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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/introduction.html"><strong>1</strong><span>Introduction</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/gettingStarted.html"><strong>2</strong><span>Getting Started</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/upgrading.html"><strong>3</strong><span>Upgrading from previous versions of Grails</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/conf.html"><strong>4</strong><span>Configuration</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/commandLine.html"><strong>5</strong><span>The Command Line</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/profiles.html"><strong>6</strong><span>Application Profiles</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/GORM.html"><strong>7</strong><span>Object Relational Mapping (GORM)</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/theWebLayer.html"><strong>8</strong><span>The Web Layer</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/traits.html"><strong>9</strong><span>Traits</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/webServices.html"><strong>10</strong><span>Web Services</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/async.html"><strong>11</strong><span>Asynchronous Programming</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/validation.html"><strong>12</strong><span>Validation</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/services.html"><strong>13</strong><span>The Service Layer</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/staticTypeCheckingAndCompilation.html"><strong>14</strong><span>Static Type Checking And Compilation</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/scaffolding.html"><strong>21</strong><span>Scaffolding</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/deployment.html"><strong>22</strong><span>Deployment</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="../guide/contributing.html"><strong>23</strong><span>Contributing to Grails</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item next-right"><a href="../guide/gettingStarted.html"><strong>2</strong><span>Getting Started</span> >></a></div>
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<h1>1 Introduction - Reference Documentation</h1>
<p><strong>Authors:</strong> Graeme Rocher, Peter Ledbrook, Marc Palmer, Jeff Brown, Luke Daley, Burt Beckwith, Lari Hotari</p>
<p><strong>Version:</strong> 3.1.9</p>
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<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#whatsNew31"><strong>1.1</strong><span>What's new in Grails 3.1?</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="#profileImprovements"><strong>1.1.1</strong><span>Improvements to Grails 3 Profiles</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="#webApiAndAngularProfiles"><strong>1.1.2</strong><span>REST API and AngularJS Profiles</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="#gorm5"><strong>1.1.3</strong><span>GORM 5 Suite</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="#pluginPublishing"><strong>1.1.4</strong><span>Plugin Publishing Plugins</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#whatsNew"><strong>1.2</strong><span>What's new in Grails 3.0?</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="#coreFeatures"><strong>1.2.1</strong><span>Core Features</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="#webFeatures"><strong>1.2.2</strong><span>Web Features</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="#developmentEnvironmentFeatures"><strong>1.2.3</strong><span>Development Environment Features</span></a>
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="#testingFeatures"><strong>1.2.4</strong><span>Testing Features</span></a>
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<a name="1. Introduction"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h1 id="introduction">1 Introduction</h1>
Java web development as it stands today is dramatically more complicated than it needs to be. Most modern web frameworks in the Java space are over complicated and don't embrace the Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) principles.<p class="paragraph"/>Dynamic frameworks like Rails, Django and TurboGears helped pave the way to a more modern way of thinking about web applications. Grails builds on these concepts and dramatically reduces the complexity of building web applications on the Java platform. What makes it different, however, is that it does so by building on already established Java technologies like Spring and Hibernate.<p class="paragraph"/>Grails is a full stack framework and attempts to solve as many pieces of the web development puzzle through the core technology and its associated plugins. Included out the box are things like:
<ul class="star">
<li>An easy to use Object Relational Mapping (ORM) layer built on <a href="http://www.hibernate.org" target="blank">Hibernate</a></li>
<li>An expressive view technology called Groovy Server Pages (GSP)</li>
<li>A controller layer built on <a href="http://www.spring.io" target="blank">Spring</a> MVC</li>
<li>An interactive command line environment and build system based on <a href="http://gradle.org" target="blank">Gradle</a></li>
<li>An embedded <a href="http://tomcat.apache.org" target="blank">Tomcat</a> container which is configured for on the fly reloading</li>
<li>Dependency injection with the inbuilt Spring container</li>
<li>Support for internationalization (i18n) built on Spring's core MessageSource concept</li>
<li>A transactional service layer built on Spring's transaction abstraction</li>
</ul><p class="paragraph"/>All of these are made easy to use through the power of the <a href="http://groovy-lang.org" target="blank">Groovy</a> language and the extensive use of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs)<p class="paragraph"/>This documentation will take you through getting started with Grails and building web applications with the Grails framework.
