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| <title>Como Cifrar su Tráfico - Servidor HTTP Apache Versión 2.5</title> |
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| <p class="apache">Versión 2.5 del Servidor HTTP Apache</p> |
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| <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">Servidor HTTP</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentación</a> > <a href="../">Versión 2.5</a> > <a href="./">How-To / |
| Tutoriales</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Como Cifrar su Tráfico</h1> |
| <div class="toplang"> |
| <p><span>Idiomas disponibles: </span><a href="../en/howto/encrypt.html" hreflang="en" rel="alternate" title="English"> en </a> | |
| <a href="../es/howto/encrypt.html" title="Español"> es </a></p> |
| </div> |
| |
| <p>En esta guía se explica cómo hacer que su servidor HTTPD Apache |
| use un cifrado para transferir datos entre el servidor y sus visitantes. En vez |
| de usar enlaces <code>http:</code>, usará del tipo<code>https:</code>, si todo |
| está configurado correctamente, toda persona que visite su web, tendrá más |
| privacidad y protección.</p> |
| <p> Este manual está pensado para aquellos que no están muy familiarizados con |
| SSL/TLS y cifrados, junto con toda la jerga técnica incomprensible (Estamos |
| bromeando, este tema es bastante importante, con |
| serios expertos en el tema, y problemas reales que resolver - pero sí, suena a |
| jerga técnica incomprensible para todos aquellos que no hayan tratado con esto). |
| Personas que han escuchado que su servidor http: no es del todo seguro a dia de |
| hoy. Que los espías y los malos están escuchando. Que incluso las empresas |
| legítimas están insertando datos en sus páginas web y vendiendo perfiles de |
| visitantes. |
| </p> |
| <p>En esta guía nos centraremos en ayudarle para migrar su servidor httpd, para |
| que deje de servir enlaces vía <code>http:</code> y los sirva vía |
| <code>https:</code> ones, without you becoming a SSL expert first. You might |
| get fascinated by all this crypto things and study it more and become a real |
| expert. But you also might not, run a reasonably secure web server nevertheless |
| and do other things good for mankind with your time. </p> <p> You |
| will get a rough idea what roles these mysterious things called "certificate" |
| and "private key" play and how they are used to let your visitors be sure |
| they are talking to your server. You will <em>not</em> be told <em>how</em> |
| this works, just how it is used: it's basically about passports. </p> |
| </div> |
| <div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#protocol">Pequeña introducción a Certificados e.j: Pasaporte de Internet</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#buycert">Comprar un Certificado</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#freecert">Get a Free Certificate</a></li> |
| </ul><h3>Consulte también</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../ssl/ssl_howto.html">SSL How-To</a></li><li><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></li><li><a href="../mod/mod_md.html">mod_md</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comentarios</a></li></ul></div> |
| <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="protocol" id="protocol">Pequeña introducción a Certificados e.j: Pasaporte de Internet</a> <a title="Enlace permanente" href="#protocol" class="permalink">¶</a></h2> |
| |
| |
| <p> The TLS protocol (formerly known as SSL) is a |
| way a client and a server can talk to each other without anyone else |
| listening, or better understanding a thing. It is what your browser uses when |
| you open a https: link. </p> <p> In addition to having a private conversation |
| with a server, your browser also needs to know that it really talks to the |
| server - and not someone else acting like it. That, next to the encryption, is |
| the other part of the TLS protocol. </p> <p> In order to do that, your server |
| does not only need the software for TLS, e.g. the <a href="../mod/mod_http2.html">mod_ssl</a> module, but some sort of identity |
| proof on the Internet. This is commonly referred to as a <em>certificate</em>. |
| Basically, everyone has the same mod_ssl and can encrypt, but only your have |
| <em>your</em> certificate and with that, you are you. </p> <p> A certificate |
| is the digital equivalent of a passport. It contains two things: a stamp of |
| approval from the people issuing the passport and a reference to your digital |
| fingerprints, e.g. what is called a <em>private key</em> in encryption terms. |
| </p> <p> When you configure your Apache httpd for https: links, you need to |
| give it the certificate and the private key. If you never give the key to |
| anyone else, only you will be able to prove to visitors that the certificate |
| belongs to you. That way, a browser talking to your server a second time will |
