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| <title>16 Internationalization 5.3.0</title> |
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| <h1>16 Internationalization</h1> |
| |
| <p><strong>Version:</strong> 5.3.0</p> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| <div id="table-of-content"> |
| <h2>Table of Contents</h2> |
| |
| <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#understandingMessageBundles"><strong>16.1</strong><span>Understanding Message Bundles</span></a> |
| </div> |
| |
| <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#changingLocales"><strong>16.2</strong><span>Changing Locales</span></a> |
| </div> |
| |
| <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#readingMessages"><strong>16.3</strong><span>Reading Messages</span></a> |
| </div> |
| |
| <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#scaffoldingAndI18n"><strong>16.4</strong><span>Scaffolding and i18n</span></a> |
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| |
| |
| <a name="13. Internationalization"><!-- Legacy link --></a> |
| <h1 id="i18n">16 Internationalization</h1> |
| |
| <div class='contribute-btn'> |
| <button type='button' class='btn btn-default' onclick='window.location.href="https://github.com/grails/grails-doc/edit/5.3.x/src/en/guide/i18n.adoc"'> |
| <i class='fa fa-pencil-square-o'></i> Improve this doc |
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| |
| |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Grails supports Internationalization (i18n) out of the box by leveraging the underlying Spring MVC internationalization support. With Grails you are able to customize the text that appears in a view based on the user’s Locale. To quote the javadoc for the <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Locale.html">Locale</a> class:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="quoteblock"> |
| <blockquote> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region. An operation that requires a Locale to perform its task is called locale-sensitive and uses the Locale to tailor information for the user. For example, displaying a number is a locale-sensitive operation—​the number should be formatted according to the customs/conventions of the user’s native country, region, or culture.</p> |
| </div> |
| </blockquote> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A Locale is made up of a <a href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php">language code</a> and a <a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/country_names_and_code_elements.htm">country code</a>. For example "en_US" is the code for US English, whilst "en_GB" is the code for British English.</p> |
| </div> |
| |
| <a name="13.1 Understanding Message Bundles"><!-- Legacy link --></a> |
| <h2 id="understandingMessageBundles">16.1 Understanding Message Bundles</h2> |
| |
| <div class='contribute-btn'> |
| <button type='button' class='btn btn-default' onclick='window.location.href="https://github.com/grails/grails-doc/edit/5.3.x/src/en/guide/i18n/understandingMessageBundles.adoc"'> |
| <i class='fa fa-pencil-square-o'></i> Improve this doc |
| </button> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Now that you have an idea of locales, to use them in Grails you create message bundle file containing the different languages that you wish to render. Message bundles in Grails are located inside the <code>grails-app/i18n</code> directory and are simple Java properties files.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Each bundle starts with the name <code>messages</code> by convention and ends with the locale. Grails ships with several message bundles for a whole range of languages within the <code>grails-app/i18n</code> directory. For example:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>messages.properties</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>messages_da.properties</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>messages_de.properties</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>messages_es.properties</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>messages_fr.properties</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>…​</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>By default Grails looks in <code>messages.properties</code> for messages unless the user has specified a locale. You can create your own message bundle by simply creating a new properties file that ends with the locale you are interested in. For example <code>messages_en_GB.properties</code> for British English.</p> |
| </div> |
| |
| <a name="13.2 Changing Locales"><!-- Legacy link --></a> |
| <h2 id="changingLocales">16.2 Changing Locales</h2> |
| |
| <div class='contribute-btn'> |
| <button type='button' class='btn btn-default' onclick='window.location.href="https://github.com/grails/grails-doc/edit/5.3.x/src/en/guide/i18n/changingLocales.adoc"'> |
| <i class='fa fa-pencil-square-o'></i> Improve this doc |
| </button> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>By default, the user locale is detected from the incoming <code>Accept-Language</code> header. You can provide users the capability to switch locales by simply passing a parameter called <code>lang</code> to Grails as a request parameter:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="regexp"><span class="delimiter">/</span><span class="content">book</span><span class="delimiter">/</span></span>list?lang=es</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Grails will automatically switch the user’s locale and subsequent requests will use the switched locale.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>By default, Grails uses <a href="https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/5.3.8/javadoc-api/org/springframework/web/servlet/i18n/SessionLocaleResolver.html">SessionLocaleResolver</a> as the <code>localeResolver</code> bean.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can change the default locale easily:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="title">grails-app/conf/spring/resources.groovy</div> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="include">org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.SessionLocaleResolver</span> |
| |
| beans = { |
| localeResolver(SessionLocaleResolver) { |
| defaultLocale= <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="predefined-type">Locale</span>(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">es</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>) |
| } |
| }</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Other <code>localeResolver</code> are available. For example, you could use save the switched locale in a Cookie:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="title">grails-app/conf/spring/resources.groovy</div> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="include">org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.CookieLocaleResolver</span> |
| |
| beans = { |
| localeResolver(CookieLocaleResolver) { |
| defaultLocale= <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="predefined-type">Locale</span>(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">es</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>) |
| } |
| }</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Or fix the locale:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="title">grails-app/conf/spring/resources.groovy</div> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="include">org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.FixedLocaleResolver</span> |
| |
| beans = { |
| localeResolver(FixedLocaleResolver, <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="predefined-type">Locale</span>(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">de</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>)) |
