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| </div><div id='content' class='page-1'><div class='row'><div class='row-fluid'><div class='col-lg-3'><ul class='nav-sidebar'><li><a href='./'>Blog index</a></li><li class='active'><a href='#doc'>Australian Time Zones</a></li></ul><br/><ul class='nav-sidebar'><li style='padding: 0.35em 0.625em; background-color: #eee'><span>Related posts</span></li><li><a href='./groundhog-day'>Groundhog Day</a></li><li><a href='./groovy-dates-and-times-cheat'>Groovy Dates And Times Cheat Sheet</a></li></ul></div><div class='col-lg-8 col-lg-pull-0'><a name='doc'></a><h1>Australian Time Zones</h1><p><span>Author: <i>Paul King</i></span><br/><span>Published: 2023-02-20 08:00PM</span></p><hr/><div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><a href="https://kenkousen.substack.com/">Ken Kousen</a> posted another |
| <a href="https://t.co/VM4f4lpM7a">Tales from the jar side</a> episode |
| covering among other things, time zones in Antarctica.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><span class="image"><img src="https://external-preview.redd.it/16_JjhwH0lSETAc7LMNvulifXMrs-43lWIs_nr2OPIs.jpg?width=960&crop=smart&auto=webp&v=enabled&s=7fe189e9ed24d481d3445fad245bd6ae18ee5740" alt="Research stations and timezones in Antarctica"></span></p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Let’s replicate his example in Groovy before looking at time zones |
| more broadly in Australia. Why Australia? Well, that’s where I’m from but also |
| there’s a reference in Ken’s article to one of the facts we’ll look at. First, here |
| is the equivalent of Ken’s exploration at the South Pole:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre><strong class="lime">Groovy Shell</strong> (4.0.9, JVM: 17.0.2) |
| Type ':help' or ':h' for help. |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| groovy:000> import java.time.* |
| ===> java.time.* |
| groovy:000> southPole = ZoneId.of('Antarctica/South_Pole') |
| ===> Antarctica/South_Pole |
| groovy:000> dst = southPole.rules.isDaylightSavings(Instant.now()) |
| ===> true |
| groovy:000> "The South Pole ${dst ? 'IS' : 'IS NOT'} currently on DST" |
| ===> The South Pole IS currently on DST |
| groovy:000></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Without wanting to give away Ken’s punch line, the South Pole, |
| in particular, the Amundsen-Scott station, is currently on daylight saving time. |
| Read <a href="https://t.co/VM4f4lpM7a">his article</a> |
| or attend one of Ken’s talks if you wonder why that might be strange!</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Speaking of strange, Ken also mentioned another strange fact related |
| to Australian timezones. Australia has a zone, Eucla, with a 45-minute offset. |
| And that’s not the only interesting fact!</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Let’s look at all Australian timezones, including Eucla, and the three |
| Antarctic research stations, Casey, Davis, and Mawson |
| (seen on the right of the above map).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Before we dive into coding, let’s look at the timezones we’re interested in:</p> |
| </div> |
| <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col style="width: 9.0909%;"> |
| <col style="width: 27.2727%;"> |
| <col style="width: 18.1818%;"> |
| <col style="width: 45.4546%;"> |
| </colgroup> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Abbreviation</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Time zone name</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Offset</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Where used</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/acdt">ACDT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Australian Central Daylight Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +10:30</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><em>Summer:</em> South Australia, Broken Hill/Yancowinna County in New South Wales</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/acst">ACST</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Australian Central Standard Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +9:30</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><em>Winter:</em> South Australia, Broken Hill/Yancowinna County in New South Wales<br> |
| <em>All year:</em> Northern Territory</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/act-australia">ACT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Australian Central Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Often used as an abbreviation for places which switch between ACDT/ACST</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/australia/eucla">ACWST</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Australian Central Western Standard Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +8:45</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Eucla</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/aedt">AEDT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Australian Eastern Daylight Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +11</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><em>Summer:</em> Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales except Broken Hill/Yancowinna County in New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria<br> |
| <em>All year:</em> Macquarie Island</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/aest">AEST</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Australian Eastern Standard Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +10</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><em>Winter:</em> Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales except Broken Hill/Yancowinna County in New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria<br> |
