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<article><div class='header-bar chalices-bg'><div class='content'><h1>Documentation</h1></div></div><div class='content'><h2 class='release-section-header column-header'>Current Versions</h2><div class='release-grid'><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/documentation.svg' alt='Grails Version (7.1.2)' /><h2>Latest Version (7.1.2) Documentation</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/7.1.2/'>User Guide</a></li><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/7.1.2/api/'>API Reference</a></li></ul></div><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/documentation.svg' alt='Grails Version (7.0.12)' /><h2>Latest Version (7.0.12) Documentation</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/7.0.12/'>User Guide</a></li><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/7.0.12/api/'>API Reference</a></li></ul></div></div><h2 class='release-section-header column-header'>Pre-release (Apache-released)</h2><p>Per Apache release policy, milestone and release-candidate documentation is linked alongside the stable releases. These versions are not featured on the home page.</p><div class='release-grid'><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/documentation.svg' alt='Grails Version (8.0.0-M1)' /><h2>Milestone Version (8.0.0-M1) Documentation</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/8.0.0-M1/'>User Guide</a></li><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/8.0.0-M1/api/'>API Reference</a></li></ul></div></div><h2 class='release-section-header column-header'>Snapshot</h2><div class='release-grid'><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/documentation.svg' alt='Grails Version (snapshot)' /><h2>Snapshot Version (snapshot) Documentation</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/snapshot/'>User Guide</a></li><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/snapshot/api/'>API Reference</a></li></ul></div></div><h2 class='release-section-header column-header'>Older Versions</h2><p>Browse previous versions' documentation since Grails 1.2.0.</p><script type='text/javascript'>
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</script><div class='older-versions'><div class='version-selector'><h4>Single Page - User Guide</h4><select onchange='redirectToDocs(this, &apos;https://grails.apache.org/docs/{v}/guide/single.html&apos;)'><option>Select a version</option>[<option>7.1.1</option>, <option>7.1.0</option>, <option>7.0.12</option>, <option>7.0.11</option>, <option>7.0.10</option>, <option>7.0.9</option>, <option>7.0.8</option>, <option>7.0.7</option>, <option>7.0.6</option>, <option>7.0.5</option>, <option>7.0.4</option>, <option>7.0.3</option>, <option>7.0.2</option>, <option>7.0.1</option>, <option>7.0.0</option>, <option>6.2.3</option>, <option>6.2.2</option>, <option>6.2.1</option>, <option>6.2.0</option>, <option>6.1.2</option>, <option>6.1.1</option>, <option>6.1.0</option>, <option>6.0.0</option>, <option>5.3.6</option>, <option>5.3.5</option>, <option>5.3.4</option>, <option>5.3.3</option>, <option>5.3.2</option>, <option>5.3.1</option>, <option>5.3.0</option>, <option>5.2.6</option>, <option>5.2.5</option>, <option>5.2.4</option>, <option>5.2.3</option>, <option>5.2.2</option>, <option>5.2.1</option>, <option>5.2.0</option>, <option>5.1.10</option>, <option>5.1.9</option>, <option>5.1.8</option>, <option>5.1.7</option>, <option>5.1.6</option>, <option>5.1.5</option>, <option>5.1.4</option>, <option>5.1.3</option>, <option>5.1.2</option>, <option>5.1.1</option>, <option>5.1.0</option>, <option>5.0.3</option>, <option>5.0.2</option>, <option>5.0.1</option>, <option>5.0.0</option>, <option>4.1.4</option>, <option>4.1.3</option>, <option>4.1.2</option>, <option>4.1.1</option>, <option>4.1.0</option>, <option>4.0.13</option>, <option>4.0.12</option>, <option>4.0.11</option>, <option>4.0.10</option>, <option>4.0.9</option>, <option>4.0.8</option>, <option>4.0.7</option>, <option>4.0.6</option>, <option>4.0.5</option>, <option>4.0.4</option>, <option>4.0.3</option>, <option>4.0.2</option>, <option>4.0.1</option>, <option>4.0.0</option>, <option>3.3.18</option>, 