<h2 id="whatsNew31">1.1 What's new in Grails 3.1?</h2>
Grails 3.1 includes the following new features.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Spring Boot 1.3 and Spring 4.2</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Grails 3.1 has been upgraded to Spring Boot 1.3 and Spring 4.2.<p class="paragraph"/>
<h2 id="profileImprovements">1.1.1 Improvements to Grails 3 Profiles</h2>
<h4>Profile Publishing and Repositories</h4><p class="paragraph"/>The following improvements are available in Grails profiles:
<ul class="star">
<li>Profiles are now published as regular JAR files to any Maven compatible repository (Artifactory, Nexus etc.).</li>
<li>Additional profiles can be created easily with the new <a href="../ref/Command Line/create-profile.html" class="commandLine">create-profile</a> command.</li>
<li>Profiles can now contribute to the generation of the build</li>
<li>Profiles can now have one or many features</li>
</ul><p class="paragraph"/>For more information see the new <a href="../guide/single.html#profiles" class="guide">section on Profiles</a> in the user guide.
<h2 id="webApiAndAngularProfiles">1.1.2 REST API and AngularJS Profiles</h2>
<h4>REST Profile</h4><p class="paragraph"/>A new profile is available designed for the creation of pure REST applications without a UI.<p class="paragraph"/>To create a REST application use the <code>rest-api</code> profile as an argument to <a href="../ref/Command Line/create-app.html" class="commandLine">create-app</a>:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>$ grails create&#45;app myapp &#45;&#45;profile=<span class="java&#45;keyword">rest</span>&#45;api</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/><blockquote class="note">
In earlier milestones this profile was named web-api. The profile has been renamed <code>rest-api</code> which more appropriately describes its purpose.
</blockquote><p class="paragraph"/>Then start interactive mode to see the available commands for the profile:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>$ cd myapp
$ grails</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>If you hit TAB you will notice code generation commands specific to the profile including:
<ul class="star">
<li><code>create-domain-resource</code> - Creates a domain class annotated with the <a href="https://grails.apache.org/docs/3.0.x/api/grails/rest/Resource.html" class="api">Resource</a> annotation)</li>
<li><code>create-restful-controller</code> - Creates a controller that extends <a href="https://grails.apache.org/docs/3.0.x/api/grails/rest/RestfulController.html" class="api">RestfulController</a>.</li>
</ul><p class="paragraph"/><h4>JSON and Markup Views</h4><p class="paragraph"/>The REST profile includes the ability to define <a href="https://github.com/grails/grails-views" target="blank">JSON and Markup views</a> and the <code>build.gradle</code> features the ability to compile these views for production use.<p class="paragraph"/>The REST profile also creates <a href="https://github.com/grails/grails-views" target="blank">JSON views</a> to render the <code>index</code> action and common commands such as <a href="../ref/Command Line/generate-views.html" class="commandLine">generate-views</a> have been overridden to generate JSON views.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>AngularJS Profile</h4><p class="paragraph"/>An initial version of the AngularJS profile is now available, making it easier to create and integrate AngularJS with Grails 3 applications.<p class="paragraph"/>To create a Grails 3 AngularJS application use the <code>angular</code> profile as an argument to <a href="../ref/Command Line/create-app.html" class="commandLine">create-app</a>:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>$ grails create&#45;app myapp &#45;&#45;profile=angular</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Then start interactive mode to see the available commands for the profile:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>$ cd myapp
$ grails</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>
You will notice new commands such as <code>create-ng-component</code>, <code>create-ng-controller</code> etc. that help you get going creating an AngularJS application.<p class="paragraph"/>The <code>build.gradle</code> is also preconfigured with the necessary Gradle plugins to integrate AngularJS with Asset Pipeline. The created Angular application can be found in <code>grails-app/assets/javascripts</code>.<p class="paragraph"/>
<h2 id="gorm5">1.1.3 GORM 5 Suite</h2>
Grails 3.1 ships with <a href="https://grails.apache.org/docs-legacy-gorm/5.0.x/" target="blank">GORM 5</a> which is a brand new release of GORM supporting the following technologies:
<ul class="star">
<li>Hibernate 3, 4 and 5 - for SQL databases GORM for Hibernate now supports the latest Hibernate 5.x release</li>
<li>MongoDB 3.x - GORM for MongoDB has been upgraded to the MongoDB 3.x Java driver and supports codec based persistence</li>
<li>Neo4j 2.3.x - GORM for Neo4j has been significantly improved and support the latest release of Neo4j</li>
<li>Cassandra - GORM for Cassandra supports the latest 2.0.x drivers</li>
</ul><p class="paragraph"/>For more information refer to the new <a href="https://grails.apache.org/docs-legacy-gorm/5.0.x/" target="blank">GORM 5 website</a>.