| be sure that it is indeed the very same server it talked to before. </p> <p> |
| But how does it know that it is the real server, the first time it starts |
| talking to someone? Here, the digital rubber stamping comes into play. The |
| rubber stamp is done by someone else, using her own private key. That person |
| has also a certificate, e.g. her own passport. The browser can make sure that |
| this passport is based on the same key that was used to rubber stamp your |
| server passport. Now, instead of making sure that your passport is correct, it |
| must make sure that the passport of the person that says <em>your</em> |
| passport is correct, is correct. </p> <p> And that passport is also rubber |
| stamped digitally, by someone else with a key and a certificate. So the |
| browser only needs to make sure that <em>that</em> one is correct that says it |
| is correct to trust the one that says your server is correct. This trusting |
| game can go to a few or many levels (usually less than 5). </p> <p> In the |
| end, the browser will encounter a passport that is stamped by its own key. |
| It's a Gloria Gaynor certificate that says "I am what I am!". The browser then |
| either trust this Gloria or not. If not, your server is also not trusted. |
| Otherwise, it is. Simple. </p> <p> The trust check for the Gloria Gaynors of |
| the Internet is easy: your browser (or your operating system) comes with list |
| of Gloria passports to trust, pre-installed. If it sees a Gloria certificate, |
| it is either in this list or not to be trusted. </p> <p> This whole thing |
| works as long as everyone keeps his private keys to himself. Anyone copying |
| such a key can impersonate the key owner. And if the owner can rubber stamp |
| passports, the impersonator can also do that. And all the passports stamped by |
| an impersonator, all those certificates will look 100% valid, |
| indistinguishable from the "real" ones. </p> <p> So, this trust model works, |
| but it has its limits. That is why browser makers are so keen on having the |
| correct Gloria Gaynor lists and threaten to expel anyone from it that is |
| careless with her keys. </p> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="buycert" id="buycert">Comprar un Certificado</a> <a title="Enlace permanente" href="#buycert" class="permalink">¶</a></h2> <p> Bueno, pueds |
| comprar uno. Hay muchas compañias vendiando pasaportes de Internet como |
| servicio. En <a href="https://ccadb- public.secure.force.com/mozilla/IncludedCACertificateReport">esta lista de |
| Mozilla,</a> podrás encontrar todas las compañias en las que el navegador |
| Firefox confía. Escoge una, visita su pagina web y te diran los diferentes |
| precios, y como hacer para comprobar tu identidad y quien dices ser quien |
| eres, y así podrán generar tu pasaporte con confianza. </p> <p> |
| |
| They all have their own methods, also depending on what kind of passport you |
| apply for, and it's probably some sort of click web interface in a browser. |
| They may send you an email that you need to answer or do something else. In |
| the end, they will show you how to generate your own, unique private key and |
| issue you a stamped passport matching it. </p> <p> You then place |
| the key in one file, the certificate in another. Put these on your server, make |
| sure that only a trusted user can read the key file and add it to your httpd |
| configuration. This is extensively covered in the <a href="../ssl/ssl_howto.html">SSL How-To</a>. </p> <p> </p> |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="freecert" id="freecert">Get a Free Certificate</a> <a title="Enlace permanente" href="#freecert" class="permalink">¶</a></h2> <p> Hay también |
| compañias que ofrecen certificados gratuitos para servidores web. La pionera |
| en esto es <a href="https://letsencrypt.org">Let's Encrypt</a> que es un |
| servicio de la organización sin ánimo de lucro <a href="">(ISRG) Internet |
| Security Research Group </a>, para "reducir las barreras financieras, |
| tecnológicas y de educación, para securizar las comunicaciones en Internet." |
| </p> <p> No sólo ofrencen certificados gratuitos, también han desaarrollado |
| una interfáz que puede ser usada en su Apache Httpd para obtener uno. Aquí es |
| donde <a href="../mod/mod_md.html">mod_md</a> entra en juego. </p> <p> (zoom |
| out the camera on how to configure mod_md and virtual host...) </p> </div></div> |
| <div class="bottomlang"> |
| <p><span>Idiomas disponibles: </span><a href="../en/howto/encrypt.html" hreflang="en" rel="alternate" title="English"> en </a> | |
| <a href="../es/howto/encrypt.html" title="Español"> es </a></p> |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comentarios</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed again by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Freenode, or sent to our <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div> |
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