| <!doctype html><html lang=en-US dir=ltr class="docs-wrapper plugin-docs plugin-id-default docs-version-1.1.0 docs-doc-page docs-doc-id-guide/cpp/polymorphism" data-has-hydrated=false><head><meta charset=UTF-8><meta name=generator content="Docusaurus v3.10.1"><title data-rh=true>Polymorphic Serialization | Apache Fory™</title><meta data-rh=true name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta data-rh=true property=og:url content=https://fory.apache.org/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism /><meta data-rh=true property=og:locale content=en_US /><meta data-rh=true property=og:locale:alternate content=zh_CN /><meta data-rh=true name=docusaurus_locale content=en-US /><meta data-rh=true name=docsearch:language content=en-US /><meta data-rh=true http-equiv=Content-Security-Policy content="frame-src 'self' https://ghbtns.com/;"/><meta data-rh=true property=og:image content=https://fory.apache.org/img/logo.png /><meta data-rh=true property=og:image:width content=1500 /><meta data-rh=true property=og:image:height content=1500 /><meta data-rh=true name=twitter:card content=summary_large_image /><meta data-rh=true name=twitter:image content=https://fory.apache.org/img/logo.png /><meta data-rh=true name=docusaurus_version content=1.1.0 /><meta data-rh=true name=docusaurus_tag content=docs-default-1.1.0 /><meta data-rh=true name=docsearch:version content=1.1.0 /><meta data-rh=true name=docsearch:docusaurus_tag content=docs-default-1.1.0 /><meta data-rh=true property=og:title content="Polymorphic Serialization | Apache Fory™"/><meta data-rh=true name=description content="Apache Fory™ supports polymorphic serialization through smart pointers (std::uniqueptr), enabling dynamic dispatch and type flexibility for inheritance hierarchies."/><meta data-rh=true property=og:description content="Apache Fory™ supports polymorphic serialization through smart pointers (std::uniqueptr), enabling dynamic dispatch and type flexibility for inheritance hierarchies."/><link data-rh=true rel=icon href=/img/favicon.ico /><link data-rh=true rel=canonical href=https://fory.apache.org/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism /><link data-rh=true rel=alternate href=https://fory.apache.org/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism hreflang=en-US /><link data-rh=true rel=alternate href=https://fory.apache.org/zh-CN/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism hreflang=zh-CN /><link data-rh=true rel=alternate href=https://fory.apache.org/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism hreflang=x-default /><script data-rh=true type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","item":"https://fory.apache.org/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/","name":"C++","position":1},{"@type":"ListItem","item":"https://fory.apache.org/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism","name":"Polymorphic Serialization","position":2}]}</script><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/blog/rss.xml title="Apache Fory™ RSS Feed"><link rel=alternate type=application/atom+xml href=/blog/atom.xml title="Apache Fory™ Atom Feed"><script type=text/javascript>"fury.apache.org"===window.location.host&&(window.location.href="https://fory.apache.org"),function(){for(var o=window.location.pathname,a=["guide","introduction","start"],n=0;n<a.length;n++){var t=a[n],i=RegExp("^((?:/[a-z]{2}-[A-Z]{2})?/docs(?:/(?:next|[0-9]+.[0-9]+))?)/docs/"+t+"(/.*)?$"),c=o.match(i);if(c){var r=c[1]+"/"+t+(c[2]||"");window.location.replace(r+window.location.search+window.location.hash);return}}}()</script><link rel=stylesheet href=/assets/css/styles.3a1edaa1.css /><script src=/assets/js/runtime~main.605b11b1.js defer></script><script src=/assets/js/main.283fea4b.js defer></script></head><body><svg style="display: none;"><defs> |
| <symbol id=theme-svg-external-link viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill=currentColor d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"/></symbol> |
| </defs></svg> |
| <script>!function(){var t=function(){try{return new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("docusaurus-theme")}catch(t){}}()||function(){try{return window.localStorage.getItem("theme")}catch(t){}}();document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",t||"light"),document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme-choice",t||"light")}(),function(){try{for(var[t,e]of new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).entries())if(t.startsWith("docusaurus-data-")){var a=t.replace("docusaurus-data-","data-");document.documentElement.setAttribute(a,e)}}catch(t){}}()</script><div id=__docusaurus><div role=region aria-label="Skip to main content"><a class=skipToContent_fXgn href=#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback>Skip to main content</a></div><nav aria-label=Main class="theme-layout-navbar navbar navbar--fixed-top"><div class=navbar__inner><div class="theme-layout-navbar-left navbar__items"><button aria-label="Toggle navigation bar" aria-expanded=false class="navbar__toggle clean-btn" type=button><svg width=30 height=30 viewBox="0 0 30 30" aria-hidden=true><path stroke=currentColor stroke-linecap=round stroke-miterlimit=10 stroke-width=2 d="M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22"/></svg></button><a class=navbar__brand href=/><div class=navbar__logo><img src=/img/fory-logo-light.png alt="Apache Fory™ Logo" class="themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--light_NVdE"/><img src=/img/fory-logo-dark.png alt="Apache Fory™ Logo" class="themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--dark_xIcU"/></div><b class="navbar__title text--truncate"></b></a><a aria-current=page class="navbar__item navbar__link navbar__link--active" href=/docs/1.1.0/introduction/overview>Docs</a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href=/docs/1.1.0/specification/xlang_serialization_spec>Specification</a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href=/docs/1.1.0/community/>Community</a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href=/user>Users</a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href=/download>Download</a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href=/blog>Blog</a></div><div class="theme-layout-navbar-right navbar__items navbar__items--right"><div class="navbar__item dropdown dropdown--hoverable dropdown--right"><a href=# aria-haspopup=true aria-expanded=false role=button class=navbar__link>ASF</a><ul class=dropdown__menu><li><a href=https://www.apache.org/ target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=dropdown__link>Foundation</a><li><a href=https://www.apache.org/licenses/ target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=dropdown__link>License</a><li><a href=https://www.apache.org/events/current-event.html target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=dropdown__link>Events</a><li><a href=https://privacy.apache.org/policies/privacy-policy-public.html target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=dropdown__link>Privacy</a><li><a href=https://www.apache.org/security/ target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=dropdown__link>Security</a><li><a href=https://www.apache.org/foundation/sponsorship.html target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=dropdown__link>Sponsorship</a><li><a href=https://www.apache.org/foundation/thanks.html target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=dropdown__link>Thanks</a><li><a href=https://www.apache.org/foundation/policies/conduct.html target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=dropdown__link>Code of Conduct</a></ul></div><div class="navbar__item dropdown dropdown--hoverable dropdown--right"><a class=navbar__link aria-haspopup=true aria-expanded=false role=button href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism>1.1.0</a><ul class=dropdown__menu><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/next/guide/cpp/polymorphism>dev</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/guide/cpp/polymorphism>1.3.0</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/1.2.