<h2 id="pluginPublishing">1.1.4 Plugin Publishing Plugins</h2>
New Gradle plugins are available to simplify publishing of plugins and profiles.<p class="paragraph"/>To utilize the plugin apply the <code>org.grails.grails-plugin-publish</code> plugin (after any existing Grails plugins for Gradle):<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>apply plugin: <span class="java&#45;quote">"org.grails.grails&#45;plugin"</span>
apply plugin: <span class="java&#45;quote">"org.grails.grails&#45;plugin&#45;publish"</span></pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>For a profile the <code>grails-profile-publish</code> plugin can be used instead:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>apply plugin: <span class="java&#45;quote">"org.grails.grails&#45;profile"</span>
apply plugin: <span class="java&#45;quote">"org.grails.grails&#45;profile&#45;publish"</span></pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Then configure the plugin. For example:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>grailsPublish &#123;
user = 'user'
key = 'key'
githubSlug = 'foo/bar'
license &#123;
name = 'Apache&#45;2.0'
&#125;
title = <span class="java&#45;quote">"My Plugin Title"</span>
desc = <span class="java&#45;quote">"My Plugin Description"</span>
developers = &#91;johndoe:<span class="java&#45;quote">"John Doe"</span>&#93;
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>The <code>user</code> and <code>key</code> are your Bintray credentials. With this done you can continue to use <code>bintrayUpload</code> to publish your plugin. In addition, if you wish to update the Grails plugin portal, you simply need to configure your <code>grails.org</code> credentials:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>grailsPublish &#123;
&#8230;
portalUser = <span class="java&#45;quote">"..."</span>
portalPassword = <span class="java&#45;quote">"..."</span>
&#125;</pre></div><p class="paragraph"/>Then call <code>notifyPluginPortal</code> to update the <a href="http://grails.org/plugins" target="blank">Grails.org Plugins website</a>:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>gradle notifyPluginPortal</pre></div>
<a name="1.1 What's new in Grails 2.0?"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="whatsNew">1.2 What's new in Grails 3.0?</h2>
This section covers the new features that are present in 3.0 and is broken down into sections covering the build system, core APIs, the web tier, persistence enhancements and improvements in testing. Note there are many more small enhancements and improvements, these sections just cover some of the highlights.<p class="paragraph"/>
<a name="1.1.2 Core Features"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="coreFeatures">1.2.1 Core Features</h2>
<h4>Groovy 2.4</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Grails 3.0 comes with Groovy 2.4 which includes many new features and enhancements.<p class="paragraph"/>For more information on Groovy 2.4, see the <a href="http://groovy-lang.org/releasenotes/groovy-2.4.html" target="blank">release notes</a> for more information.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Spring 4.1 and Spring Boot 1.2</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Grails 3.0 comes with Spring 4.1 which includes <a href="https://spring.io/blog/2014/09/04/spring-framework-4-1-ga-is-here" target="blank">many new features and enhancements</a>.<p class="paragraph"/>In addition, Grails 3.0 is built on <a href="http://projects.spring.io/spring-boot/" target="blank">Spring Boot 1.2</a> which provides the ability to produce runnable JAR files that can embed Tomcat, Jetty or Undertow containers.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Gradle Build System</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Grails 3.0 deprecates the older Gant-based build system in favour of a new <a href="http://gradle.org" target="blank">Gradle-based</a> build that integrates closely with the <a href="http://plugins.gradle.org" target="blank">Gradle plugin ecosystem</a>.<p class="paragraph"/>See the new section on the new <a href="../guide/single.html#gradleBuild" class="guide">Gradle build</a> for more information.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Application Profiles</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Grails 3.0 supports the notion of application profiles via a new <a href="https://github.com/grails/grails-profile-repository" target="blank">profile repository</a>. A profile encapsulates an application structure, set of commands, plugins and capabilities. For example the "web" profile allows construction of web applications deployable to a Servlet container. In the future more profiles will be developed targeting different environments.<p class="paragraph"/>See the new section on <a href="../guide/single.html#profiles" class="guide">Profiles</a> for more information.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Redesigned API based on Traits</h4><p class="paragraph"/>The Grails API has been redesigned so that public API is correctly populated under the <code>grails.</code> package whilst private / internal API that is subject to change can be found in the <code>org.grails.</code> package. The core API has also been rewritten and based around the <a href="http://groovy-lang.org/objectorientation.html#_traits" target="blank">Groovy Traits</a>.<p class="paragraph"/>See the new documentation on Grails 3.0's <a href="../guide/single.html#traits" class="guide">core traits</a> for more information.
