields that
will be accepted from the client</description>
<syntax>LimitRequestFields <var>number</var></syntax>
<default>LimitRequestFields 100</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p><var>Number</var> is an integer from 0 (meaning unlimited) to
    32767. The default value is defined by the compile-time
    constant <code>DEFAULT_LIMIT_REQUEST_FIELDS</code> (100 as
    distributed).</p>

    <p>The <directive>LimitRequestFields</directive> directive allows
    the server administrator to modify the limit on the number of
    request header fields allowed in an HTTP request. A server needs
    this value to be larger than the number of fields that a normal
    client request might include. The number of request header fields
    used by a client rarely exceeds 20, but this may vary among
    different client implementations, often depending upon the extent
    to which a user has configured their browser to support detailed
    content negotiation. Optional HTTP extensions are often expressed
    using request header fields.</p>

    <p>This directive gives the server administrator greater
    control over abnormal client request behavior, which may be
    useful for avoiding some forms of denial-of-service attacks.
    The value should be increased if normal clients see an error
    response from the server that indicates too many fields were
    sent in the request.</p>

    <p>For example:</p>

    <example>
      LimitRequestFields 50
    </example>

</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>LimitRequestFieldSize</name>
<description>Limits the size of the HTTP request header allowed from the
client</description>
<syntax>LimitRequestFieldsize <var>bytes</var></syntax>
<default>LimitRequestFieldsize 8190</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>This directive specifies the number of <var>bytes</var> from 0
    to the value of the compile-time constant
    <code>DEFAULT_LIMIT_REQUEST_FIELDSIZE</code> (8190 as
    distributed) that will be allowed in an HTTP request
    header.</p>

    <p>The <directive>LimitRequestFieldSize</directive> directive
    allows the server administrator to reduce the limit on the allowed
    size of an HTTP request header field below the normal input buffer
    size compiled with the server. A server needs this value to be
    large enough to hold any one header field from a normal client
    request. The size of a normal request header field will vary
    greatly among different client implementations, often depending
    upon the extent to which a user has configured their browser to
    support detailed content negotiation.</p>

    <p>This directive gives the server administrator greater
    control over abnormal client request behavior, which may be
    useful for avoiding some forms of denial-of-service attacks.</p>

    <p>For example:</p>

    <example>
      LimitRequestFieldSize 4094
    </example>

    <note>Under normal conditions, the value should not be changed from
    the default.</note>

</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>LimitRequestLine</name>
<description>Limit the size of the HTTP request line that will be accepted
from the client</description>
<syntax>LimitRequestLine <var>bytes</var></syntax>
<default>LimitRequestLine 8190</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>This directive sets the number of <var>bytes</var> from 0 to
    the value of the compile-time constant
    <code>DEFAULT_LIMIT_REQUEST_LINE</code> (8190 as distributed)
    that will be allowed on the HTTP request-line.</p>

    <p>The <directive>LimitRequestLine</directive> directive allows
    the server administrator to reduce the limit on the allowed size
    of a client's HTTP request-line below the normal input buffer size
    compiled with the server. Since the request-line consists of the
    HTTP method, URI, and protocol version, the
    <directive>LimitRequestLine</directive> directive places a
    restriction on the length of a request-URI allowed for a request
    on the server. A server needs this value to be large enough to
    hold any of its resource names, including any information that
    might be passed in the query part of a <code>GET</code> request.</p>

    <p>This directive gives the server administrator greater
    control over abnormal client request behavior, which may be
    useful for avoiding some forms of denial-of-service attacks.</p>

    <p>For example:</p>

    <example>
      LimitRequestLine 4094
    </example>

    <note>Under normal conditions, the value should not be changed from
    the default.</note>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>LimitXMLRequestBody</name>
<description>Limits the size of an XML-based request body</description>
<syntax>LimitXMLRequestBody <var>bytes</var></syntax>
<default>LimitXMLRequestBody 1000000</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context></contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>Limit (in bytes) on maximum size of an XML-based request
    body. A value of <code>0</code> will disable any checking.</p>

    <p>Example:</p>

    <example>
      LimitXMLRequestBody 0
    </example>

</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>Location</name>
<description>Applies the enclosed directives only to matching
URLs</description>
<syntax>&lt;Location
    <var>URL-path</var>|<var>URL</var>&gt; ... &lt;/Location&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive type="section">Location</directive> directive
    provides for access control by URL. It is similar to the
    <directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive>
    directive, and starts a subsection which is terminated with a
    <code>&lt;/Location&gt;</code> directive. <directive
    type="section">Location</directive> sections are processed in the
    order they appear in the configuration file, after the <directive
    type="section" module="core">Directory</directive> sections and
    <code>.htaccess</code> files are read, and after the <directive
    type="section" module="core">Files</directive> sections.</p>

    <p>Note that URLs do not have to line up with the filesystem at
    all, it should be emphasized that <directive
    type="section">Location</directive> operates completely
    outside the filesystem.</p>

    <p>For all origin (non-proxy) requests, the URL to be matched is a
    URL-path of the form <code>/path/</code>.  No scheme, hostname,
    port, or query string may be included.  For proxy requests, the
    URL to be matched is of the form
    <code>scheme://servername/path</code>, and you must include the
    prefix.</p>