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism>1.2.0</a><li><a aria-current=page class="dropdown__link dropdown__link--active" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism>1.1.0</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/1.0.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism>1.0.0</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/0.17/guide/cpp/polymorphism>0.17</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/0.16/guide/cpp/polymorphism>0.16</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/0.15/guide/cpp/polymorphism>0.15</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/0.14/introduction/overview>0.14</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/0.13/introduction/overview>0.13</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/0.12/introduction/overview>0.12</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/0.11/introduction/overview>0.11</a><li><a class=dropdown__link href=/docs/0.10/introduction/overview>0.10</a></ul></div><a href=https://github.com/apache/fory target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class="navbar__item navbar__link header-github-link" aria-label="GitHub repository"></a><div class="navbar__item dropdown dropdown--hoverable dropdown--right"><a href=# aria-haspopup=true aria-expanded=false role=button class=navbar__link><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width=20 height=20 aria-hidden=true class=iconLanguage_nlXk><path fill=currentColor d="M12.87 15.07l-2.54-2.51.03-.03c1.74-1.94 2.98-4.17 3.71-6.53H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v1.99h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11.76-2.04zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2l-4.5-12zm-2.62 7l1.62-4.33L19.12 17h-3.24z"/></svg>English</a><ul class=dropdown__menu><li><a href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism target=_self rel="noopener noreferrer" class="dropdown__link dropdown__link--active" lang=en-US>English</a><li><a href=/zh-CN/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism target=_self rel="noopener noreferrer" class=dropdown__link lang=zh-CN>简体中文</a></ul></div><div class="toggle_vylO colorModeToggle_DEke"><button class="clean-btn toggleButton_gllP toggleButtonDisabled_aARS" type=button disabled title="system mode" aria-label="Switch between dark and light mode (currently system mode)"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width=24 height=24 aria-hidden=true class="toggleIcon_g3eP lightToggleIcon_pyhR"><path fill=currentColor d="M12,9c1.65,0,3,1.35,3,3s-1.35,3-3,3s-3-1.35-3-3S10.35,9,12,9 M12,7c-2.76,0-5,2.24-5,5s2.24,5,5,5s5-2.24,5-5 S14.76,7,12,7L12,7z M2,13l2,0c0.55,0,1-0.45,1-1s-0.45-1-1-1l-2,0c-0.55,0-1,0.45-1,1S1.45,13,2,13z M20,13l2,0c0.55,0,1-0.45,1-1 s-0.45-1-1-1l-2,0c-0.55,0-1,0.45-1,1S19.45,13,20,13z M11,2v2c0,0.55,0.45,1,1,1s1-0.45,1-1V2c0-0.55-0.45-1-1-1S11,1.45,11,2z M11,20v2c0,0.55,0.45,1,1,1s1-0.45,1-1v-2c0-0.55-0.45-1-1-1C11.45,19,11,19.45,11,20z M5.99,4.58c-0.39-0.39-1.03-0.39-1.41,0 c-0.39,0.39-0.39,1.03,0,1.41l1.06,1.06c0.39,0.39,1.03,0.39,1.41,0s0.39-1.03,0-1.41L5.99,4.58z M18.36,16.95 c-0.39-0.39-1.03-0.39-1.41,0c-0.39,0.39-0.39,1.03,0,1.41l1.06,1.06c0.39,0.39,1.03,0.39,1.41,0c0.39-0.39,0.39-1.03,0-1.41 L18.36,16.95z M19.42,5.99c0.39-0.39,0.39-1.03,0-1.41c-0.39-0.39-1.03-0.39-1.41,0l-1.06,1.06c-0.39,0.39-0.39,1.03,0,1.41 s1.03,0.39,1.41,0L19.42,5.99z M7.05,18.36c0.39-0.39,0.39-1.03,0-1.41c-0.39-0.39-1.03-0.39-1.41,0l-1.06,1.06 c-0.39,0.39-0.39,1.03,0,1.41s1.03,0.39,1.41,0L7.05,18.36z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width=24 height=24 aria-hidden=true class="toggleIcon_g3eP darkToggleIcon_wfgR"><path fill=currentColor d="M9.37,5.51C9.19,6.15,9.1,6.82,9.1,7.5c0,4.08,3.32,7.4,7.4,7.4c0.68,0,1.35-0.09,1.99-0.27C17.45,17.19,14.93,19,12,19 c-3.86,0-7-3.14-7-7C5,9.07,6.81,6.55,9.37,5.51z M12,3c-4.97,0-9,4.03-9,9s4.03,9,9,9s9-4.03,9-9c0-0.46-0.04-0.92-0.1-1.36 c-0.98,1.37-2.58,2.26-4.4,2.26c-2.98,0-5.4-2.42-5.4-5.4c0-1.81,0.89-3.42,2.26-4.4C12.92,3.04,12.46,3,12,3L12,3z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width=24 height=24 aria-hidden=true class="toggleIcon_g3eP systemToggleIcon_QzmC"><path fill=currentColor d="m12 21c4.971 0 9-4.029 9-9s-4.029-9-9-9-9 4.029-9 9 4.029 9 9 9zm4.95-13.95c1.313 1.313 2.05 3.093 2.05 4.95s-0.738 3.637-2.05 4.95c-1.313 1.313-3.093 2.05-4.95 2.05v-14c1.857 0 3.637 0.737 4.95 2.05z"/></svg></button></div><div class=navbarSearchContainer_Bca1><div class=navbar__search><span aria-label="expand searchbar" role=button class=search-icon tabindex=0></span><input id=search_input_react type=search placeholder=Loading... aria-label=Search class="navbar__search-input search-bar" disabled/></div></div></div></div><div role=presentation class=navbar-sidebar__backdrop></div></nav><div id=__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback class="theme-layout-main main-wrapper mainWrapper_z2l0"><div class=docsWrapper_hBAB><button aria-label="Scroll back to top" class="clean-btn theme-back-to-top-button backToTopButton_sjWU" type=button></button><div class=docRoot_UBD9><aside class="theme-doc-sidebar-container docSidebarContainer_YfHR"><div class=sidebarViewport_aRkj><div class=sidebar_njMd><nav aria-label="Docs sidebar" class="menu thin-scrollbar menu_SIkG"><ul class="theme-doc-sidebar-menu menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" role=button aria-expanded=true href=/docs/1.1.0/introduction/overview><span title=Introduction class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Introduction</span></a></div><ul class=menu__list><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/introduction/overview><span title=Overview class=linkLabel_WmDU>Overview</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/introduction/features><span title=Features class=linkLabel_WmDU>Features</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/introduction/benchmark><span title=Benchmark class=linkLabel_WmDU>Benchmark</span></a></ul><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" role=button aria-expanded=true href=/docs/1.1.0/start/install><span title=Start class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Start</span></a></div><ul class=menu__list><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/start/install><span title=Install class=linkLabel_WmDU>Install</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/start/usage><span title=Usage class=linkLabel_WmDU>Usage</span></a></ul><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret" role=button aria-expanded=false href=/docs/1.1.0/compiler/><span title="Schema IDL & Compiler" class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Schema IDL & Compiler</span></a></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--sublist-caret menu__link--active" role=button aria-expanded=true href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/java/><span title=Guide class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Guide</span></a></div><ul class=menu__list><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/java/><span title=Java class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Java</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Java'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/python/><span title=Python class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Python</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Python'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/rust/><span title=Rust class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Rust</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Rust'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist menu__link--active" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/><span title=C++ class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>C++</span></a><button aria-label="Collapse sidebar category 'C++'" aria-expanded=true type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><ul class=menu__list><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/basic_serialization><span title="Basic Serialization" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Basic Serialization</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/xlang_serialization><span title="Xlang Serialization" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Xlang Serialization</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/native_serialization><span title="Native Serialization" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Native Serialization</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/configuration><span title=Configuration class=linkLabel_WmDU>Configuration</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/schema_metadata><span title="Schema Metadata" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Schema Metadata</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/schema_evolution><span title="Schema Evolution" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Schema Evolution</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/type_registration><span title="Type Registration" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Type Registration</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--active" aria-current=page tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/polymorphism><span title="Polymorphic Serialization" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Polymorphic Serialization</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/supported_types><span title="Supported Types" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Supported Types</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/custom_serializers><span title="Custom Serializers" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Custom Serializers</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-3 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/row_format><span title="Row Format" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Row Format</span></a></ul><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/go/><span title=Go class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Go</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Go'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/javascript/><span title=JavaScript class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>JavaScript</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'JavaScript'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/csharp/><span title=C# class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>C#</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'C#'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/swift/><span title=Swift class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Swift</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Swift'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/dart/><span title=Dart class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Dart</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Dart'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/scala/><span title=Scala class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Scala</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Scala'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/kotlin/><span title=Kotlin class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Kotlin</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Kotlin'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-2 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class=menu__list-item-collapsible><a class="categoryLink_byQd menu__link menu__link--sublist" tabindex=0 href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/xlang/><span title="Cross Language" class=categoryLinkLabel_W154>Cross Language</span></a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category 'Cross Language'" aria-expanded=false type=button class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div></ul></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class=docMainContainer_TBSr><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class=row><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="theme-doc-version-banner alert alert--warning margin-bottom--md" role=alert><div>This is documentation for <!-- -->Apache Fory™<!-- --> <b>1.1.0</b>, which is no longer actively maintained.</div><div class=margin-top--md>For up-to-date documentation, see the <b><a href=/docs/guide/cpp/polymorphism>latest version</a></b> (<!-- -->1.3.0<!-- -->).</div></div><div class=docItemContainer_Djhp><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label=Breadcrumbs><ul class=breadcrumbs><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a aria-label="Home page" class=breadcrumbs__link href=/><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill=currentColor /></svg></a><li class=breadcrumbs__item><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Guide</span><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a class=breadcrumbs__link href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/><span>C++</span></a><li class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Polymorphic Serialization</span></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: 1.1.0</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type=button class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Polymorphic Serialization</h1></header><p>Apache Fory™ supports polymorphic serialization through smart pointers (<code>std::shared_ptr</code> and <code>std::unique_ptr</code>), enabling dynamic dispatch and type flexibility for inheritance hierarchies.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=supported-polymorphic-types>Supported Polymorphic Types<a href=#supported-polymorphic-types class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Supported Polymorphic Types" title="Direct link to Supported Polymorphic Types" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <ul> |
| <li class=""><code>std::shared_ptr<Base></code> - Shared ownership with polymorphic dispatch</li> |
| <li class=""><code>std::unique_ptr<Base></code> - Exclusive ownership with polymorphic dispatch</li> |
| <li class="">Collections: <code>std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Base>></code>, <code>std::map<K, std::unique_ptr<Base>></code></li> |
| <li class="">Optional: <code>std::optional<std::shared_ptr<Base>></code></li> |