<a name="1.1.3 Web Features"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="webFeatures">1.2.2 Web Features</h2>
<h4>New Interceptors API</h4><p class="paragraph"/>In previous versions of Grails, filters were used to define logic that intercepts controller action execution.<p class="paragraph"/>As of Grails 3.0, this API is deprecated and has been replaced by the new <a href="../guide/single.html#interceptors" class="guide">Interceptor API</a>. An example interceptor can be seen below:<p class="paragraph"/><div class="code"><pre>class MyInterceptor &#123;<p class="paragraph"/> <span class="java&#45;object">boolean</span> before() &#123; <span class="java&#45;keyword">true</span> &#125;<p class="paragraph"/> <span class="java&#45;object">boolean</span> after() &#123; <span class="java&#45;keyword">true</span> &#125;<p class="paragraph"/> void afterView() &#123;
// no&#45;op
&#125;<p class="paragraph"/>&#125;</pre></div>
<a name="1.1.1 Development Environment Features"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="developmentEnvironmentFeatures">1.2.3 Development Environment Features</h2>
<h4>New Shell and Code Generation API</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Replacing Gant, Grails 3.0 features a new interactive command line shell that integrates closely with Gradle and provides APIs for writing scripts that interact with Gradle and perform code generation.<p class="paragraph"/>The new shell integrates closely with the concept of application profiles with each profile capable defining <a href="https://github.com/grails/grails-profile-repository/tree/master/profiles/web/commands" target="blank">profile specific commands</a>. As with previous versions of Grails, plugins can define new shell commands that can invoke Gradle or perform code generation and project automation tasks.<p class="paragraph"/>See the new guide on <a href="../guide/single.html#creatingCustomScripts" class="guide">Creating Custom Scripts</a> for more information.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Enhanced IDE Integration</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Since Grails 3.0 is built on Gradle, you can now import a Grails project using IntelliJ community edition or GGTS's Gradle tooling support without the need for Grails specific tooling. Grails 3.0 plugins are published as simple JAR files greatly reducing the need for additional IDE support specific to Grails.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Application Main Class</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Each new Grails 3.0 project features an <code>Application</code> class that has a traditional <code>static void main</code> signature, meaning to run or debug a Grails 3.0 application from an IDE like IntelliJ or GGTS you can simply right-click on the <code>Application</code> class and execute to start your Grails application. All Grails 3.0 tests can also just be run from the IDE directly without needing to resort to the command line (even integration / functional tests!).
<a name="1.1.5 Testing Features"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="testingFeatures">1.2.4 Testing Features</h2>
<h4>Integration and Geb Functional Tests</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Grails 3.0 supports built in support for Spock/Geb functional tests using the <a href="../ref/Command Line/create-functional-test.html" class="commandLine">create-functional-test</a> command. Functional tests are based on Spring Boot's test running mechanism and load the application just once for an entire suite of tests. The tests can be run from and IDE and don't require the command line.<p class="paragraph"/><h4>Gradle Test Running</h4><p class="paragraph"/>Since Grails 3.0 is built on Gradle the test execution configuration is much more flexible and can easily configured to execute in parallel.
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Domain%20Classes/last.html">last</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Domain%20Classes/load.html">load</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Domain%20Classes/lock.html">lock</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Domain%20Classes/mappedBy.html">mappedBy</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Domain%20Classes/read.html">read</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Domain%20Classes/whereAny.html">whereAny</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Domain%20Classes/withNewSession.html">withNewSession</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/each.html">each</a>
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</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/findAll.html">findAll</a>
</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/form.html">form</a>
</div>
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</div>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/header.html">header</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/hiddenField.html">hiddenField</a>
</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/if.html">if</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/img.html">img</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/include.html">include</a>
</div>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/isNotAvailable.html">isNotAvailable</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/javascript.html">javascript</a>
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<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/join.html">join</a>
</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/layoutBody.html">layoutBody</a>
</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/layoutHead.html">layoutHead</a>
</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/layoutTitle.html">layoutTitle</a>
</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/link.html">link</a>
</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/localeSelect.html">localeSelect</a>
</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/message.html">message</a>
</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/meta.html">meta</a>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/paginate.html">paginate</a>
</div>
<div class="menu-item"><a href="../ref/Tags/passwordField.html">passwordField</a>
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