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| <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p> |
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| <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">Rewrite</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Using RewriteMap</h1> |
| <div class="toplang"> |
| <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/rewritemap.html" title="English"> en </a> | |
| <a href="../fr/rewrite/rewritemap.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a></p> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| <p>This document supplements the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> |
| <a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>. It describes |
| the use of the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive, |
| and provides examples of each of the various <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> types.</p> |
| |
| <div class="warning">Note that many of these examples won't work unchanged in your |
| particular server configuration, so it's important that you understand |
| them, rather than merely cutting and pasting the examples into your |
| configuration.</div> |
| |
| </div> |
| <div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#int">int: Internal Function</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#txt">txt: Plain text maps</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rnd">rnd: Randomized Plain Text</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbm">dbm: DBM Hash File</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#prg">prg: External Rewriting Program</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbd">dbd or fastdbd: SQL Query</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#summary">Summary</a></li> |
| </ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module documentation</a></li><li><a href="intro.html">mod_rewrite introduction</a></li><li><a href="remapping.html">Redirection and remapping</a></li><li><a href="access.html">Controlling access</a></li><li><a href="vhosts.html">Virtual hosts</a></li><li><a href="proxy.html">Proxying</a></li><li><a href="advanced.html">Advanced techniques</a></li><li><a href="avoid.html">When not to use mod_rewrite</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div> |
| <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="introduction" id="introduction">Introduction</a></h2> |
| |
| |
| <p> |
| The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive |
| defines an external function which can be called in the context of |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> or |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> directives to |
| perform rewriting that is too complicated, or too specialized to be |
| performed just by regular expressions. The source of this lookup can |
| be any of the types listed in the sections below, and enumerated in |
| the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> reference |
| documentation.</p> |
| |
| <p>The syntax of the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> |
| directive is as follows:</p> |
| |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap <em>MapName</em> <em>MapType</em>:<em>MapSource</em> |
| </pre> |
| |
| |
| <p>The <a id="mapfunc" name="mapfunc"><em>MapName</em></a> is an |
| arbitrary name that you assign to the map, and which you will use in |
| directives later on. Arguments are passed to the map via the |
| following syntax:</p> |
| |
| <p class="indent"> |
| <strong> |
| <code>${</code> <em>MapName</em> <code>:</code> <em>LookupKey</em> |
| <code>}</code> <br /> <code>${</code> <em>MapName</em> <code>:</code> |
| <em>LookupKey</em> <code>|</code> <em>DefaultValue</em> <code>}</code> |
| </strong> |
| </p> |
| |
| <p>When such a construct occurs, the map <em>MapName</em> is |
| consulted and the key <em>LookupKey</em> is looked-up. If the |
| key is found, the map-function construct is substituted by |
| <em>SubstValue</em>. If the key is not found then it is |
| substituted by <em>DefaultValue</em> or by the empty string |
| if no <em>DefaultValue</em> was specified.</p> |
| |
| <p>For example, you can define a |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> as:</p> |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap examplemap "txt:/path/to/file/map.txt"</pre> |
| |
| <p>You would then be able to use this map in a |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> as follows:</p> |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^/ex/(.*)" "${examplemap:$1}"</pre> |
| |
| |
| <p>A default value can be specified in the event that nothing is found |
| in the map:</p> |
| |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^/ex/(.*)" "${examplemap:$1|/not_found.html}"</pre> |
| |
| |
| <div class="note"><h3>Per-directory and .htaccess context</h3> |
| <p> |
| The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive may not be |
