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menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/guide/xlang/><span title="Cross Language" class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Cross Language</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Cross Language'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div></ul></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class=docMainContainer_TBSr><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class=row><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class=docItemContainer_Djhp><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label=Breadcrumbs><ul class=breadcrumbs><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a aria-label="Home page" class=breadcrumbs__link href=/><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill=currentColor /></svg></a><li class=breadcrumbs__item><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Schema IDL & Compiler</span><li class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class=breadcrumbs__link>FlatBuffers IDL Support</span></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: 1.3.0</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type=button class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>FlatBuffers IDL Support</h1></header><p>This page explains how Apache Fory consumes FlatBuffers schemas (<code>.fbs</code>) and
translates them into Fory IR for code generation.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=what-this-page-covers>What This Page Covers<a href=#what-this-page-covers class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to What This Page Covers" title="Direct link to What This Page Covers" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<ul>
<li class="">When to use FlatBuffers input with Fory</li>
<li class="">Exact FlatBuffers to Fory mapping behavior</li>
<li class="">Supported Fory-specific attributes in <code>.fbs</code></li>
<li class="">Adoption notes and generated-code differences</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=why-use-apache-fory>Why Use Apache Fory<a href=#why-use-apache-fory class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Why Use Apache Fory" title="Direct link to Why Use Apache Fory" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<ul>
<li class="">Idiomatic generated code: Fory generates language-idiomatic classes/structs
that can be used directly as domain objects.</li>
<li class="">Java performance: In Java object-serialization workloads, Fory is faster than
FlatBuffers in Fory benchmarks.</li>
<li class="">Other languages: serialization performance is generally in a similar range.</li>
<li class="">Deserialization in practice: FlatBuffers can be faster when callers read
directly from its buffer, but applications that need native objects still
require conversion, and that conversion step can dominate read cost. In those
cases, Fory deserialization is often faster end-to-end.</li>
<li class="">Easier APIs: Fory uses direct native objects, so you do not need to
reverse-build tables or manually manage offsets.</li>
<li class="">Better graph modeling: Shared and circular references are first-class features
in Fory.</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=quick-decision-guide>Quick Decision Guide<a href=#quick-decision-guide class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Quick Decision Guide" title="Direct link to Quick Decision Guide" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<table><thead><tr><th>Situation<th>Recommended Path<tbody><tr><td>You already have <code>.fbs</code> schemas and want Fory APIs/codegen<td>Use FlatBuffers input<tr><td>You are starting new schema work and want full Fory syntax control<td>Use native Fory IDL<tr><td>You need FlatBuffers wire compatibility<td>Keep FlatBuffers stack<tr><td>You need Fory object-graph semantics (<code>ref</code>, weak refs, etc.)<td>Use Fory</table>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=flatbuffers-to-fory-mapping>FlatBuffers to Fory Mapping<a href=#flatbuffers-to-fory-mapping class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to FlatBuffers to Fory Mapping" title="Direct link to FlatBuffers to Fory Mapping" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=schema-level-rules>Schema-Level Rules<a href=#schema-level-rules class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Schema-Level Rules" title="Direct link to Schema-Level Rules" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>namespace</code> maps to Fory package namespace.</li>
<li class=""><code>include</code> entries map to Fory imports.</li>
<li class=""><code>table</code> is translated as <code>evolving=true</code>.</li>
<li class=""><code>struct</code> is translated as <code>evolving=false</code>.</li>
<li class=""><code>root_type</code> is parsed but ignored by Fory codegen.</li>
<li class=""><code>file_identifier</code> and <code>file_extension</code> are parsed but not used by Fory codegen.</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=field-numbering>Field Numbering<a href=#field-numbering class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Field Numbering" title="Direct link to Field Numbering" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p>FlatBuffers fields do not have explicit field IDs. Fory assigns field numbers by
