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<b>1.2.0</b>, which is no longer actively maintained.</div><div class=margin-top--md>For up-to-date documentation, see the <b><a href=/docs/guide/go/references>latest version</a></b> (<!-- -->1.3.0<!-- -->).</div></div><div class=docItemContainer_Djhp><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label=Breadcrumbs><ul class=breadcrumbs><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a aria-label="Home page" class=breadcrumbs__link href=/><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill=currentColor /></svg></a><li class=breadcrumbs__item><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Guide</span><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a class=breadcrumbs__link href=/docs/1.2.0/guide/go/><span>Go</span></a><li class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class=breadcrumbs__link>References</span></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: 1.2.0</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type=button class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>References</h1></header><p>Fory Go supports reference tracking to handle circular references and shared objects. This is essential for serializing complex data structures like graphs, trees with parent pointers, and linked lists with cycles.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=enabling-reference-tracking>Enabling Reference Tracking<a href=#enabling-reference-tracking class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Enabling Reference Tracking" title="Direct link to Enabling Reference Tracking" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>Reference tracking is <strong>disabled by default</strong>. Enable it when creating a Fory instance:</p> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>New</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithXlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithTrackRef</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p><strong>Important</strong>: Global reference tracking must be enabled for any reference tracking to occur. When <code>WithTrackRef(false)</code> (the default), all per-field reference tags are ignored.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=how-reference-tracking-works>How Reference Tracking Works<a href=#how-reference-tracking-works class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to How Reference Tracking Works" title="Direct link to How Reference Tracking Works" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=without-reference-tracking-default>Without Reference Tracking (Default)<a href=#without-reference-tracking-default class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Without Reference Tracking (Default)" title="Direct link to Without Reference Tracking (Default)" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>When disabled, each object is serialized independently:</p> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>New</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithXlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// TrackRef disabled by default</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">shared </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>42</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">container </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">A</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> shared</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> B</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> shared</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>_</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// 'shared' is serialized TWICE (no deduplication)</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=with-reference-tracking>With Reference Tracking<a href=#with-reference-tracking class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to With Reference Tracking" title="Direct link to With Reference Tracking" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>When enabled, objects are tracked by identity:</p> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>New</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithXlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithTrackRef</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">shared </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>42</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">container </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">A</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> shared</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> B</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> shared</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>_</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// 'shared' is serialized ONCE, second occurrence is a reference</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=reference-flags>Reference Flags<a href=#reference-flags class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Reference Flags" title="Direct link to Reference Flags" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>Fory uses flags to indicate reference states during serialization:</p> |
| <table><thead><tr><th>Flag<th>Value<th>Meaning<tbody><tr><td><code>NullFlag</code><td>-3<td>Nil/null value<tr><td><code>RefFlag</code><td>-2<td>Reference to previously serialized object<tr><td><code>NotNullValueFlag</code><td>-1<td>Non-null value (data follows)<tr><td><code>RefValueFlag</code><td>0<td>Reference value flag</table> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=referenceable-types>Referenceable Types<a href=#referenceable-types class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Referenceable Types" title="Direct link to Referenceable Types" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>Only certain types support reference tracking. In xlang mode, the following types can track references:</p> |
| <table><thead><tr><th>Type<th>Reference Tracked<th>Notes<tbody><tr><td><code>*struct</code> (pointer to struct)<td>Yes<td>Enable with <code>fory:"ref"</code> tag<tr><td><code>any</code> (interface)<td>Yes<td>Automatically tracked<tr><td><code>[]T</code> (slices)<td>Yes<td>Enable with <code>fory:"ref"</code> tag<tr><td><code>map[K]V</code><td>Yes<td>Enable with <code>fory:"ref"</code> tag<tr><td><code>*int</code>, <code>*string</code>, etc.<td>No<td>Pointer to primitives excluded<tr><td>Primitives<td>No<td>Value types<tr><td><code>time.Time</code>, <code>time.Duration</code><td>No<td>Value types<tr><td>Arrays (<code>[N]T</code>)<td>No<td>Value types</table> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=per-field-reference-control>Per-Field Reference Control<a href=#per-field-reference-control class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Per-Field Reference Control" title="Direct link to Per-Field Reference Control" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>By default, reference tracking is <strong>disabled</strong> for individual fields even when global <code>WithTrackRef(true)</code> is set. You can enable reference tracking for specific fields using the <code>ref</code> struct tag:</p> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>type</span><span class="token plain"> Container </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Enable ref tracking for this field</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> SharedData </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Data </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Explicitly disable ref tracking (same as default)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> SimpleData </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Data </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref=false"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p><strong>Important notes</strong>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="">Per-field tags only take effect when global <code>WithTrackRef(true)</code> is set</li> |
| <li class="">When global <code>WithTrackRef(false)</code> (default), all field ref tags are ignored</li> |
| <li class="">Applies to slices, maps, and pointer to struct fields</li> |
| <li class="">Pointer to primitive types (e.g., <code>*int</code>, <code>*string</code>) cannot use this tag</li> |
| <li class="">Default is <code>ref=false</code> (no reference tracking per field)</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>See <a class="" href=/docs/1.2.0/guide/go/schema_metadata>Struct Tags</a> for more details.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=circular-references>Circular References<a href=#circular-references class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Circular References" title="Direct link to Circular References" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>Reference tracking is required for circular data structures:</p> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=circular-linked-list>Circular Linked List<a href=#circular-linked-list class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Circular Linked List" title="Direct link to Circular Linked List" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>type</span><span class="token plain"> Node </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Value </span><span class="token builtin">int32</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Next </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Node </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>New</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithXlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithTrackRef</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>RegisterStruct</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Node</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Create circular list</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">n1 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Node</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">n2 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Node</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">n3 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Node</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>3</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">n1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Next </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> n2</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">n2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Next </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> n3</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">n3</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Next </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> n1 </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Circular reference back to n1</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>_</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">n1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>var</span><span class="token plain"> result Node</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Deserialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Circular structure is preserved</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// result.Next.Next.Next == &result</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=parent-child-tree>Parent-Child Tree<a href=#parent-child-tree class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Parent-Child Tree" title="Direct link to Parent-Child Tree" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>type</span><span class="token plain"> TreeNode </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Value </span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Parent </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">TreeNode </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Children </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">TreeNode </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>New</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithXlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithTrackRef</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>RegisterStruct</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">TreeNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">root </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">TreeNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"root"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">child1 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">TreeNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"child1"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> Parent</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> root</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">child2 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">TreeNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"child2"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> Parent</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> root</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">root</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Children </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">TreeNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">child1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> child2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>_</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">root</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>var</span><span class="token plain"> result TreeNode</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Deserialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// result.Children[0].Parent == &result</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=graph-structures>Graph Structures<a href=#graph-structures class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Graph Structures" title="Direct link to Graph Structures" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>type</span><span class="token plain"> GraphNode </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> ID </span><span class="token builtin">int32</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Neighbors </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">GraphNode </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>New</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithXlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithTrackRef</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>RegisterStruct</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">GraphNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Create a graph</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">a </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">GraphNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">ID</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">b </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">GraphNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">ID</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">c </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">GraphNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">ID</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>3</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Bidirectional connections</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">a</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Neighbors </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">GraphNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">b</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> c</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">b</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Neighbors </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">GraphNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">a</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> c</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">c</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Neighbors </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">GraphNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">a</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> b</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>_</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">a</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>var</span><span class="token plain"> result GraphNode</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Deserialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=shared-object-deduplication>Shared Object Deduplication<a href=#shared-object-deduplication class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Shared Object Deduplication" title="Direct link to Shared Object Deduplication" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>Reference tracking also deduplicates shared objects:</p> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>type</span><span class="token plain"> Config </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Setting </span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>type</span><span class="token plain"> Application </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> MainConfig </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Config </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> BackupConfig </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Config </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> FallbackConfig </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Config </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>New</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithXlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithTrackRef</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>RegisterStruct</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Config</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>RegisterStruct</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Application</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Shared configuration</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">config </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Config</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Setting</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"value"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Multiple references to same object</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">app </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Application</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> MainConfig</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> config</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> BackupConfig</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> config</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> FallbackConfig</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> config</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>_</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">app</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// 'config' serialized once, others are references</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>var</span><span class="token plain"> result Application</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Deserialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// result.MainConfig == result.BackupConfig == result.FallbackConfig</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=performance-considerations>Performance Considerations<a href=#performance-considerations class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Performance Considerations" title="Direct link to Performance Considerations" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=overhead>Overhead<a href=#overhead class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Overhead" title="Direct link to Overhead" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>Reference tracking adds overhead:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="">Memory for tracking seen objects (hash map)</li> |
| <li class="">Hash lookups during serialization</li> |
| <li class="">Additional bytes for reference flags and IDs</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=when-to-enable>When to Enable<a href=#when-to-enable class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to When to Enable" title="Direct link to When to Enable" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p><strong>Enable reference tracking when</strong>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="">Data has circular references</li> |