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<option>3.1.9</option>, <option>3.1.8</option>, <option>3.1.7</option>, <option>3.1.6</option>, <option>3.1.5</option>, <option>3.1.4</option>, <option>3.1.3</option>, <option>3.1.2</option>, <option>3.1.1</option>, <option>3.1.0</option>, <option>3.0.17</option>, <option>3.0.16</option>, <option>3.0.15</option>, <option>3.0.14</option>, <option>3.0.13</option>, <option>3.0.12</option>, <option>3.0.11</option>, <option>3.0.10</option>, <option>3.0.9</option>, <option>3.0.8</option>, <option>3.0.7</option>, <option>3.0.6</option>, <option>3.0.5</option>, <option>3.0.4</option>, <option>3.0.3</option>, <option>3.0.2</option>, <option>3.0.1</option>, <option>3.0.0</option>, <option>2.5.6</option>, <option>2.5.5</option>, <option>2.5.4</option>, <option>2.5.3</option>, <option>2.5.2</option>, <option>2.5.1</option>, <option>2.5.0</option>, <option>2.4.5</option>, <option>2.4.4</option>, <option>2.4.3</option>, <option>2.4.2</option>, <option>2.4.1</option>, <option>2.4.0</option>, <option>2.3.11</option>, <option>2.3.10</option>, <option>2.3.9</option>, <option>2.3.8</option>, <option>2.3.7</option>, <option>2.3.6</option>, <option>2.3.5</option>, <option>2.3.4</option>, <option>2.3.3</option>, <option>2.3.2</option>, <option>2.3.1</option>, <option>2.3.0</option>, <option>2.2.5</option>, <option>2.2.4</option>, <option>2.2.3</option>, <option>2.2.2</option>, <option>2.2.1</option>, <option>2.2.0</option>, <option>2.1.5</option>, <option>2.1.4</option>, <option>2.1.3</option>, <option>2.1.2</option>, <option>2.1.1</option>, <option>2.1.0</option>, <option>2.0.4</option>, <option>2.0.3</option>, <option>2.0.2</option>, <option>2.0.1</option>, <option>2.0.0</option>, <option>1.3.9</option>, <option>1.3.8</option>, <option>1.3.7</option>, <option>1.3.6</option>, <option>1.3.5</option>, <option>1.3.4</option>, <option>1.3.3</option>, <option>1.3.2</option>, <option>1.3.1</option>, <option>1.3.0</option>, <option>1.2.5</option>, <option>1.2.4</option>, <option>1.2.3</option>, <option>1.2.2</option>, <option>1.2.1</option>, <option>1.2.0</option>]</select></div><div class='version-selector'><h4>User Guide</h4><select onchange='redirectToDocs(this, &apos;https://grails.apache.org/docs/{v}&apos;)'><option>Select a version</option>[<option>7.1.1</option>, <option>7.1.0</option>, <option>7.0.12</option>, <option>7.0.11</option>, <option>7.0.10</option>, <option>7.0.9</option>, <option>7.0.8</option>, <option>7.0.7</option>, <option>7.0.6</option>, <option>7.0.5</option>, <option>7.0.4</option>, <option>7.0.3</option>, <option>7.0.2</option>, <option>7.0.1</option>, <option>7.0.0</option>, <option>6.2.3</option>, <option>6.2.2</option>, <option>6.2.1</option>, <option>6.2.0</option>, <option>6.1.2</option>, <option>6.1.1</option>, <option>6.1.0</option>, <option>6.0.0</option>, <option>5.3.6</option>, <option>5.3.5</option>, <option>5.3.4</option>, <option>5.3.3</option>, <option>5.3.2</option>, <option>5.3.1</option>, <option>5.3.0</option>, <option>5.2.6</option>, <option>5.2.5</option>, <option>5.2.4</option>, <option>5.2.3</option>, <option>5.2.2</option>, <option>5.2.1</option>, <option>5.2.0</option>, <option>5.1.10</option>, <option>5.1.9</option>, <option>5.1.8</option>, <option>5.1.7</option>, <option>5.1.6</option>, <option>5.1.5</option>, <option>5.1.4</option>, <option>5.1.3</option>, <option>5.1.2</option>, <option>5.1.1</option>, <option>5.1.0</option>, <option>5.0.3</option>, <option>5.0.2</option>, <option>5.0.1</option>, <option>5.0.0</option>, <option>4.1.4</option>, <option>4.1.3</option>, <option>4.1.2</option>, <option>4.1.1</option>, <option>4.1.0</option>, <option>4.0.13</option>, <option>4.0.12</option>, <option>4.0.11</option>, <option