    <p>The URL may use wildcards. In a wild-card string, <code>?</code> matches
    any single character, and <code>*</code> matches any sequences of
    characters.</p>

    <p>Extended regular
    expressions can also be used, with the addition of the
    <code>~</code> character. For example:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Location ~ "/(extra|special)/data"&gt;
    </example>

    <p>would match URLs that contained the substring <code>/extra/data</code>
    or <code>/special/data</code>. The directive <directive
    type="section" module="core">LocationMatch</directive> behaves
    identical to the regex version of <directive
    type="section">Location</directive>.</p>

    <p>The <directive type="section">Location</directive>
    functionality is especially useful when combined with the
    <directive module="core">SetHandler</directive>
    directive. For example, to enable status requests, but allow them
    only from browsers at <code>foo.com</code>, you might use:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Location /status&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        SetHandler server-status<br />
        Order Deny,Allow<br />
        Deny from all<br />
        Allow from .foo.com<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Location&gt;
    </example>

    <note><title>Note about / (slash)</title>
      <p>The slash character has special meaning depending on where in a
      URL it appears. People may be used to its behavior in the filesystem
      where multiple adjacent slashes are frequently collapsed to a single
      slash (<em>i.e.</em>, <code>/home///foo</code> is the same as
      <code>/home/foo</code>). In URL-space this is not necessarily true.
      The <directive type="section" module="core">LocationMatch</directive>
      directive and the regex version of <directive type="section"
      >Location</directive> require you to explicitly specify multiple
      slashes if that is your intention.</p>

      <p>For example, <code>&lt;LocationMatch ^/abc&gt;</code> would match
      the request URL <code>/abc</code> but not the request URL <code>
      //abc</code>. The (non-regex) <directive type="section"
      >Location</directive> directive behaves similarly when used for
      proxy requests. But when (non-regex) <directive type="section"
      >Location</directive> is used for non-proxy requests it will
      implicitly match multiple slashes with a single slash. For example,
      if you specify <code>&lt;Location /abc/def&gt;</code> and the
      request is to <code>/abc//def</code> then it will match.</p>
    </note>
</usage>
<seealso><a href="../sections.html">How &lt;Directory&gt;, &lt;Location&gt;
    and &lt;Files&gt; sections work</a> for an explanation of how these
    different sections are combined when a request is received</seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>LocationMatch</name>
<description>Applies the enclosed directives only to regular-expression
matching URLs</description>
<syntax>&lt;LocationMatch
    <var>regex</var>&gt; ... &lt;/LocationMatch&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive type="section">LocationMatch</directive> directive
    provides for access control by URL, in an identical manner to
    <directive module="core" type="section">Location</directive>. However,
    it takes a regular expression as an argument instead of a simple
    string. For example:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;LocationMatch "/(extra|special)/data"&gt;
    </example>

    <p>would match URLs that contained the substring <code>/extra/data</code>
    or <code>/special/data</code>.</p>
</usage>

<seealso><a href="../sections.html">How &lt;Directory&gt;, &lt;Location&gt;
    and &lt;Files&gt; sections work</a> for an explanation of how these
    different sections are combined when a request is received</seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>LogLevel</name>
<description>Controls the verbosity of the ErrorLog</description>
<syntax>LogLevel <var>level</var></syntax>
<default>LogLevel warn</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p><directive>LogLevel</directive> adjusts the verbosity of the
    messages recorded in the error logs (see <directive
    module="core">ErrorLog</directive> directive). The following
    <var>level</var>s are available, in order of decreasing
    significance:</p>

    <table border="1">
      <tr>
        <th><strong>Level</strong> </th>

        <th><strong>Description</strong> </th>

        <th><strong>Example</strong> </th>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td><code>emerg</code> </td>

        <td>Emergencies - system is unusable.</td>

        <td>"Child cannot open lock file. Exiting"</td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td><code>alert</code> </td>

        <td>Action must be taken immediately.</td>

        <td>"getpwuid: couldn't determine user name from uid"</td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td><code>crit</code> </td>

        <td>Critical Conditions.</td>

        <td>"socket: Failed to get a socket, exiting child"</td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td><code>error</code> </td>

        <td>Error conditions.</td>

        <td>"Premature end of script headers"</td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td><code>warn</code> </td>

        <td>Warning conditions.</td>

        <td>"child process 1234 did not exit, sending another
        SIGHUP"</td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td><code>notice</code> </td>

        <td>Normal but significant condition.</td>

        <td>"httpd: caught SIGBUS, attempting to dump core in
        ..."</td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td><code>info</code> </td>

        <td>Informational.</td>

        <td>"Server seems busy, (you may need to increase
        StartServers, or Min/MaxSpareServers)..."</td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td><code>debug</code> </td>

        <td>Debug-level messages</td>

        <td>"Opening config file ..."</td>
      </tr>
    </table>

    <p>When a particular level is specified, messages from all
    other levels of higher significance will be reported as well.
    <em>E.g.</em>, when <code>LogLevel info</code> is specified,
    then messages with log levels of <code>notice</code> and
    <code>warn</code> will also be posted.</p>