| <em>All year:</em> Queensland, Coral Sea Islands</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/aet">AET</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Australian Eastern Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Often used as an abbreviation for places in either AEDT or AEST (or switching between them)</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/awdt">AWDT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Australian Western Daylight Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +9</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><em>Not currently in use</em></p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/awst">AWST</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Australian Western Standard Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +8</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Western Australia, Ashmore and Cartier Islands</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/cct">CCT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Cocos Islands Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +6:30</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/cxt">CXT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Christmas Island Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +7</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Christmas Island</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/lhdt">LHDT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Lord Howe Daylight Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +11</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><em>Summer:</em> Lord Howe Island</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/lhst">LHST</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Lord Howe Standard Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +10:30</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><em>Winter:</em> Lord Howe Island</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/nfdt">NFDT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Norfolk Daylight Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +12</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><em>Summer:</em> Norfolk Island</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/nft">NFT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Norfolk Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +11</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><em>Winter:</em> Norfolk Island</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/tft">TFT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">French Southern and Antarctic Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +5</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Heard and McDonald Islands</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/cast">CAST</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Casey Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><em>Winter:</em> UTC +8<br> |
| <em>Summer:</em> UTC +11</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Casey Antarctic Station</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/davt">DAVT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Davis Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +7</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Davis Antarctic Station</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/mawt">MAWT</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Mawson Time</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTC +5</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Mawson Antarctic Station</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The first thing you might notice, is that’s quite a few time zones! |
| Secondly, most countries have whole number zone offsets, but you |
| should notice that Australia has several 30-minute offsets too. |
| Ken mentioned that 45-minute offsets are even rarer (3 in the world). |
| Let’s look at Australia’s contribution to that exclusive club:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">var eucla = ZoneId.of('Australia/Eucla') |
| println eucla.rules.getStandardOffset(now)</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This has the following result:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>+08:45</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Why such a strange offset? Well, Eucla sits on the Nullarbor plain, |
| about halfway between Perth and Adelaide, and close to the state border. |
| It was once home to a telegram station and |
| <a href="http://www.drivemelbournetoperth.com.au/time-zones-across-nullarbor.html#:~:text=To%20sort%20this%20issue%20out,time%20zone%20of%2045%20minutes">the story goes</a> that to minimise confusion between the West Australian and |
| South Australian workers who sat side-by-side sorting telegrams, |
| they set the time zone to exactly halfway between their respective state |
| timezones. Western Australia and South Australia are (excluding daylight saving) |
| an hour and 30 minutes apart, so halfway between results in the 45-minute offset!</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><span class="image"><img src="img/perth_eucla_adelaide.png" alt="Perth to Adelaide via Eucla"></span></p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Incidentally, if you want to see |
| the longest straight section of railway in the world (478 km, 297 mi), |
| or the longest straight section of tarred road in Australia (146 km, 91 mi), |
| then the Nullarbor plain is the place to be, but otherwise it’s not high |