>4.0.10</option>, <option>4.0.9</option>, <option>4.0.8</option>, <option>4.0.7</option>, <option>4.0.6</option>, <option>4.0.5</option>, <option>4.0.4</option>, <option>4.0.3</option>, <option>4.0.2</option>, <option>4.0.1</option>, <option>4.0.0</option>, <option>3.3.18</option>, <option>3.3.17</option>, <option>3.3.16</option>, <option>3.3.15</option>, <option>3.3.14</option>, <option>3.3.13</option>, <option>3.3.12</option>, <option>3.3.11</option>, <option>3.3.11</option>, <option>3.3.10</option>, <option>3.3.10</option>, <option>3.3.9</option>, <option>3.3.8</option>, <option>3.3.7</option>, <option>3.3.6</option>, <option>3.3.5</option>, <option>3.3.4</option>, <option>3.3.3</option>, <option>3.3.2</option>, <option>3.3.1</option>, <option>3.3.0</option>, <option>3.2.13</option>, <option>3.2.12</option>, <option>3.2.11</option>, <option>3.2.10</option>, <option>3.2.9</option>, <option>3.2.8</option>, <option>3.2.7</option>, <option>3.2.6</option>, <option>3.2.5</option>, <option>3.2.4</option>, <option>3.2.3</option>, <option>3.2.2</option>, <option>3.2.1</option>, <option>3.2.0</option>, <option>3.1.15</option>, <option>3.1.14</option>, <option>3.1.13</option>, <option>3.1.12</option>, <option>3.1.11</option>, <option>3.1.10</option>, <option>3.1.9</option>, <option>3.1.8</option>, <option>3.1.7</option>, <option>3.1.6</option>, <option>3.1.5</option>, <option>3.1.4</option>, <option>3.1.3</option>, <option>3.1.2</option>, <option>3.1.1</option>, <option>3.1.0</option>, <option>3.0.17</option>, <option>3.0.16</option>, <option>3.0.15</option>, <option>3.0.14</option>, <option>3.0.13</option>, <option>3.0.12</option>, <option>3.0.11</option>, <option>3.0.10</option>, <option>3.0.9</option>, <option>3.0.8</option>, <option>3.0.7</option>, <option>3.0.6</option>, <option>3.0.5</option>, <option>3.0.4</option>, <option>3.0.3</option>, <option>3.0.2</option>, <option>3.0.1</option>, <option>3.0.0</option>, <option>2.5.6</option>, <option>2.5.5</option>, <option>2.5.4</option>, <option>2.5.3</option>, <option>2.5.2</option>, <option>2.5.1</option>, <option>2.5.0</option>, <option>2.4.5</option>, <option>2.4.4</option>, <option>2.4.3</option>, <option>2.4.2</option>, <option>2.4.1</option>, <option>2.4.0</option>, <option>2.3.11</option>, <option>2.3.10</option>, <option>2.3.9</option>, <option>2.3.8</option>, <option>2.3.7</option>, <option>2.3.6</option>, <option>2.3.5</option>, <option>2.3.4</option>, <option>2.3.3</option>, <option>2.3.2</option>, <option>2.3.1</option>, <option>2.3.0</option>, <option>2.2.5</option>, <option>2.2.4</option>, <option>2.2.3</option>, <option>2.2.2</option>, <option>2.2.1</option>, <option>2.2.0</option>, <option>2.1.5</option>, <option>2.1.4</option>, <option>2.1.3</option>, <option>2.1.2</option>, <option>2.1.1</option>, <option>2.1.0</option>, <option>2.0.4</option>, <option>2.0.3</option>, <option>2.0.2</option>, <option>2.0.1</option>, <option>2.0.0</option>, <option>1.3.9</option>, <option>1.3.8</option>, <option>1.3.7</option>, <option>1.3.6</option>, <option>1.3.5</option>, <option>1.3.4</option>, <option>1.3.3</option>, <option>1.3.2</option>, <option>1.3.1</option>, <option>1.3.0</option>, <option>1.2.5</option>, <option>1.2.4</option>, <option>1.2.3</option>, <option>1.2.2</option>, <option>1.2.1</option>, <option>1.2.0</option>]</select></div><div class='version-selector'><h4>API Reference</h4><select onchange='redirectToDocs(this, &apos;https://grails.apache.org/docs/{v}/api&apos;)'><option>Select a