| </ul> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=basic-polymorphic-serialization>Basic Polymorphic Serialization<a href=#basic-polymorphic-serialization class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Basic Polymorphic Serialization" title="Direct link to Basic Polymorphic Serialization" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token macro property directive-hash" style=color:#36acaa>#</span><span class="token macro property directive keyword" style=color:#00009f>include</span><span class="token macro property" style=color:#36acaa> </span><span class="token macro property string" style=color:#e3116c>"fory/serialization/fory.h"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>using</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>namespace</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">serialization</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Define base class with virtual methods</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Animal</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>virtual</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>~</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Animal</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>default</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>virtual</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">string </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>speak</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>const</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>0</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>int32_t</span><span class="token plain"> age </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>0</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> age</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Define derived classes</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Dog</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token base-clause class-name">Animal</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">string </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>speak</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>const</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>override</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>return</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Woof!"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">string breed</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Dog</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> age</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> breed</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Cat</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token base-clause class-name">Animal</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">string </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>speak</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>const</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>override</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>return</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Meow!"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">string color</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Cat</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> age</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> color</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Struct with polymorphic field</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Zoo</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> star_animal</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Zoo</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> star_animal</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>int</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>main</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>track_ref</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Register all types with unique type IDs</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Zoo</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>100</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>101</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Cat</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>102</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Create object with polymorphic field</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> Zoo zoo</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> zoo</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">star_animal </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>make_shared</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> zoo</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">star_animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">age </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>3</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>static_cast</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">zoo</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">star_animal</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>get</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">breed </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Labrador"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Serialize</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> bytes_result </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">zoo</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">bytes_result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>ok</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Deserialize - runtime type is preserved</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> decoded_result </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>deserialize</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Zoo</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">bytes_result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">decoded_result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>ok</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> decoded </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>move</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">decoded_result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">decoded</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">star_animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>speak</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>==</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Woof!"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">decoded</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">star_animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">age </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>==</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>3</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain"> dog_ptr </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>dynamic_cast</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">decoded</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">star_animal</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>get</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>if</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">dog_ptr </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>==</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>nullptr</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>||</span><span class="token plain"> dog_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">breed </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>!=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Labrador"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>return</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=type-registration-for-polymorphism>Type Registration for Polymorphism<a href=#type-registration-for-polymorphism class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Type Registration for Polymorphism" title="Direct link to Type Registration for Polymorphism" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>For polymorphic serialization, register derived types with unique type IDs:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Register with numeric type ID</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Derived1</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>100</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Derived2</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>101</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p><strong>Why type ID registration?</strong></p> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="">Compact binary representation</li> |
| <li class="">Fast type lookup and dispatch</li> |