| on most folks tourist attractions must-see list.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><span class="image"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Highway_sign%2C_Nullarbor%2C_2017_%2802%29.jpg/1920px-Highway_sign%2C_Nullarbor%2C_2017_%2802%29.jpg" alt="Nullarbor plain" width="600"></span></p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>But the Nullarbor is the place to be if you want to know about another obscure timezone fact! |
| When the Indian Pacific train travels between |
| Kalgoorlie, Western Australia and Port Augusta, South Australia, |
| it has its own time known as |
| <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Australia#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Pacific%20train%20has,the%20eastern%20and%20southern%20states">"Train Time"</a> (UTC+09:00). |
| We won’t follow this unofficial timezone in our later exploration, |
| but it would add another to our list if we wanted to include it too!</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><span class="image"><img src="img/IndianPacificRailroadRouteMap.png" alt="Indian pacific train"></span></p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A few other obscure timezone facts relate to some of Australia’s smaller islands.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>One interesting timezone fact applies to |
| <a href="https://lordhoweisland.info/">Lord Howe Island</a>. |
| Lord Howe Island is a little over 600 km (380mi) |
| out from the north coast of New South Wales. |
| That’s about 1/4 of the way to New Zealand! |
| Being that far East of the mainland, it’s not surprising to find out that |
| it has a timezone 30 minutes earlier than the mainland.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><span class="image"><img src="https://www.thesenior.com.au/images/transform/v1/crop/frm/ezJUJGp6GbYvhKygBYtWTb/90dd6397-e247-4c3f-aacf-bd15b7cf8586.jpg/r0_31_600_371_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg" alt="Lord Howe Island"></span></p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Apparently, some years back, |
| <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/lord-howe-islands-time#:~:text=The%20reason%20for%20this%20unique,UTC%20%2B10%3A00%20clock">the governor wanted to have a timezone coinciding |
| with the mainland</a>, for at least part of the year, so they held a referendum |
| and voted in a 30-minute daylight saving time during Summer.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Let’s check this phenomenon:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">var lordHowe = ZoneId.of('Australia/Lord_Howe') |
| assert lordHowe.rules.getDaylightSavings(now).toMinutes() == 30</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Another Island timezone anomaly applies to Heron Island, 72 km (45 mi) off the |
| coast of Gladstone in Queensland. It has two time zones: the island resort follows |
| daylight saving time all year round, whereas the Marine Research Centre and the Parks and Wildlife office on the island remain on Eastern Standard Time.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Finally, let’s collect all the different offsets applicable to Australia:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">var ids = ['Australia/Tasmania', 'Antarctica/Davis', |
| 'Australia/ACT', 'Australia/Eucla', 'Australia/North', 'Australia/Yancowinna', |
| 'Australia/Victoria', 'Australia/Adelaide', 'Antarctica/Mawson', 'Antarctica/Casey', |
| 'Australia/Queensland', 'Australia/Lord_Howe', 'Australia/NSW', 'Australia/South', |
| 'Australia/West', 'Indian/Christmas', 'Indian/Cocos', 'Pacific/Norfolk'] |
| Set offsets = [] |
| for (id in ids) { |
| var rules = ZoneId.of(id).rules |
| offsets << rules.getStandardOffset(now) // non daylight saving offset |
| offsets << rules.getOffset(now) // daylight saving offset when run in Summer |
| }</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Let’s check that there are 10 different offsets we need to deal with in |
| Australian territories, with 4 being the less usual <em>not-on-the-hour</em> offsets. |
| Then, we’ll print out the offsets.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">assert offsets.size() == 10 |
| assert offsets*.toString().count{ !it.endsWith(':00')} == 4 |
| println offsets</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The two assertions pass and the final println has the following output:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>[+10:00, +11:00, +07:00, +08:45, +09:30, +10:30, +05:00, +08:00, +06:30, +12:00]</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Just one final timezone obscurity to wrap up.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The Queensland-New South Wales border actually cuts Gold Coast Airport almost |
| precisely in half, including the runway. Technically, flights departing in the summer |
| months leave the terminal in one time zone and take off from the ground in another. |
| This has the potential to severely muck up the airlines <em>departed-on-time</em> statistics! |
| Thankfully the airport chooses to operate exclusively on Queensland time to avoid |
| any potential confusion.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><span class="image"><img src="https://www.wearegoldcoast.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ryanfowlerphotography.jpg" alt="Fireworks on the Gold Coast" width="600"></span></p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Incidentally, if you love to celebrate New Year’s Eve, Gold Coast might be the |
| perfect destination. You can party and watch fireworks in Tweed Heads before heading |
| just 10s of metres North to count down to midnight all over again, just one hour later.</p> |
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