    <p>Using a level of at least <code>crit</code> is
    recommended.</p>

    <p>For example:</p>

    <example>
      LogLevel notice
    </example>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>MaxKeepAliveRequests</name>
<description>Number of requests allowed on a persistent
connection</description>
<syntax>MaxKeepAliveRequests <var>number</var></syntax>
<default>MaxKeepAliveRequests 100</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>MaxKeepAliveRequests</directive> directive
    limits the number of requests allowed per connection when
    <directive module="core" >KeepAlive</directive> is on. If it is
    set to <code>0</code>, unlimited requests will be allowed. We
    recommend that this setting be kept to a high value for maximum
    server performance.</p>

    <p>For example:</p>

    <example>
      MaxKeepAliveRequests 500
    </example>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>NameVirtualHost</name>
<description>Designates an IP address for name-virtual
hosting</description>
<syntax>NameVirtualHost <var>addr</var>[:<var>port</var>]</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>NameVirtualHost</directive> directive is a
    required directive if you want to configure <a
    href="../vhosts/">name-based virtual hosts</a>.</p>

    <p>Although <var>addr</var> can be hostname it is recommended
    that you always use an IP address, e.g.</p>

    <example>
      NameVirtualHost 111.22.33.44
    </example>

    <p>With the <directive>NameVirtualHost</directive> directive you
    specify the IP address on which the server will receive requests
    for the name-based virtual hosts. This will usually be the address
    to which your name-based virtual host names resolve. In cases
    where a firewall or other proxy receives the requests and forwards
    them on a different IP address to the server, you must specify the
    IP address of the physical interface on the machine which will be
    servicing the requests. If you have multiple name-based hosts on
    multiple addresses, repeat the directive for each address.</p>

    <note><title>Note</title>
      <p>Note, that the "main server" and any <code>_default_</code> servers
      will <strong>never</strong> be served for a request to a
      <directive>NameVirtualHost</directive> IP Address (unless for some
      reason you specify <directive>NameVirtualHost</directive> but then
      don't define any <directive>VirtualHost</directive>s for that
      address).</p>
    </note>

    <p>Optionally you can specify a port number on which the
    name-based virtual hosts should be used, e.g.</p>

    <example>
      NameVirtualHost 111.22.33.44:8080
    </example>

    <p>IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in square brackets, as shown
    in the following example:</p>

    <example>
      NameVirtualHost [fe80::a00:20ff:fea7:ccea]:8080
    </example>

    <p>To receive requests on all interfaces, you can use an argument of
    <code>*</code></p>

    <example>
      NameVirtualHost *
    </example>

    <note><title>Argument to <directive  type="section">VirtualHost</directive>
      directive</title>
      <p>Note that the argument to the <directive
       type="section">VirtualHost</directive> directive must
      exactly match the argument to the <directive
      >NameVirtualHost</directive> directive.</p>

      <example>
        NameVirtualHost 1.2.3.4<br />
        &lt;VirtualHost 1.2.3.4&gt;<br />
        # ...<br />
        &lt;/VirtualHost&gt;<br />
      </example>
    </note>
</usage>

<seealso><a href="../vhosts/">Virtual Hosts
documentation</a></seealso>

</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>Options</name>
<description>Configures what features are available in a particular
directory</description>
<syntax>Options
    [+|-]<var>option</var> [[+|-]<var>option</var>] ...</syntax>
<default>Options All</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>Options</override>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>Options</directive> directive controls which
    server features are available in a particular directory.</p>

    <p><var>option</var> can be set to <code>None</code>, in which
    case none of the extra features are enabled, or one or more of
    the following:</p>

    <dl>
      <dt><code>All</code></dt>

      <dd>All options except for <code>MultiViews</code>. This is the default
      setting.</dd>

      <dt><code>ExecCGI</code></dt>

      <dd>
      Execution of CGI scripts is permitted.</dd>

      <dt><code>FollowSymLinks</code></dt>

      <dd>

      The server will follow symbolic links in this directory.
      <note>
      <p>Even though the server follows the symlink it does <em>not</em>
      change the pathname used to match against <directive type="section"
      module="core">Directory</directive> sections.</p>
      <p>Note also, that this option <strong>gets ignored</strong> if set
      inside a <directive type="section" module="core">Location</directive>
      section.</p>
      </note></dd>

      <dt><code>Includes</code></dt>

      <dd>
      Server-side includes are permitted.</dd>

      <dt><code>IncludesNOEXEC</code></dt>

      <dd>

      Server-side includes are permitted, but the <code>#exec cmd</code>
      and <code>#exec cgi</code> are disabled. It is still possible to
      <code>#include virtual</code> CGI scripts from
      <directive>ScriptAlias</directive>e'd directories.</dd>

      <dt><code>Indexes</code></dt>

      <dd>
      If a URL which maps to a directory is requested, and the
      there is no <directive>DirectoryIndex</directive> (<em>e.g.</em>,
      <code>index.html</code>) in that directory, then the server will
      return a formatted listing of the directory.</dd>

      <dt><code>MultiViews</code></dt>

      <dd>
      <a href="../content-negotiation.html">Content negotiated</a>
      "MultiViews" are allowed.</dd>