| <li class="">Same object referenced multiple times</li> |
| <li class="">Serializing graph structures</li> |
| <li class="">Object identity must be preserved</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><strong>Disable reference tracking when</strong>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="">Data is tree-structured (no cycles)</li> |
| <li class="">Each object appears only once</li> |
| <li class="">Maximum performance is required</li> |
| <li class="">Object identity doesn't matter</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=memory-usage>Memory Usage<a href=#memory-usage class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Memory Usage" title="Direct link to Memory Usage" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>Reference tracking maintains a map of serializing objects:</p> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Internal reference tracking structure</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>type</span><span class="token plain"> RefResolver </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> writtenObjects </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>map</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token plain">refKey</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token builtin">int32</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// pointer -> reference ID</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> readObjects </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token plain">reflect</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Value </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// reference ID -> object</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p>For large object graphs, this may increase memory usage.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=error-handling>Error Handling<a href=#error-handling class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Error Handling" title="Direct link to Error Handling" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=without-reference-tracking>Without Reference Tracking<a href=#without-reference-tracking class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Without Reference Tracking" title="Direct link to Without Reference Tracking" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>Circular references without tracking cause stack overflow or max depth errors:</p> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>New</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithXlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// No reference tracking</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">n1 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Node</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">n1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Next </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> n1 </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Self-reference</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> err </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">n1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Error: max depth exceeded (or stack overflow)</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=invalid-reference-id>Invalid Reference ID<a href=#invalid-reference-id class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Invalid Reference ID" title="Direct link to Invalid Reference ID" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>During deserialization, an invalid reference ID produces an error:</p> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Error type: ErrKindInvalidRefId</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p>This occurs when serialized data contains a reference to an object that wasn't previously serialized.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=complete-example>Complete Example<a href=#complete-example class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Complete Example" title="Direct link to Complete Example" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <div class="language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>package</span><span class="token plain"> main</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"fmt"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"github.com/apache/fory/go/fory"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>type</span><span class="token plain"> Person </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Name </span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Friends </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Person </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> BestFriend </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Person </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>`fory:"ref"`</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>func</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>main</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> f </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>New</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithXlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>WithTrackRef</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>RegisterStruct</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Person</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Create people with mutual friendships</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> alice </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Person</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Alice"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> bob </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Person</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Bob"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> charlie </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">Person</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">Name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Charlie"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> alice</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Friends </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Person</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">bob</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> charlie</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> alice</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">BestFriend </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> bob</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> bob</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Friends </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Person</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">alice</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> charlie</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> bob</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">BestFriend </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> alice </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Mutual best friends</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> charlie</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Friends </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain">Person</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain">alice</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> bob</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Serialize</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> err </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">alice</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>if</span><span class="token plain"> err </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>!=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>nil</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>panic</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">err</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> fmt</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Printf</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Serialized %d bytes\n"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>len</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Deserialize</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>var</span><span class="token plain"> result Person</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>if</span><span class="token plain"> err </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:=</span><span class="token plain"> f</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Deserialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>&</span><span class="token plain">result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> err </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>!=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>nil</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>panic</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">err</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Verify circular references preserved</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> fmt</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Printf</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Alice's best friend: %s\n"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">BestFriend</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> fmt</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Printf</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Bob's best friend: %s\n"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">BestFriend</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">BestFriend</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">Name</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Output: Alice (circular reference preserved)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=related-topics>Related Topics<a href=#related-topics class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Related Topics" title="Direct link to Related Topics" translate=no></a></h2> |
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| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/1.2.0/guide/go/schema_metadata>Struct Tags</a></li> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/1.2.0/guide/go/xlang_serialization>Xlang Serialization</a></li> |
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