| }</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| <a name="13.3 Reading Messages"><!-- Legacy link --></a> |
| <h2 id="readingMessages">16.3 Reading Messages</h2> |
| |
| <div class='contribute-btn'> |
| <button type='button' class='btn btn-default' onclick='window.location.href="https://github.com/grails/grails-doc/edit/5.3.x/src/en/guide/i18n/readingMessages.adoc"'> |
| <i class='fa fa-pencil-square-o'></i> Improve this doc |
| </button> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| <div class="sect3"> |
| <h4 id="_reading_messages_in_the_view">Reading Messages in the View</h4> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The most common place that you need messages is inside the view. Use the <a href="https://gsp.grails.org/5.0.0.RC1/ref/Tags/message.html">message</a> tag for this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="xml"><span class="tag"><g:message</span> <span class="attribute-name">code</span>=<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">my.localized.content</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> <span class="tag">/></span></code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>As long as you have a key in your <code>messages.properties</code> (with appropriate locale suffix) such as the one below then Grails will look up the message:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">my.localized.content=Hola, me llamo John. Hoy es domingo.</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Messages can also include arguments, for example:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="xml"><span class="tag"><g:message</span> <span class="attribute-name">code</span>=<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">my.localized.content</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> <span class="attribute-name">args</span>=<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">${ ['Juan', 'lunes'] }</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> <span class="tag">/></span></code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The message declaration specifies positional parameters which are dynamically specified:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">my.localized.content=Hola, me llamo {<span class="integer">0</span>}. Hoy es {<span class="integer">1</span>}.</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect3"> |
| <h4 id="_reading_messages_in_grails_artifacts_with_messagesource">Reading Messages in Grails Artifacts with MessageSource</h4> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In a Grails artifact, you can inject <code>messageSource</code> and use the method <code>getMessage</code> with the arguments: message code, message arguments, default message and locale to retrieve a message.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="include">org.springframework.context.MessageSource</span> |
| <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="include">org.springframework.context.i18n.LocaleContextHolder</span> |
| |
| <span class="type">class</span> <span class="class">MyappController</span> { |
| |
| MessageSource messageSource |
| |
| <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="function">show</span>() { |
| <span class="keyword">def</span> msg = messageSource.getMessage(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">my.localized.content</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>, [<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">Juan</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">lunes</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>] <span class="keyword">as</span> <span class="predefined-type">Object</span><span class="type">[]</span>, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">Default Message</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>, LocaleContextHolder.locale) |
| }</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect3"> |
| <h4 id="_reading_messages_in_controllers_and_tag_libraries_with_the_message_tag">Reading Messages in Controllers and Tag Libraries with the Message Tag</h4> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Additionally, you can read a message inside Controllers and Tag Libraries with the <a href="http://gsp.grails.org/latest/ref/Tags/message.html">Message Tag</a>. However, using the message tag relies on GSP support which a Grails application may not necessarily have; e.g. a rest application.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In a controller, you can invoke tags as methods.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="function">show</span>() { |
| <span class="keyword">def</span> msg = message(<span class="key">code</span>: <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">my.localized.content</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, <span class="key">args</span>: [<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">Juan</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">lunes</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>]) |
| }</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The same technique can be used in <a href="theWebLayer.html#taglibs">tag libraries</a>, but if your tag library uses a custom <a href="theWebLayer.html#namespaces">namespace</a> then you must prefix the call with <code>g.</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">def</span> myTag = { attrs, body -> |
| <span class="keyword">def</span> msg = g.message(<span class="key">code</span>: <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">my.localized.content</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, <span class="key">args</span>: [<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">Juan</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">'</span><span class="content">lunes</span><span class="delimiter">'</span></span>]) |
| }</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| <a name="13.4 Scaffolding and i18n"><!-- Legacy link --></a> |
| <h2 id="scaffoldingAndI18n">16.4 Scaffolding and i18n</h2> |
| |
| <div class='contribute-btn'> |
| <button type='button' class='btn btn-default' onclick='window.location.href="https://github.com/grails/grails-doc/edit/5.3.x/src/en/guide/i18n/scaffoldingAndI18n.adoc"'> |
| <i class='fa fa-pencil-square-o'></i> Improve this doc |
| </button> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Grails <a href="scaffolding.html">scaffolding</a> templates for controllers and views are fully i18n-aware. The GSPs use the <a href="https://gsp.grails.org/5.0.0.RC1/ref/Tags/message.html">message</a> tag for labels, buttons etc. and controller <code>flash</code> messages use i18n to resolve locale-specific messages.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The scaffolding includes locale specific labels for domain classes and domain fields. For example, if you have a <code>Book</code> domain class with a <code>title</code> field:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="type">class</span> <span class="class">Book</span> { |
| <span class="predefined-type">String</span> title |
| }</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The scaffolding will use labels with the following keys:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">book.label = Libro |
| book.title.label = TÃtulo del libro</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can use this property pattern if you’d like or come up with one of your own. There is nothing special about the use of the word <code>label</code> as part of the key other than it’s the convention used by the scaffolding.</p> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| <div style="clear:both;margin-top:15px;"></div> |
| |
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