      <dt><code>SymLinksIfOwnerMatch</code></dt>

      <dd>

      The server will only follow symbolic links for which the target
      file or directory is owned by the same user id as the link.<br
      /> <strong>Note</strong>: this option gets ignored if set inside
      a <directive module="core" type="section">Location</directive>
      section.</dd>
    </dl>
    <p>Normally, if multiple <directive>Options</directive> could apply to a
    directory, then the most specific one is taken complete; the
    options are not merged. However if <em>all</em> the options on
    the <directive>Options</directive> directive are preceded by a
    <code>+</code> or <code>-</code>
    symbol, the options are merged. Any options preceded by a <code>+</code>
    are added to the options currently in force, and any options
    preceded by a <code>-</code> are removed from the options currently in
    force. </p>

    <p>For example, without any <code>+</code> and <code>-</code> symbols:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory /web/docs&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        Options Indexes FollowSymLinks<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
      <br />
      &lt;Directory /web/docs/spec&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        Options Includes<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;
    </example>

    <p>then only <code>Includes</code> will be set for the
    <code>/web/docs/spec</code> directory. However if the second
    <directive>Options</directive> directive uses the <code>+</code> and
    <code>-</code> symbols:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory /web/docs&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        Options Indexes FollowSymLinks<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
      <br />
      &lt;Directory /web/docs/spec&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        Options +Includes -Indexes<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;
    </example>

    <p>then the options <code>FollowSymLinks</code> and
    <code>Includes</code> are set for the <code>/web/docs/spec</code>
    directory.</p>


    <note><title>Note</title>
      <p>Using <code>-IncludesNOEXEC</code> or
      <code>-Includes</code> disables server-side includes completely
      regardless of the previous setting.</p>
    </note>

    <p>The default in the absence of any other settings is
    <code>All</code>.</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>Require</name>
<description>Selects which authenticated users can access
a resource</description>
<syntax>Require <var>entity-name</var> [<var>entity-name</var>] ...</syntax>
<contextlist><context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>AuthConfig</override>

<usage>
    <p>This directive selects which authenticated users can access
    a directory. The allowed syntaxes are:</p>

    <dl>
      <dt><code>Require user <var>userid</var> [<var>userid</var>]
      ...</code></dt>
      <dd>Only the named users can access the resource.</dd>

      <dt><code>Require group <var>group-name</var> [<var>group-name</var>]
      ...</code></dt>
      <dd>Only users in the named groups can access the resource.</dd>

      <dt><code>Require valid-user</code></dt>
      <dd>All valid users can access the resource.</dd>
    </dl>

    <p><directive>Require</directive> must be accompanied by
    <directive module="core">AuthName</directive> and <directive
    module="core">AuthType</directive> directives, and directives such
    as <directive module="mod_auth">AuthUserFile</directive>
    and <directive module="mod_auth">AuthGroupFile</directive> (to
    define users and groups) in order to work correctly. Example:</p>

    <example>
       AuthType Basic<br />
       AuthName "Restricted Directory"<br />
       AuthUserFile /web/users<br />
       AuthGroupFile /web/groups<br />
       Require group admin
    </example>

    <p>Access controls which are applied in this way are effective for
    <strong>all</strong> methods. <strong>This is what is normally
    desired.</strong> If you wish to apply access controls only to
    specific methods, while leaving other methods unprotected, then
    place the <directive>Require</directive> statement into a
    <directive module="core" type="section">Limit</directive>
    section.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><directive module="core">Satisfy</directive></seealso>
<seealso><module>mod_access</module></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>RLimitCPU</name>
<description>Limits the CPU consumption of processes launched
by Apache children</description>
<syntax>RLimitCPU <var>seconds</var>|max [<var>seconds</var>|max]</syntax>
<default>Unset; uses operating system defaults</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context></contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>Takes 1 or 2 parameters. The first parameter sets the soft
    resource limit for all processes and the second parameter sets
    the maximum resource limit. Either parameter can be a number,
    or <code>max</code> to indicate to the server that the limit should
    be set to the maximum allowed by the operating system
    configuration. Raising the maximum resource limit requires that
    the server is running as <code>root</code>, or in the initial startup
    phase.</p>

    <p>This applies to processes forked off from Apache children
    servicing requests, not the Apache children themselves. This
    includes CGI scripts and SSI exec commands, but not any
    processes forked off from the Apache parent such as piped
    logs.</p>

    <p>CPU resource limits are expressed in seconds per
    process.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><directive module="core">RLimitMEM</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="core">RLimitNPROC</directive></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>RLimitMEM</name>
<description>Limits the memory consumption of processes launched
by Apache children</description>
<syntax>RLimitMEM <var>bytes</var>|max [<var>bytes</var>|max]</syntax>
<default>Unset; uses operating system defaults</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context></contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>Takes 1 or 2 parameters. The first parameter sets the soft
    resource limit for all processes and the second parameter sets
    the maximum resource limit. Either parameter can be a number,
    or <code>max</code> to indicate to the server that the limit should
    be set to the maximum allowed by the operating system
    configuration. Raising the maximum resource limit requires that
    the server is running as <code>root</code>, or in the initial startup
    phase.</p>

    <p>This applies to processes forked off from Apache children
    servicing requests, not the Apache children themselves. This
    includes CGI scripts and SSI exec commands, but not any
    processes forked off from the Apache parent such as piped
    logs.</p>