| used in <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> sections or |
| <code>.htaccess</code> files. You must |
| declare the map in server or virtualhost context. You may use the map, |
| once created, in your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> and |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> directives in those |
| scopes. You just can't <strong>declare</strong> it in those scopes.</p> |
| </div> |
| |
| <p>The sections that follow describe the various <em>MapType</em>s that |
| may be used, and give examples of each.</p> |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="int" id="int">int: Internal Function</a></h2> |
| |
| |
| <p>When a MapType of <code>int</code> is used, the MapSource is one |
| of the available internal <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> |
| functions. Module authors can provide |
| additional internal functions by registering them with the |
| <code>ap_register_rewrite_mapfunc</code> API. |
| The functions that are provided by default are: |
| </p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li><strong>toupper</strong>:<br /> |
| Converts the key to all upper case.</li> |
| <li><strong>tolower</strong>:<br /> |
| Converts the key to all lower case.</li> |
| <li><strong>escape</strong>:<br /> |
| Translates special characters in the key to |
| hex-encodings.</li> |
| <li><strong>unescape</strong>:<br /> |
| Translates hex-encodings in the key back to |
| special characters.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p> |
| To use one of these functions, create a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> referencing |
| the int function, and then use that in your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>: |
| </p> |
| |
| <p> <strong>Redirect a URI to an all-lowercase version of itself</strong></p> |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap lc int:tolower |
| RewriteRule "(.*)" "${lc:$1}" [R]</pre> |
| |
| |
| <div class="note"> |
| <p>Please note that the example offered here is for |
| illustration purposes only, and is not a recommendation. If you want |
| to make URLs case-insensitive, consider using |
| <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code> instead. |
| </p> |
| </div> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="txt" id="txt">txt: Plain text maps</a></h2> |
| |
| |
| <p>When a MapType of <code>txt</code> is used, the MapSource is a filesystem path to a |
| plain-text mapping file, containing one space-separated key/value pair |
| per line. Optionally, a line may contain a comment, starting with |
| a '#' character.</p> |
| |
| <p>A valid text rewrite map file will have the following syntax:</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><p><code> |
| # Comment line<br /> |
| <strong><em>MatchingKey</em> <em>SubstValue</em></strong><br /> |
| <strong><em>MatchingKey</em> <em>SubstValue</em></strong> # comment<br /> |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>When the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> is invoked |
| the argument is looked for in the |
| first argument of a line, and, if found, the substitution value is |
| returned.</p> |
| |
| <p>For example, we can use a mapfile to translate product names to |
| product IDs for easier-to-remember URLs, using the following |
| recipe:</p> |
| <p><strong>Product to ID configuration</strong></p> |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap product2id "txt:/etc/apache2/productmap.txt" |
| RewriteRule "^/product/(.*)" "/prods.php?id=${product2id:$1|NOTFOUND}" [PT]</pre> |
| |
| |
| <p>We assume here that the <code>prods.php</code> script knows what |
| to do when it received an argument of <code>id=NOTFOUND</code> when |
| a product is not found in the lookup map.</p> |
| |
| <p>The file <code>/etc/apache2/productmap.txt</code> then contains |
| the following:</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><h3>Product to ID map</h3><p><code> |
| ##<br /> |
| ## productmap.txt - Product to ID map file<br /> |
| ##<br /> |
| <br /> |
| television 993<br /> |
| stereo 198<br /> |
| fishingrod 043<br /> |
| basketball 418<br /> |
| telephone 328 |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>Thus, when <code>http://example.com/product/television</code> is |
| requested, the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> is |
| applied, and the request |
| is internally mapped to <code>/prods.php?id=993</code>.</p> |
| |
| <div class="note"><h3>Note: .htaccess files</h3> |
| The example given is crafted to be used in server or virtualhost |
| scope. If you're planning to use this in a <code>.htaccess</code> |
| file, you'll need to remove the leading slash from the rewrite |
| pattern in order for it to match anything: |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^product/(.*)" "/prods.php?id=${product2id:$1|NOTFOUND}" [PT]</pre> |
| |
| </div> |