version</option>[<option>7.1.1</option>, <option>7.1.0</option>, <option>7.0.12</option>, <option>7.0.11</option>, <option>7.0.10</option>, <option>7.0.9</option>, <option>7.0.8</option>, <option>7.0.7</option>, <option>7.0.6</option>, <option>7.0.5</option>, <option>7.0.4</option>, <option>7.0.3</option>, <option>7.0.2</option>, <option>7.0.1</option>, <option>7.0.0</option>, <option>6.2.3</option>, <option>6.2.2</option>, <option>6.2.1</option>, <option>6.2.0</option>, <option>6.1.2</option>, <option>6.1.1</option>, <option>6.1.0</option>, <option>6.0.0</option>, <option>5.3.6</option>, <option>5.3.5</option>, <option>5.3.4</option>, <option>5.3.3</option>, <option>5.3.2</option>, <option>5.3.1</option>, <option>5.3.0</option>, <option>5.2.6</option>, <option>5.2.5</option>, <option>5.2.4</option>, <option>5.2.3</option>, <option>5.2.2</option>, <option>5.2.1</option>, <option>5.2.0</option>, <option>5.1.10</option>, <option>5.1.9</option>, <option>5.1.8</option>, <option>5.1.7</option>, <option>5.1.6</option>, <option>5.1.5</option>, <option>5.1.4</option>, <option>5.1.3</option>, <option>5.1.2</option>, <option>5.1.1</option>, <option>5.1.0</option>, <option>5.0.3</option>, <option>5.0.2</option>, <option>5.0.1</option>, <option>5.0.0</option>, <option>4.1.4</option>, <option>4.1.3</option>, <option>4.1.2</option>, <option>4.1.1</option>, <option>4.1.0</option>, <option>4.0.13</option>, <option>4.0.12</option>, <option>4.0.11</option>, <option>4.0.10</option>, <option>4.0.9</option>, <option>4.0.8</option>, <option>4.0.7</option>, <option>4.0.6</option>, <option>4.0.5</option>, <option>4.0.4</option>, <option>4.0.3</option>, <option>4.0.2</option>, <option>4.0.1</option>, <option>4.0.0</option>, <option>3.3.18</option>, <option>3.3.17</option>, <option>3.3.16</option>, <option>3.3.15</option>, <option>3.3.14</option>, <option>3.3.13</option>, <option>3.3.12</option>, <option>3.3.11</option>, <option>3.3.11</option>, <option>3.3.10</option>, <option>3.3.10</option>, <option>3.3.9</option>, <option>3.3.8</option>, <option>3.3.7</option>, <option>3.3.6</option>, <option>3.3.5</option>, <option>3.3.4</option>, <option>3.3.3</option>, <option>3.3.2</option>, <option>3.3.1</option>, <option>3.3.0</option>, <option>3.2.13</option>, <option>3.2.12</option>, <option>3.2.11</option>, <option>3.2.10</option>, <option>3.2.9</option>, <option>3.2.8</option>, <option>3.2.7</option>, <option>3.2.6</option>, <option>3.2.5</option>, <option>3.2.4</option>, <option>3.2.3</option>, <option>3.2.2</option>, <option>3.2.1</option>, <option>3.2.0</option>, <option>3.1.15</option>, <option>3.1.14</option>, <option>3.1.13</option>, <option>3.1.12</option>, <option>3.1.11</option>, <option>3.1.10</option>, <option>3.1.9</option>, <option>3.1.8</option>, <option>3.1.7</option>, <option>3.1.6</option>, <option>3.1.5</option>, <option>3.1.4</option>, <option>3.1.3</option>, <option>3.1.2</option>, <option>3.1.1</option>, <option>3.1.0</option>, <option>3.0.17</option>, <option>3.0.16</option>, <option>3.0.15</option>, <option>3.0.14</option>, <option>3.0.13</option>, <option>3.0.12</option>, <option>3.0.11</option>, <option>3.0.10</option>, <option>3.0.9</option>, <option>3.0.8</option>, <option>3.0.7</option>, <option>3.0.6</option>, <option>3.0.5</option>, <option>3.0.4</option>, <option>3.0.3</option>, <option>3.0.2</option>, <option>3.0.1</option>, <option>3.0.0</option>, <option>2.5.6</option>, <option>2.5.5</option>, <option>2.5.4</option>, <option>2.5.3</option>, <option>2.5.2</option>, <option>2.5.1</option>, <option>2.5.0</option>, <option>2.4.5</option>, <option>2.4.4</option>, <option>2.4.3</option>, <option>2.4.2</option>, <option>2.4.1</option>, <option>2.4.0</option>, <option>2.3.11</option>, <option>2.3.10</option>, <option>2.3.9</option>, <option>2.3.8</option>, <option>2.3.7</option>, <option>2.3.6</option>, <option>2.3.5</option>, <option>2.3.4</option>, <option>2.3.3</option>, <option>2.3.2</option>, <option>2.3.1</option>, <option>2.3.0</option>, <option>2.2.5</option>, <option>2.2.4</option>, <option>2.2.3</option>, <option>2.2.2</option>, <option>2.2.1</option>, <option>2.2.0</option>, <option>2.1.5</option>, <option>2.1.4</option>, <option>2.1.3</option>, <option>2.1.2</option>, <option>2.1.1</option>, <option>2.1.0</option>, <option>2.0.4</option>, <option>2.0.3</option>, <option>2.0.2</option>, <option>2.0.1</option>, <option>2.0.0</option>, <option>1.3.9</option>, <option>1.3.8</option>, <option>1.3.7</option>, <option>1.3.6</option>, <option>1.3.5</option>, <option>1.3.4</option>, <option>1.3.3</option>, <option>1.3.2</option>, <option>1.3.1</option>, <option>1.3.0</option>, <option>1.2.5</option>, <option>1.2.4</option>, <option>1.2.3</option>, <option>1.2.2</option>, <option>1.2.1</option>, <option>1.2.0</option>]</select></div></div><h2 