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class=docItemContainer_Djhp><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label=Breadcrumbs><ul class=breadcrumbs><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a aria-label="Home page" class=breadcrumbs__link href=/><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill=currentColor /></svg></a><li class=breadcrumbs__item><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Introduction</span><li class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Overview</span></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: 1.7</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type=button class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Overview</h1></header><p><strong>Apache Fory™</strong> is a blazingly-fast multi-language serialization framework for
idiomatic domain objects, schema IDL, and cross-language data exchange.</p>
<p>Fory is built for compact, high-throughput serialization across languages and
execution platforms. It works directly with application objects, supports shared schemas
when you need a stable contract, and preserves object graph features such as
shared references, circular references, and concrete types for polymorphic values.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=quick-example>Quick Example<a href=#quick-example class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Quick Example" title="Direct link to Quick Example" translate=no></a></h2>
<p>Cross-language serialization — serialize in Rust, deserialize in Python:</p>
<p><strong>Rust</strong></p>
<div class="language-rust codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-rust codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>use</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token namespace" style=opacity:0.7>fory</span><span class="token namespace punctuation" style=opacity:0.7;color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">ForyObject</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token attribute attr-name" style=color:#00a4db>#[derive(ForyObject, Debug, PartialEq)]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token type-definition class-name">User</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> age</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>i32</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>fn</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function-definition function" style=color:#d73a49>main</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>let</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>mut</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>default</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>register</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&lt;</span><span class="token class-name">User</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>let</span><span class="token plain"> user </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">User</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"> name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Alice"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>to_string</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> age</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>30</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>let</span><span class="token plain"> bytes </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">user</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>unwrap</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>let</span><span class="token plain"> decoded</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">User</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>deserialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">bytes</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>unwrap</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token macro property" style=color:#36acaa>println!</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"{:?}"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> decoded</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// User { name: "Alice", age: 30 }</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div>
<p><strong>Python</strong></p>
<div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>import</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>from</span><span class="token plain"> dataclasses </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>import</span><span class="token plain"> dataclass</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token decorator annotation punctuation" style=color:#393A34>@dataclass</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>class</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">User</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> age</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">int32</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">xlang</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>True</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">register</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">User</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> type_id</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">user </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> User</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">name</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Alice"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> age</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>30</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">data </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">user</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">decoded </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">deserialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>print</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">decoded</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic># User(name='Alice', age=30)</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=key-features>Key Features<a href=#key-features class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Key Features" title="Direct link to Key Features" translate=no></a></h2>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=efficient-cross-language-encoding>Efficient Cross-Language Encoding<a href=#efficient-cross-language-encoding class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Efficient Cross-Language Encoding" title="Direct link to Efficient Cross-Language Encoding" translate=no></a></h3>
<p>The <strong><a class="" href=/docs/specification/xlang_serialization_spec>xlang serialization format</a></strong>
exchanges compact binary payloads across supported languages:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><strong>Compact metadata</strong>: Type metadata and field information are packed to keep payloads small.</li>
<li class=""><strong>Schema evolution</strong>: Compatible mode supports forward and backward evolution for application schemas.</li>
<li class=""><strong>Object graph semantics</strong>: Shared references, circular references, and concrete types for polymorphic values are preserved across languages.</li>
<li class=""><strong>Type mapping</strong>: Language-specific values are mapped through the shared <a class="" href=/docs/specification/xlang_type_mapping>type mapping</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=domain-objects-first>Domain Objects First<a href=#domain-objects-first class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Domain Objects First" title="Direct link to Domain Objects First" translate=no></a></h3>
<p>Fory serializes native domain objects directly instead of forcing applications
through wrapper types:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">Java classes, Scala/Kotlin types, and GraalVM native image workloads.</li>
<li class="">Python dataclasses and Python-native object graphs.</li>
<li class="">Go structs, Rust structs, C++ structs, C# models, Swift types, Dart models, and JavaScript/TypeScript values.</li>
<li class="">Generated or annotated types when a shared contract is preferred.</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=reference-aware-schema-idl>Reference-Aware Schema IDL<a href=#reference-aware-schema-idl class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Reference-Aware Schema IDL" title="Direct link to Reference-Aware Schema IDL" translate=no></a></h3>
<p><strong><a class="" href=/docs/compiler/>Fory IDL and the compiler</a></strong> let teams define schemas
once and generate native domain objects for each target language:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">Model numbers, strings, lists, maps, arrays, enums, structs, and unions.</li>
<li class="">Express shared and circular references directly in the schema.</li>
<li class="">Generate idiomatic host-language code without introducing transport-specific wrapper types into user code.</li>
<li class="">Use schema IDL when services need a stable contract across independently maintained Fory implementations.</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=row-format-random-access>Row-Format Random Access<a href=#row-format-random-access class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Row-Format Random Access" title="Direct link to Row-Format Random Access" translate=no></a></h3>
<p>A cache-friendly <strong><a class="" href=/docs/specification/row_format_spec>row format</a></strong> is
optimized for analytics and partial-read workloads:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><strong>Zero-copy random access</strong>: Read fields, arrays, and nested values without rebuilding whole objects.</li>
<li class=""><strong>Partial operations</strong>: Read only the values needed for a query or pipeline stage.</li>
<li class=""><strong>Apache Arrow integration</strong>: Convert to columnar data for analytics pipelines.</li>
<li class=""><strong>Multi-language support</strong>: Exchange Standard Row Format data across Java, Python, C++, and Rust.</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=optimized-fory-implementations>Optimized Fory Implementations<a href=#optimized-fory-implementations class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Optimized Fory Implementations" title="Direct link to Optimized Fory Implementations" translate=no></a></h3>
<p>Fory keeps hot paths fast without making every Fory implementation use the same strategy:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><strong>Java JIT serializers</strong>: Runtime code generation eliminates reflection overhead and inlines hot paths.</li>
<li class=""><strong>Generated and static serializers</strong>: Other Fory implementations use generated or static serializers where appropriate.</li>
<li class=""><strong>Zero-copy paths</strong>: Row format and out-of-band buffers avoid unnecessary copies for large values.</li>
<li class=""><strong>Metadata sharing</strong>: Repeated type information is shared or packed to reduce serialization overhead.</li>
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