| <li class="">Consistent with non-polymorphic type registration</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=automatic-polymorphism-detection>Automatic Polymorphism Detection<a href=#automatic-polymorphism-detection class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Automatic Polymorphism Detection" title="Direct link to Automatic Polymorphism Detection" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>Fory automatically detects polymorphic types using <code>std::is_polymorphic<T></code>:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Base</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>virtual</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>~</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Base</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>default</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Virtual destructor makes it polymorphic</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>int32_t</span><span class="token plain"> value </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>0</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">NonPolymorphic</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>int32_t</span><span class="token plain"> value </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>0</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// No virtual methods</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Polymorphic field - type info written automatically</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Container1</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Base</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> ptr</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Auto-detected as polymorphic</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Non-polymorphic field - no type info written</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Container2</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">NonPolymorphic</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> ptr</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Not polymorphic</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=controlling-dynamic-dispatch>Controlling Dynamic Dispatch<a href=#controlling-dynamic-dispatch class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Controlling Dynamic Dispatch" title="Direct link to Controlling Dynamic Dispatch" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>Use <code>fory::F().dynamic(V)</code> in <code>FORY_STRUCT</code> to override automatic |
| polymorphism detection:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Animal</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>virtual</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>~</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Animal</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>default</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>virtual</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">string </span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>speak</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>const</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>0</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Pet</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Auto-detected: type info written (Animal has virtual methods)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> animal1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Force dynamic: type info written explicitly</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> animal2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Force non-dynamic: skip type info (faster but no runtime subtyping)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> animal3</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Pet</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> animal1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">animal2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>F</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>dynamic</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">animal3</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>F</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>dynamic</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>false</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p><strong>When to use <code>dynamic(false)</code>:</strong></p> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="">You know the runtime type will always match the declared type</li> |
| <li class="">Performance is critical and you don't need subtype support</li> |
| <li class="">Working with monomorphic data despite having a polymorphic base class</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=schema-metadata>Schema Metadata<a href=#schema-metadata class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Schema Metadata" title="Direct link to Schema Metadata" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>Configure field metadata directly in <code>FORY_STRUCT</code>:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Zoo</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> star</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Auto-detected as polymorphic</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> backup</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Nullable polymorphic field</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> mascot</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Non-dynamic (no subtype dispatch)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Zoo</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">star</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>F</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>0</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">backup</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>F</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>nullable</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">mascot</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>F</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>dynamic</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>false</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p>See <a class="" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/schema_metadata>Schema Metadata</a> for complete details on |
| <code>nullable()</code>, <code>ref()</code>, and other field-level options.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=stdunique_ptr-polymorphism>std::unique_ptr Polymorphism<a href=#stdunique_ptr-polymorphism class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to std::unique_ptr Polymorphism" title="Direct link to std::unique_ptr Polymorphism" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p><code>std::unique_ptr</code> works the same way as <code>std::shared_ptr</code> for polymorphic types:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Container</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">unique_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> pet</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> pet</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>track_ref</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Container</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>200</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>201</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">Container container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">pet </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>make_unique</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>static_cast</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">pet</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>get</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">breed </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Beagle"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> bytes </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> decoded </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>deserialize</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Container</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">bytes</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Runtime type preserved</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain"> dog </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>dynamic_cast</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">decoded</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">pet</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>get</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">dog </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>!