| |
| <div class="note"><h3>Cached lookups</h3> |
| <p> |
| The looked-up keys are cached by httpd until the <code>mtime</code> |
| (modified time) of the mapfile changes, or the httpd server is |
| restarted. This ensures better performance on maps that are called |
| by many requests. |
| </p> |
| </div> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="rnd" id="rnd">rnd: Randomized Plain Text</a></h2> |
| |
| |
| <p>When a MapType of <code>rnd</code> is used, the MapSource is a |
| filesystem path to a plain-text mapping file, each line of which |
| contains a key, and one or more values separated by <code>|</code>. |
| One of these values will be chosen at random if the key is |
| matched.</p> |
| |
| <p>For example, you can use the following map |
| file and directives to provide a random load balancing between |
| several back-end servers, via a reverse-proxy. Images are sent |
| to one of the servers in the 'static' pool, while everything |
| else is sent to one of the 'dynamic' pool.</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><h3>Rewrite map file</h3><p><code> |
| ##<br /> |
| ## map.txt -- rewriting map<br /> |
| ##<br /> |
| <br /> |
| static www1|www2|www3|www4<br /> |
| dynamic www5|www6 |
| </code></p></div> |
| <p><strong>Configuration directives</strong></p> |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap servers "rnd:/path/to/file/map.txt" |
| |
| RewriteRule "^/(.*\.(png|gif|jpg))" "http://${servers:static}/$1" [NC,P,L] |
| RewriteRule "^/(.*)" "http://${servers:dynamic}/$1" [P,L]</pre> |
| |
| |
| <p>So, when an image is requested and the first of these rules is |
| matched, <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> looks up the string |
| <code>static</code> in the map file, which returns one of the |
| specified hostnames at random, which is then used in the |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> target.</p> |
| |
| <p>If you wanted to have one of the servers more likely to be chosen |
| (for example, if one of the server has more memory than the others, |
| and so can handle more requests) simply list it more times in the |
| map file.</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><p><code> |
| static www1|www1|www2|www3|www4 |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="dbm" id="dbm">dbm: DBM Hash File</a></h2> |
| |
| |
| <p>When a MapType of <code>dbm</code> is used, the MapSource is a |
| filesystem path to a DBM database file containing key/value pairs to |
| be used in the mapping. This works exactly the same way as the |
| <code>txt</code> map, but is much faster, because a DBM is indexed, |
| whereas a text file is not. This allows more rapid access to the |
| desired key.</p> |
| |
| <p>You may optionally specify a particular dbm type:</p> |
| |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap examplemap "dbm=sdbm:/etc/apache/mapfile.dbm"</pre> |
| |
| |
| <p>The type can be <code>sdbm</code>, <code>gdbm</code>, <code>ndbm</code> |
| or <code>db</code>. |
| However, it is recommended that you just use the <a href="../programs/httxt2dbm.html">httxt2dbm</a> utility that is |
| provided with Apache HTTP Server, as it will use the correct DBM library, |
| matching the one that was used when httpd itself was built.</p> |
| |
| <p>To create a dbm file, first create a text map file as described |
| in the <a href="#txt">txt</a> section. Then run |
| <code>httxt2dbm</code>:</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><p><code> |
| $ httxt2dbm -i mapfile.txt -o mapfile.map |
| </code></p></div> |
| |
| <p>You can then reference the resulting file in your |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive:</p> |
| |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap mapname "dbm:/etc/apache/mapfile.map"</pre> |
| |
| |
| <div class="note"> |
| <p>Note that with some dbm types, more than one file is generated, with |
| a common base name. For example, you may have two files named |
| <code>mapfile.map.dir</code> and <code>mapfile.map.pag</code>. This is |
| normal, and you need only use the base name <code>mapfile.map</code> in |
| your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive.</p> |
| </div> |
| |
| <div class="note"><h3>Cached lookups</h3> |
| <p> |
| The looked-up keys are cached by httpd until the <code>mtime</code> |
| (modified time) of the mapfile changes, or the httpd server is |
| restarted. This ensures better performance on maps that are called |
| by many requests. |
| </p> |
| </div> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="prg" id="prg">prg: External Rewriting Program</a></h2> |
| |
| <p>When a MapType of <code>prg</code> is used, the MapSource is a |
| filesystem path to an executable program which will providing the |
| mapping behavior. This can be a compiled binary file, or a program |
| in an interpreted language such as Perl or Python.</p> |
| |
| <p>This program is started once, when the Apache HTTP Server is |