source declaration order, starting at <code>1</code>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=scalar-type-mapping>Scalar Type Mapping<a href=#scalar-type-mapping class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Scalar Type Mapping" title="Direct link to Scalar Type Mapping" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<table><thead><tr><th>FlatBuffers<th>Fory Type<tbody><tr><td><code>byte</code><td><code>int8</code><tr><td><code>ubyte</code><td><code>uint8</code><tr><td><code>short</code><td><code>int16</code><tr><td><code>ushort</code><td><code>uint16</code><tr><td><code>int</code><td><code>int32</code><tr><td><code>uint</code><td><code>uint32</code><tr><td><code>long</code><td><code>int64</code><tr><td><code>ulong</code><td><code>uint64</code><tr><td><code>float</code><td><code>float32</code><tr><td><code>double</code><td><code>float64</code><tr><td><code>bool</code><td><code>bool</code><tr><td><code>string</code><td><code>string</code></table>
<p>Vectors (<code>[T]</code>) map to Fory lists.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=unions>Unions<a href=#unions class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Unions" title="Direct link to Unions" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p>FlatBuffers unions map to Fory unions.</p>
<ul>
<li class="">Case IDs are assigned by declaration order, starting at <code>1</code>.</li>
<li class="">Case names are derived from type names using snake_case field naming.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>FlatBuffers</strong></p>
<div class="language-fbs codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-fbs codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">union Payload {</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Note,</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Metric</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">}</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">table Container {</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> payload: Payload;</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div>
<p><strong>Fory shape after translation</strong></p>
<div class="language-protobuf codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-protobuf codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">union Payload </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token positional-class-name class-name">Note</span><span class="token plain"> note </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token positional-class-name class-name">Metric</span><span class="token plain"> metric </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>message</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Container</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token positional-class-name class-name">Payload</span><span class="token plain"> payload </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=services>Services<a href=#services class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Services" title="Direct link to Services" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p>FlatBuffers <code>rpc_service</code> definitions are translated to Fory services. With
<code>--grpc</code>, the compiler emits gRPC service companions for supported outputs such
as Java, Python, Go, Rust, C#, Dart, Scala, Kotlin, and JavaScript. JavaScript
browser clients are generated with <code>--grpc-web</code>. These companions use Fory
serialization for request and response payloads.</p>
<div class="language-fbs codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-fbs codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">rpc_service SearchService {</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Lookup(SearchRequest):SearchResponse;</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> StreamLookup(SearchRequest):SearchResponse (streaming: "server");</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div>
<div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">foryc api.fbs </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--java_out</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain">./generated/java </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--python_out</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain">./generated/python </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--go_out</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain">./generated/go </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--rust_out</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain">./generated/rust </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--csharp_out</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain">./generated/csharp </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--dart_out</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain">./generated/dart </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--scala_out</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain">./generated/scala </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--kotlin_out</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain">./generated/kotlin </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--javascript_out</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain">./generated/javascript </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--grpc</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div>
<p>Generated service code imports grpc APIs, so applications must provide grpc-java,
grpc-kotlin, Scala grpc-java APIs, <code>grpcio</code>, grpc-go, Rust <code>tonic</code> and <code>bytes</code>,
<code>@grpc/grpc-js</code>, C# <code>Grpc.Core.Api</code> plus server/client dependencies, or Dart
<code>package:grpc</code> when they compile or run those files. Python companions use
<code>grpc.aio</code> by default and can be generated in sync mode with
<code>--grpc-python-mode=sync</code>. Fory packages do not add gRPC as a hard dependency.