    <p>Memory resource limits are expressed in bytes per
    process.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><directive module="core">RLimitCPU</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="core">RLimitNPROC</directive></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>RLimitNPROC</name>
<description>Limits the number of processes that can be launched by
processes launched by Apache children</description>
<syntax>RLimitNPROC <var>number</var>|max [<var>number</var>|max]</syntax>
<default>Unset; uses operating system defaults</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context></contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>Takes 1 or 2 parameters. The first parameter sets the soft
    resource limit for all processes and the second parameter sets
    the maximum resource limit. Either parameter can be a number,
    or <code>max</code> to indicate to the server that the limit
    should be set to the maximum allowed by the operating system
    configuration. Raising the maximum resource limit requires that
    the server is running as <code>root</code>, or in the initial startup
    phase.</p>

    <p>This applies to processes forked off from Apache children
    servicing requests, not the Apache children themselves. This
    includes CGI scripts and SSI exec commands, but not any
    processes forked off from the Apache parent such as piped
    logs.</p>

    <p>Process limits control the number of processes per user.</p>

    <note><title>Note</title>
      <p>If CGI processes are <strong>not</strong> running
      under userids other than the web server userid, this directive
      will limit the number of processes that the server itself can
      create. Evidence of this situation will be indicated by
      <strong><code>cannot fork</code></strong> messages in the
      <code>error_log</code>.</p>
    </note>
</usage>
<seealso><directive module="core">RLimitMEM</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="core">RLimitCPU</directive></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>Satisfy</name>
<description>Interaction between host-level access control and
user authentication</description>
<syntax>Satisfy Any|All</syntax>
<default>Satisfy All</default>
<contextlist><context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>AuthConfig</override>

<usage>
    <p>Access policy if both <directive
    module="mod_access">Allow</directive> and <directive
    module="core">Require</directive> used. The parameter can be
    either <code>All</code> or <code>Any</code>. This directive is only
    useful if access to a particular area is being restricted by both
    username/password <em>and</em> client host address. In this case
    the default behavior (<code>All</code>) is to require that the client
    passes the address access restriction <em>and</em> enters a valid
    username and password. With the <code>Any</code> option the client will be
    granted access if they either pass the host restriction or enter a
    valid username and password. This can be used to password restrict
    an area, but to let clients from particular addresses in without
    prompting for a password.</p>

    <p>For example, if you wanted to let people on your network have
    unrestricted access to a portion of your website, but require that
    people outside of your network provide a password, you could use a
    configuration similar to the following:</p>

    <example>
      Require valid-user<br />
      Allow from 192.168.1<br />
      Satisfy Any
    </example>

</usage>
   <seealso><directive module="mod_access">Allow</directive></seealso>
   <seealso><directive module="core">Require</directive></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ScriptInterpreterSource</name>
<description>Technique for locating the interpreter for CGI
scripts</description>
<syntax>ScriptInterpreterSource Registry|Registry-Strict|Script</syntax>
<default>ScriptInterpreterSource Script</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context></contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>
<compatibility>Win32 only<br />
option <code>Registry-Strict</code> is available in Apache 2.0 and
later</compatibility>

<usage>
    <p>This directive is used to control how Apache finds the
    interpreter used to run CGI scripts. The default technique is to
    use the interpreter pointed to by the <code>#!</code> line in the
    script.</p>

    <p>Setting <code>ScriptInterpreterSource Registry</code> will
    cause the Windows Registry to be searched using the script file
    extension (e.g., <code>.pl</code>) as a search key.</p>

    <p>The option <code>Registry-Strict</code> which is new in Apache 2.0
    does the same as <code>Registry</code> but uses a more strict registry
    search.</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ServerAdmin</name>
<description>Email address that the server includes in error
messages sent to the client</description>
<syntax>ServerAdmin <var>email-address</var></syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>ServerAdmin</directive> sets the e-mail address
    that the server includes in any error messages it returns to the
    client.</p>

    <p>It may be worth setting up a dedicated address for this, e.g.</p>

    <example>
      ServerAdmin www-admin@foo.example.com
    </example>
    <p>as users do not always mention that they are talking about the
    server!</p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ServerAlias</name>
<description>Alternate names for a host used when matching requests
to name-virtual hosts</description>
<syntax>ServerAlias <var>hostname</var> [<var>hostname</var>] ...</syntax>
<contextlist><context>virtual host</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>ServerAlias</directive> directive sets the
    alternate names for a host, for use with <a
    href="../vhosts/name-based.html">name-based virtual hosts</a>.</p>

    <example>
      &lt;VirtualHost *&gt;<br />
      ServerName server.domain.com<br />
      ServerAlias server server2.domain.com server2<br />
      # ...<br />
      &lt;/VirtualHost&gt;
    </example>
</usage>
<seealso><a href="../vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host documentation</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ServerName</name>
<description>Hostname and port that the server uses to identify
itself</description>
<syntax>ServerName <var>fully-qualified-domain-name</var>[:<var>port</var>]</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
</contextlist>
<compatibility>In version 2.0, this
     directive supersedes the functionality of the <directive>Port</directive>
     directive from version 1.3.</compatibility>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>ServerName</directive> directive sets the hostname and
    port that the server uses to identify itself.  This is used when
    creating redirection URLs. For example, if the name of the
    machine hosting the webserver is <code>simple.example.com</code>,
    but the machine also has the DNS alias <code>www.example.com</code>
    and you wish the webserver to be so identified, the following
    directive should be used:</p>