| started, and then communicates with the rewriting engine via |
| <code>STDIN</code> and <code>STDOUT</code>. That is, for each map |
| function lookup, it expects one argument via <code>STDIN</code>, and |
| should return one new-line terminated response string on |
| <code>STDOUT</code>. If there is no corresponding lookup value, the |
| map program should return the four-character string |
| "<code>NULL</code>" to indicate this.</p> |
| |
| <p>External rewriting programs are not started if they're defined in |
| a context that does not have <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriteengine">RewriteEngine</a></code> set to |
| <code>on</code>.</p> |
| |
| <p>By default, external rewriting programs are run as the |
| user:group who started httpd. This can be changed on UNIX systems |
| by passing user name and group name as third argument to |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> in the |
| <code>username:groupname</code> format.</p> |
| |
| <p>This feature utilizes the <code>rewrite-map</code> mutex, |
| which is required for reliable communication with the program. |
| The mutex mechanism and lock file can be configured with the |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#mutex">Mutex</a></code> directive.</p> |
| |
| <p>A simple example is shown here which will replace all dashes with |
| underscores in a request URI.</p> |
| |
| <p><strong>Rewrite configuration</strong></p> |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap d2u "prg:/www/bin/dash2under.pl" apache:apache |
| RewriteRule "-" "${d2u:%{REQUEST_URI}}"</pre> |
| |
| |
| <p><strong>dash2under.pl</strong></p> |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-perl">#!/usr/bin/perl |
| $| = 1; # Turn off I/O buffering |
| while (<STDIN>) { |
| s/-/_/g; # Replace dashes with underscores |
| print $_; |
| }</pre> |
| |
| |
| <div class="note"><h3>Caution!</h3> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Keep your rewrite map program as simple as possible. If the program |
| hangs, it will cause httpd to wait indefinitely for a response from the |
| map, which will, in turn, cause httpd to stop responding to |
| requests.</li> |
| <li>Be sure to turn off buffering in your program. In Perl this is done |
| by the second line in the example script: <code>$| = 1;</code> This will |
| of course vary in other languages. Buffered I/O will cause httpd to wait |
| for the output, and so it will hang.</li> |
| <li>Remember that there is only one copy of the program, started at |
| server startup. All requests will need to go through this one bottleneck. |
| This can cause significant slowdowns if many requests must go through |
| this process, or if the script itself is very slow.</li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="dbd" id="dbd">dbd or fastdbd: SQL Query</a></h2> |
| |
| |
| <p>When a MapType of <code>dbd</code> or <code>fastdbd</code> is |
| used, the MapSource is a SQL SELECT statement that takes a single |
| argument and returns a single value.</p> |
| |
| <p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> will need to be configured to point at |
| the right database for this statement to be executed.</p> |
| |
| <p>There are two forms of this MapType. |
| Using a MapType of <code>dbd</code> causes the query to be |
| executed with each map request, while using <code>fastdbd</code> |
| caches the database lookups internally. So, while |
| <code>fastdbd</code> is more efficient, and therefore faster, it |
| won't pick up on changes to the database until the server is |
| restarted.</p> |
| |
| <p>If a query returns more than one row, a random row from |
| the result set is used.</p> |
| |
| <div class="example"><h3>Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap myquery "fastdbd:SELECT destination FROM rewrite WHERE source = %s"</pre> |
| </div> |
| |
| <div class="note"><h3>Note</h3> |
| <p>The query name is passed to the database driver as a label for |
| an SQL prepared statement, and will therefore need to follow any rules |
| (such as case-sensitivity) required for your database.</p></div> |
| |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="summary" id="summary">Summary</a></h2> |
| |
| |
| <p>The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive can |
| occur more than once. For each mapping-function use one |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive to declare |
| its rewriting mapfile.</p> |
| |
| <p>While you cannot <strong>declare</strong> a map in |
| per-directory context (<code>.htaccess</code> files or |
| <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> blocks) it is |
| possible to <strong>use</strong> this map in per-directory context.</p> |
| |
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| <a href="../fr/rewrite/rewritemap.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a></p> |
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