class='release-section-header column-header'>Modules</h2><div class='two-columns'><div class='odd column'><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/gorm.svg' alt='GORM - Data Access Toolkit' /><h2>GORM - Data Access Toolkit</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/latest/grails-data/hibernate5/manual/'>GORM Hibernate</a></li><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/latest/grails-data/mongodb/manual/'>GORM MongoDb</a></li><li><a href='https://gorm.grails.org/latest/neo4j/manual/index.html'>GORM Neo4j</a></li><li><a href='https://grails.github.io/grails-data-graphql/latest/hibernate/guide/index.html'>Graphql</a></li></ul></div><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/security.svg' alt='Security' /><h2>Security</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://apache.github.io/grails-spring-security/latest/core-plugin/guide/'>Spring Security Core</a></li><li><a href='https://apache.github.io/grails-spring-security/latest/rest-plugin/guide/'>Spring Security REST</a></li><li><a href='https://grails-plugins.github.io/grails-spring-security-appinfo/'>Spring Security - AppInfo</a></li><li><a href='https://apache.github.io/grails-spring-security/latest/ui-plugin/guide/'>Spring Security - UI</a></li><li><a href='https://apache.github.io/grails-spring-security/latest/acl-plugin/guide/'>Spring Security - ACL</a></li><li><a href='https://apache.github.io/grails-spring-security/latest/ldap-plugin/guide/'>Spring Security - LDAP</a></li><li><a href='https://apache.github.io/grails-spring-security/latest/cas-plugin/guide/'>Spring Security - CAS</a></li><li><a href='https://apache.github.io/grails-spring-security/latest/oauth2-plugin/guide/'>Spring Security - Oauth2</a></li><li><a href='https://grails-plugins.github.io/grails-spring-security-kerberos/'>Spring Security - Kerberos</a></li></ul></div></div><div class='column'><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/upgrade.svg' alt='Upgrade' /><h2>Upgrade</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/latest/guide/upgrading.html'>Upgrade Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/testing.svg' alt='Testing' /><h2>Testing</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/latest/guide/testing.html'>Testing Framework</a></li></ul></div><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/views.svg' alt='Views' /><h2>Views</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/latest/guide/theWebLayer.html#gsp'>GSP</a></li><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/latest/guide/theWebLayer.html#gson'>JSON Views</a></li><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/latest/guide/theWebLayer.html#markup'>Markup Views</a></li></ul></div><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/async.svg' alt='Async' /><h2>Async</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/latest/guide/async.html'>Async Grails</a></li></ul></div><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/relationaldb.svg' alt='Database' /><h2>Database</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://grails.apache.org/docs/latest/grails-data/hibernate5/manual/index.html#databaseMigration'>Database Migration Plugin</a></li></ul></div><div class='guide-group'><div class='guide-group-header'><img src='https://grails.apache.org/images/documentation.svg' alt='Redis' /><h2>Redis</h2></div><ul><li><a href='https://github.com/apache/grails-redis?tab=readme-ov-file#grails-7'>Redis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div>&nbsp;</article>
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