    <example>
      ServerName www.example.com:80
    </example>

    <p>If no <directive>ServerName</directive> is specified, then the
    server attempts to deduce the hostname by performing a reverse
    lookup on the IP address. If no port is specified in the
    servername, then the server will use the port from the incoming
    request. For optimal reliability and predictability, you should
    specify an explicit hostname and port using the
    <directive>ServerName</directive> directive.</p>

    <p>If you are using <a
    href="../vhosts/name-based.html">name-based virtual hosts</a>,
    the <directive>ServerName</directive> inside a
    <directive type="section" module="core">VirtualHost</directive>
    section specifies what hostname must appear in the request's
    <code>Host:</code> header to match this virtual host.</p>

    <p>See the description of the
    <directive module="core">UseCanonicalName</directive> directive for
    settings which determine whether self-referential URL's (e.g., by the
    <module>mod_dir</module> module) will refer to the
    specified port, or to the port number given in the client's request.
    </p>
</usage>

<seealso><a href="../dns-caveats.html">Issues Regarding DNS and
Apache</a></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../vhosts/">Apache virtual host
    documentation</a></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="core">UseCanonicalName</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="core">NameVirtualHost</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="core">ServerAlias</directive></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ServerPath</name>
<description>Legacy URL pathname for a name-based virtual host that
is accessed by an incompatible browser</description>
<syntax>ServerPath <var>URL-path</var></syntax>
<contextlist><context>virtual host</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>ServerPath</directive> directive sets the legacy
    URL pathname for a host, for use with <a
    href="../vhosts/">name-based virtual hosts</a>.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><a href="../vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host documentation</a></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ServerRoot</name>
<description>Base directory for the server installation</description>
<syntax>ServerRoot <var>directory-path</var></syntax>
<default>ServerRoot /usr/local/apache</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>ServerRoot</directive> directive sets the
    directory in which the server lives. Typically it will contain the
    subdirectories <code>conf/</code> and <code>logs/</code>. Relative
    paths for other configuration files are taken as relative to this
    directory.</p>

    <example><title>Example</title>
      ServerRoot /home/httpd
    </example>

</usage>
<seealso><a href="../invoking.html">the <code>-d</code>
    option to <code>httpd</code></a></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../misc/security_tips.html#serverroot">the
    security tips</a> for information on how to properly set
    permissions on the <directive>ServerRoot</directive></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ServerSignature</name>
<description>Configures the footer on server-generated documents</description>
<syntax>ServerSignature On|Off|EMail</syntax>
<default>ServerSignature Off</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>All</override>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>ServerSignature</directive> directive allows the
    configuration of a trailing footer line under server-generated
    documents (error messages, <module>mod_proxy</module> ftp directory
    listings, <module>mod_info</module> output, ...). The reason why you
    would want to enable such a footer line is that in a chain of proxies,
    the user often has no possibility to tell which of the chained servers
    actually produced a returned error message.</p>

    <p>The <code>Off</code>
    setting, which is the default, suppresses the footer line (and is
    therefore compatible with the behavior of Apache-1.2 and
    below). The <code>On</code> setting simply adds a line with the
    server version number and <directive
    module="core">ServerName</directive> of the serving virtual host,
    and the <code>EMail</code> setting additionally creates a
    "mailto:" reference to the <directive
    module="core">ServerAdmin</directive> of the referenced
    document.</p>

    <p>After version 2.0.44, the details of the server version number
    presented are controlled by the <directive
    module="core">ServerTokens</directive> directive.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><directive module="core">ServerTokens</directive></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>ServerTokens</name>
<description>Configures the <code>Server</code> HTTP response
header</description>
<syntax>ServerTokens Major|Minor|Min[imal]|Prod[uctOnly]|OS|Full</syntax>
<default>ServerTokens Full</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>This directive controls whether <code>Server</code> response
    header field which is sent back to clients includes a
    description of the generic OS-type of the server as well as
    information about compiled-in modules.</p>

    <dl>
      <dt><code>ServerTokens Prod[uctOnly]</code></dt>

      <dd>Server sends (<em>e.g.</em>): <code>Server:
      Apache</code></dd>

      <dt><code>ServerTokens Major</code></dt>

      <dd>Server sends (<em>e.g.</em>): <code>Server:
      Apache/2</code></dd>

      <dt><code>ServerTokens Minor</code></dt>

      <dd>Server sends (<em>e.g.</em>): <code>Server:
      Apache/2.0</code></dd>

      <dt><code>ServerTokens Min[imal]</code></dt>

      <dd>Server sends (<em>e.g.</em>): <code>Server:
      Apache/2.0.41</code></dd>

      <dt><code>ServerTokens OS</code></dt>

      <dd>Server sends (<em>e.g.</em>): <code>Server: Apache/2.0.41
      (Unix)</code></dd>

      <dt><code>ServerTokens Full</code> (or not specified)</dt>

      <dd>Server sends (<em>e.g.</em>): <code>Server: Apache/2.0.41
      (Unix) PHP/4.2.2 MyMod/1.2</code></dd>
    </dl>

    <p>This setting applies to the entire server, and cannot be
    enabled or disabled on a virtualhost-by-virtualhost basis.</p>

