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class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/guide/xlang/><span title="Cross Language" class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Cross Language</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Cross Language'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div></ul></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class=docMainContainer_TBSr><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class=row><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class=docItemContainer_Djhp><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label=Breadcrumbs><ul class=breadcrumbs><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a aria-label="Home page" class=breadcrumbs__link href=/><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill=currentColor /></svg></a><li class=breadcrumbs__item><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Guide</span><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a class=breadcrumbs__link href=/docs/guide/python/><span>Python</span></a><li class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Schema Evolution</span></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: 1.3.0</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type=button class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Schema Evolution</h1></header><p>Apache Fory™ supports schema evolution in compatible mode, allowing fields to be added or removed |
| while maintaining compatibility. Compatible mode is enabled by default in both xlang and native mode.</p> |
| <p>Compatible readers also tolerate selected scalar field type changes when the value is lossless. A |
| matched field can read between <code>bool</code>, <code>str</code>, numeric scalars, and <code>Decimal</code> when the converted value |
| has the same logical value. For example, <code>"true"</code>, <code>"false"</code>, <code>"0"</code>, and <code>"1"</code> can be read as |
| booleans; <code>"123"</code> can be read as a numeric field that can hold <code>123</code>; numbers and decimals can be |
| read as canonical strings; and numeric widening or narrowing succeeds only when no precision or range |
| is lost.</p> |
| <p>Scalar conversion is only applied to matched compatible fields, not to root values or collection |
| elements. String-to-number conversion accepts finite ASCII decimal literals without whitespace, a |
| leading <code>+</code>, Unicode digits, underscores, or special values such as <code>NaN</code> and <code>Infinity</code>. Invalid |
| strings, out-of-range values, and lossy conversions fail with <code>pyfory.error.ForyInvalidDataError</code> |
| during deserialization. |
| Optional and nullable fields still compose with these conversions, but reference-tracked scalar type |
| changes are incompatible.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=default-compatible-mode>Default Compatible Mode<a href=#default-compatible-mode class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Default Compatible Mode" title="Direct link to Default Compatible Mode" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>import</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">native_f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">xlang</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>False</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p><code>pyfory.dataclass</code> also supports <code>slots=True</code>:</p> |
| <div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token decorator annotation punctuation" style=color:#393A34>@pyfory</span><span class="token decorator annotation punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token decorator annotation punctuation" style=color:#393A34>dataclass</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">slots</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>True</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>class</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">SlotMessage</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token builtin">int</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=schema-evolution-example>Schema Evolution Example<a href=#schema-evolution-example class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Schema Evolution Example" title="Direct link to Schema Evolution Example" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>import</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>from</span><span class="token plain"> dataclasses </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>import</span><span class="token plain"> dataclass</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic># Version 1: Original class</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token decorator annotation punctuation" style=color:#393A34>@dataclass</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>class</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">User</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> age</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Int32</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">xlang</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>True</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">register</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">User</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> name</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"User"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">data </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">dumps</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">User</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Alice"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>30</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic># Version 2: Add new field (backward compatible)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token decorator annotation punctuation" style=color:#393A34>@dataclass</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>class</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">User</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> age</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Int32</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> email</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"unknown@example.com"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic># New field with default</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic># Can still deserialize old data</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">user </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">loads</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>print</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">user</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">email</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic># "unknown@example.com"</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=supported-changes>Supported Changes<a href=#supported-changes class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Supported Changes" title="Direct link to Supported Changes" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <ul> |
| <li class=""><strong>Add new fields</strong>: With default values</li> |
| <li class=""><strong>Remove fields</strong>: Old data with extra fields will be skipped</li> |
| <li class=""><strong>Reorder fields</strong>: Fields are matched by name, not position</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=same-schema-class-optimization>Same-Schema Class Optimization<a href=#same-schema-class-optimization class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Same-Schema Class Optimization" title="Direct link to Same-Schema Class Optimization" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>Use <code>compatible=False</code> only when the class schema used to deserialize every payload is always the same |
| as the class schema used to serialize it, and you want faster serialization and smaller size. For xlang payloads, set <code>compatible=False</code> only after verifying that every language uses the same schema, or when native types are generated from Fory schema IDL.</p> |
| <div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">xlang</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>False</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> compatible</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>False</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p>For one dataclass, you can opt out of evolution metadata with <code>pyfory.dataclass(evolving=False)</code>:</p> |
| <div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>import</span><span class="token plain"> pyfory</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token decorator annotation punctuation" style=color:#393A34>@pyfory</span><span class="token decorator annotation punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token decorator annotation punctuation" style=color:#393A34>dataclass</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">evolving</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>False</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>class</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">SameSchemaMessage</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token builtin">int</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token builtin">str</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=best-practices>Best Practices<a href=#best-practices class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Best Practices" title="Direct link to Best Practices" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <ol> |
| <li class=""><strong>Always provide default values</strong> for new fields</li> |
| <li class=""><strong>Use name for cross-language compatibility</strong></li> |
| <li class=""><strong>Test schema changes</strong> before deploying</li> |
| <li class=""><strong>Document schema versions</strong> for your team</li> |
| </ol> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=related-topics>Related Topics<a href=#related-topics class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Related Topics" title="Direct link to Related Topics" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <ul> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/guide/python/configuration>Configuration</a> - Compatible mode settings</li> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/guide/python/xlang_serialization>Xlang Serialization</a> - Schema evolution across languages</li> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/guide/python/type_registration>Type Registration</a> - Registration patterns</li> |
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