Use <code>--grpc-web</code> with JavaScript output to generate browser clients that import
<code>grpc-web</code>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=defaults-and-metadata>Defaults and Metadata<a href=#defaults-and-metadata class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Defaults and Metadata" title="Direct link to Defaults and Metadata" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<ul>
<li class="">FlatBuffers default values are parsed but not applied as Fory defaults.</li>
<li class="">Non-Fory metadata attributes are preserved as generic options in IR and may be
consumed by downstream tooling.</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=fory-specific-attributes-in-flatbuffers>Fory-Specific Attributes in FlatBuffers<a href=#fory-specific-attributes-in-flatbuffers class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Fory-Specific Attributes in FlatBuffers" title="Direct link to Fory-Specific Attributes in FlatBuffers" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>FlatBuffers metadata attributes use <code>key:value</code>. For Fory-specific options, use
<code>fory_</code> (or <code>fory.</code>) prefix in <code>.fbs</code>; the prefix is removed during parsing.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=supported-field-attributes>Supported Field Attributes<a href=#supported-field-attributes class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Supported Field Attributes" title="Direct link to Supported Field Attributes" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<table><thead><tr><th>FlatBuffers Attribute<th>Effect in Fory<tbody><tr><td><code>fory_ref:true</code><td>Enable reference tracking for the field<tr><td><code>fory_nullable:true</code><td>Mark field optional/nullable<tr><td><code>fory_weak_ref:true</code><td>Enable weak reference semantics and implies <code>ref</code><tr><td><code>fory_thread_safe_pointer:false</code><td>For ref fields, select Rust <code>Rc</code>/<code>RcWeak</code> instead of the default <code>Arc</code>/<code>ArcWeak</code></table>
<p>Semantics:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>fory_weak_ref:true</code> implies <code>ref</code>.</li>
<li class=""><code>fory_thread_safe_pointer</code> defaults to <code>true</code>, only takes effect when the field
is ref-tracked, and does not change the wire format.</li>
<li class="">In Rust codegen, <code>fory_weak_ref:true</code> uses <code>ArcWeak</code> by default and switches to
<code>RcWeak</code> only when <code>fory_thread_safe_pointer:false</code> is set.</li>
<li class="">For list fields, <code>fory_ref:true</code> applies to list elements.</li>
</ul>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="language-fbs codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-fbs codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">table Node {</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> parent: Node (fory_weak_ref: true);</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> children: [Node] (fory_ref: true);</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> local: Node (fory_ref: true, fory_thread_safe_pointer: false);</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=generated-code-differences>Generated Code Differences<a href=#generated-code-differences class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Generated Code Differences" title="Direct link to Generated Code Differences" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>Using <code>.fbs</code> as input to Fory still produces normal Fory-generated code, not
FlatBuffers <code>ByteBuffer</code>-style APIs.</p>
<ul>
<li class="">Java, Scala, and Kotlin: JVM model types with Fory metadata and registration helpers</li>
<li class="">Python: dataclasses plus registration helpers</li>
<li class="">C++, Go, and Rust: native structs and Fory metadata</li>
<li class="">JavaScript/TypeScript: TypeScript interfaces and schema helpers</li>
<li class="">C#, Swift, and Dart: annotated or macro-based model types with registration helpers</li>
</ul>
<p>The serialization format is Fory binary protocol, not FlatBuffers wire format.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=usage>Usage<a href=#usage class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Usage" title="Direct link to Usage" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>Compile a FlatBuffers schema directly:</p>
<div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">foryc schema.fbs </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--lang</span><span class="token plain"> java,python </span><span class="token parameter variable" style=color:#36acaa>--output</span><span class="token plain"> ./generated</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div>
<p>Inspect translated schema syntax for debugging:</p>
<div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">foryc schema.fbs --emit-fdl --emit-fdl-path ./translated</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=adoption-notes>Adoption Notes<a href=#adoption-notes class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Adoption Notes" title="Direct link to Adoption Notes" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<ol>
<li class="">Keep existing <code>namespace</code> values stable to keep type registration stable.</li>
<li class="">Review fields that relied on FlatBuffers default literals and set explicit
defaults in application code if needed.</li>
<li class="">Add <code>fory_ref</code>/<code>fory_weak_ref</code> where object-graph semantics are required.</li>
<li class="">Validate generated model behavior with roundtrip tests before replacing
existing serialization paths.</li>
</ol>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=summary>Summary<a href=#summary class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Summary" title="Direct link to Summary" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>FlatBuffers input lets you reuse existing <code>.fbs</code> schemas while moving to Fory's
serialization and code generation model. This is useful for incremental adoption
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