    <p>After version 2.0.44, this directive also controls the
    information presented by the <directive
    module="core">ServerSignature</directive> directive.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><directive module="core">ServerSignature</directive></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>SetHandler</name>
<description>Forces all matching files to be processed by a
handler</description>
<syntax>SetHandler <var>handler-name</var>|None</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>
<compatibility>Moved into the core in Apache 2.0</compatibility>

<usage>
    <p>When placed into an <code>.htaccess</code> file or a
    <directive type="section" module="core">Directory</directive> or
    <directive type="section" module="core">Location</directive>
    section, this directive forces all matching files to be parsed
    through the <a href="../handler.html">handler</a> given by
    <var>handler-name</var>. For example, if you had a directory you
    wanted to be parsed entirely as imagemap rule files, regardless
    of extension, you might put the following into an
    <code>.htaccess</code> file in that directory:</p>

    <example>
      SetHandler imap-file
    </example>

    <p>Another example: if you wanted to have the server display a
    status report whenever a URL of
    <code>http://servername/status</code> was called, you might put
    the following into <code>httpd.conf</code>:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Location /status&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        SetHandler server-status<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Location&gt;
    </example>
</usage>

<seealso><directive module="mod_mime">AddHandler</directive></seealso>

</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>SetInputFilter</name>
<description>Sets the filters that will process client requests and POST
input</description>
<syntax>SetInputFilter <var>filter</var>[;<var>filter</var>...]</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>SetInputFilter</directive> directive sets the
    filter or filters which will process client requests and POST
    input when they are received by the server. This is in addition to
    any filters defined elsewhere, including the
    <directive module="mod_mime">AddInputFilter</directive>
    directive.</p>

    <p>If more than one filter is specified, they must be separated
    by semicolons in the order in which they should process the
    content.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><a href="../filter.html">Filters</a> documentation</seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>SetOutputFilter</name>
<description>Sets the filters that will process responses from the
server</description>
<syntax>SetOutputFilter <var>filter</var>[;<var>filter</var>...]</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context><context>.htaccess</context>
</contextlist>
<override>FileInfo</override>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>SetOutputFilter</directive> directive sets the filters
    which will process responses from the server before they are
    sent to the client. This is in addition to any filters defined
    elsewhere, including the
    <directive module="mod_mime">AddOutputFilter</directive>
    directive.</p>

    <p>For example, the following configuration will process all files
    in the <code>/www/data/</code> directory for server-side
    includes.</p>

    <example>
      &lt;Directory /www/data/&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        SetOutputFilter INCLUDES<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/Directory&gt;
    </example>

    <p>If more than one filter is specified, they must be separated
    by semicolons in the order in which they should process the
    content.</p>
</usage>
<seealso><a href="../filter.html">Filters</a> documentation</seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>TimeOut</name>
<description>Amount of time the server will wait for
certain events before failing a request</description>
<syntax>TimeOut <var>seconds</var></syntax>
<default>TimeOut 300</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>The <directive>TimeOut</directive> directive currently defines
    the amount of time Apache will wait for three things:</p>

    <ol>
      <li>The total amount of time it takes to receive a GET
      request.</li>

      <li>The amount of time between receipt of TCP packets on a
      POST or PUT request.</li>

      <li>The amount of time between ACKs on transmissions of TCP
      packets in responses.</li>
    </ol>

    <p>We plan on making these separately configurable at some point
    down the road. The timer used to default to 1200 before 1.2,
    but has been lowered to 300 which is still far more than
    necessary in most situations. It is not set any lower by
    default because there may still be odd places in the code where
    the timer is not reset when a packet is sent. </p>
</usage>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis>
<name>UseCanonicalName</name>
<description>Configures how the server determines its own name and
port</description>
<syntax>UseCanonicalName On|Off|DNS</syntax>
<default>UseCanonicalName On</default>
<contextlist><context>server config</context><context>virtual host</context>
<context>directory</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p>In many situations Apache must construct a <em>self-referential</em>
    URL -- that is, a URL that refers back to the same server. With
    <code>UseCanonicalName On</code> Apache will use the hostname and port
    specified in the <directive module="core">ServerName</directive>
    directive to construct the canonical name for the server. This name
    is used in all self-referential URLs, and for the values of
    <code>SERVER_NAME</code> and <code>SERVER_PORT</code> in CGIs.</p>

    <p>With <code>UseCanonicalName Off</code> Apache will form
    self-referential URLs using the hostname and port supplied by
    the client if any are supplied (otherwise it will use the
    canonical name, as defined above). These values are the same
    that are used to implement <a
    href="../vhosts/name-based.html">name based virtual hosts</a>,
    and are available with the same clients. The CGI variables
    <code>SERVER_NAME</code> and <code>SERVER_PORT</code> will be
    constructed from the client supplied values as well.</p>

    <p>An example where this may be useful is on an intranet server
    where you have users connecting to the machine using short
    names such as <code>www</code>. You'll notice that if the users
    type a shortname, and a URL which is a directory, such as
    <code>http://www/splat</code>, <em>without the trailing
    slash</em> then Apache will redirect them to
    <code>http://www.domain.com/splat/</code>. If you have
    authentication enabled, this will cause the user to have to
    authenticate twice (once for <code>www</code> and once again
    for <code>www.domain.com</code> -- see <a
    href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html#prompted-twice">the
    FAQ on this subject for more information</a>). But if
    <directive>UseCanonicalName</directive> is set <code>Off</code>, then
    Apache will redirect to <code>http://www/splat/</code>.</p>

    <p>There is a third option, <code>UseCanonicalName DNS</code>,
    which is intended for use with mass IP-based virtual hosting to
    support ancient clients that do not provide a
    <code>Host:</code> header. With this option Apache does a
    reverse DNS lookup on the server IP address that the client
    connected to in order to work out self-referential URLs.</p>

    <note type="warning"><title>Warning</title>
    <p>If CGIs make assumptions about the values of <code>SERVER_NAME</code>
    they may be broken by this option. The client is essentially free
    to give whatever value they want as a hostname. But if the CGI is
    only using <code>SERVER_NAME</code> to construct self-referential URLs
    then it should be just fine.</p>
    </note>
</usage>
<seealso><directive module="core">ServerName</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="mpm_common">Listen</directive></seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

<directivesynopsis type="section">
<name>VirtualHost</name>
<description>Contains directives that apply only to a specific
hostname or IP address</description>
<syntax>&lt;VirtualHost
    <var>addr</var>[:<var>port</var>] [<var>addr</var>[:<var>port</var>]]
    ...&gt; ... &lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</syntax>
<contextlist><context>server config</context></contextlist>

<usage>
    <p><directive type="section">VirtualHost</directive> and
    <code>&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</code> are used to enclose a group of
    directives that will apply only to a particular virtual host. Any
    directive that is allowed in a virtual host context may be
    used. When the server receives a request for a document on a
    particular virtual host, it uses the configuration directives
    enclosed in the <directive type="section">VirtualHost</directive>
    section. <var>Addr</var> can be:</p>

    <ul>
      <li>The IP address of the virtual host;</li>

      <li>A fully qualified domain name for the IP address of the
      virtual host;</li>

      <li>The character <code>*</code>, which is used only in combination with
      <code>NameVirtualHost *</code> to match all IP addresses; or</li>

      <li>The string <code>_default_</code>, which is used only
      with IP virtual hosting to catch unmatched IP addresses.</li>
    </ul>

    <example><title>Example</title>
      &lt;VirtualHost 10.1.2.3&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        ServerAdmin webmaster@host.foo.com<br />
        DocumentRoot /www/docs/host.foo.com<br />
        ServerName host.foo.com<br />
        ErrorLog logs/host.foo.com-error_log<br />
        TransferLog logs/host.foo.com-access_log<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/VirtualHost&gt;
    </example>


    <p>IPv6 addresses must be specified in square brackets because
    the optional port number could not be determined otherwise.  An
    IPv6 example is shown below:</p>

    <example>
      &lt;VirtualHost [fe80::a00:20ff:fea7:ccea]&gt;<br />
      <indent>
        ServerAdmin webmaster@host.example.com<br />
        DocumentRoot /www/docs/host.example.com<br />
        ServerName host.example.com<br />
        ErrorLog logs/host.example.com-error_log<br />
        TransferLog logs/host.example.com-access_log<br />
      </indent>
      &lt;/VirtualHost&gt;
    </example>

    <p>Each Virtual Host must correspond to a different IP address,
    different port number or a different host name for the server,
    in the former case the server machine must be configured to
    accept IP packets for multiple addresses. (If the machine does
    not have multiple network interfaces, then this can be
    accomplished with the <code>ifconfig alias</code> command -- if
    your OS supports it).</p>

    <note><title>Note</title>
    <p>The use of <directive type="section">VirtualHost</directive> does
    <strong>not</strong> affect what addresses Apache listens on. You
    may need to ensure that Apache is listening on the correct addresses
    using <directive module="mpm_common">Listen</directive>.</p>
    </note>

    <p>When using IP-based virtual hosting, the special name
    <code>_default_</code> can be specified in
    which case this virtual host will match any IP address that is
    not explicitly listed in another virtual host. In the absence
    of any <code>_default_</code> virtual host the "main" server config,
    consisting of all those definitions outside any VirtualHost
    section, is used when no IP-match occurs.  (But note that any IP
    address that matches a <directive
    module="core">NameVirtualHost</directive> directive will use neither
    the "main" server config nor the <code>_default_</code> virtual host.
    See the <a href="../vhosts/name-based.html">name-based virtual hosting</a>
    documentation for further details.)</p>

    <p>You can specify a <code>:port</code> to change the port that is
    matched. If unspecified then it defaults to the same port as the
    most recent <directive module="mpm_common">Listen</directive>
    statement of the main server. You may also specify <code>:*</code>
    to match all ports on that address. (This is recommended when used
    with <code>_default_</code>.)</p>

    <note type="warning"><title>Security</title>
    <p>See the <a href="../misc/security_tips.html">security tips</a>
    document for details on why your security could be compromised if the
    directory where logfiles are stored is writable by anyone other
    than the user that starts the server.</p>
    </note>
</usage>
<seealso><a href="../vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host documentation</a></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../dns-caveats.html">Issues Regarding DNS and
    Apache</a></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../bind.html">Setting
    which addresses and ports Apache uses</a></seealso>
<seealso><a href="../sections.html">How &lt;Directory&gt;, &lt;Location&gt;
    and &lt;Files&gt; sections work</a> for an explanation of how these
    different sections are combined when a request is received</seealso>
</directivesynopsis>

</modulesynopsis>