=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>nullptr</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">dog</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">breed </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>==</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Beagle"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=collections-of-polymorphic-objects>Collections of Polymorphic Objects<a href=#collections-of-polymorphic-objects class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Collections of Polymorphic Objects" title="Direct link to Collections of Polymorphic Objects" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token macro property directive-hash" style=color:#36acaa>#</span><span class="token macro property directive keyword" style=color:#00009f>include</span><span class="token macro property" style=color:#36acaa> </span><span class="token macro property string" style=color:#e3116c><vector></span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token macro property directive-hash" style=color:#36acaa>#</span><span class="token macro property directive keyword" style=color:#00009f>include</span><span class="token macro property" style=color:#36acaa> </span><span class="token macro property string" style=color:#e3116c><map></span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">AnimalShelter</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">vector</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>>></span><span class="token plain"> animals</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">map</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">string</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">unique_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>>></span><span class="token plain"> registry</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">AnimalShelter</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> animals</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> registry</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>track_ref</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">AnimalShelter</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>100</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>101</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Cat</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>102</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">AnimalShelter shelter</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">shelter</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">animals</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>push_back</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>make_shared</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">shelter</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">animals</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>push_back</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>make_shared</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Cat</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">shelter</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">registry</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"pet1"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>make_unique</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> bytes </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">shelter</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> decoded </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>deserialize</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">AnimalShelter</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">bytes</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// All runtime types preserved</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>dynamic_cast</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">decoded</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">animals</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>0</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>get</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>!=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>nullptr</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>dynamic_cast</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Cat</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">decoded</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">animals</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>get</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>!=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>nullptr</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>dynamic_cast</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Dog</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">decoded</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">registry</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>[</span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"pet1"</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>]</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>get</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>!=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>nullptr</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=reference-tracking>Reference Tracking<a href=#reference-tracking class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Reference Tracking" title="Direct link to Reference Tracking" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>Reference tracking for <code>std::shared_ptr</code> works the same with polymorphic types. |
| See <a class="" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/supported_types>Supported Types</a> for details and examples.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=nested-polymorphism-depth-limit>Nested Polymorphism Depth Limit<a href=#nested-polymorphism-depth-limit class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Nested Polymorphism Depth Limit" title="Direct link to Nested Polymorphism Depth Limit" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>To prevent stack overflow from deeply nested polymorphic structures, Fory limits the maximum dynamic nesting depth:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Container</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>virtual</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>~</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>default</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>int32_t</span><span class="token plain"> value </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>0</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Container</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> nested</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Container</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> nested</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Default max_dyn_depth is 5</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> fory1 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>config</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token plain">max_dyn_depth </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>==</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>5</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Increase limit for deeper nesting</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> fory2 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>max_dyn_depth</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>10</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Container</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Create deeply nested structure</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> level3 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>make_shared</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Container</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">level3</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">value </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>3</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> level2 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>make_shared</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Container</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">level2</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">value </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">level2</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">nested </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> level3</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> level1 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>make_shared</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Container</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">level1</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">value </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">level1</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">nested </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> level2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Serialization succeeds</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> bytes </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">level1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Deserialization succeeds with sufficient depth</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> decoded </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>deserialize</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">std</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">shared_ptr</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Container</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">bytes</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p><strong>Depth exceeded error:</strong></p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> fory_shallow </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>max_dyn_depth</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory_shallow</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Container</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// 3 levels exceeds max_dyn_depth=2</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> result </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory_shallow</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>deserialize</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">std</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">shared_ptr</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Container</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">bytes</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>assert</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>!</span><span class="token plain">result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>ok</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Fails with depth exceeded error</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p><strong>When to adjust:</strong></p> |
| <ul> |
| <li class=""><strong>Increase <code>max_dyn_depth</code></strong>: For legitimate deeply nested polymorphic data structures</li> |
| <li class=""><strong>Decrease <code>max_dyn_depth</code></strong>: For stricter security requirements or shallow data structures</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=nullability-for-polymorphic-fields>Nullability for Polymorphic Fields<a href=#nullability-for-polymorphic-fields class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Nullability for Polymorphic Fields" title="Direct link to Nullability for Polymorphic Fields" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>By default, <code>std::shared_ptr<T></code> and <code>std::unique_ptr<T></code> fields are treated as |
| non-nullable in the schema. To allow <code>nullptr</code>, mark the field nullable in |
| <code>FORY_STRUCT</code>.</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Pet</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Non-nullable (default)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> primary</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Nullable via explicit field metadata</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Animal</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> optional</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Pet</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> primary</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">optional</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>F</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>nullable</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p>See <a class="" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/schema_metadata>Schema Metadata</a> for more details.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=combining-polymorphism-with-other-features>Combining Polymorphism with Other Features<a href=#combining-polymorphism-with-other-features class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Combining Polymorphism with Other Features" title="Direct link to Combining Polymorphism with Other Features" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=polymorphism--reference-tracking>Polymorphism + Reference Tracking<a href=#polymorphism--reference-tracking class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Polymorphism + Reference Tracking" title="Direct link to Polymorphism + Reference Tracking" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">GraphNode</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>virtual</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>~</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>GraphNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>default</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>int32_t</span><span class="token plain"> id </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>0</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">vector</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">shared_ptr</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">GraphNode</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>>></span><span class="token plain"> neighbors</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">GraphNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> id</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> neighbors</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">WeightedNode</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token base-clause class-name">GraphNode</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>double</span><span class="token plain"> weight </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>0.0</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">WeightedNode</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> id</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> neighbors</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> weight</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Enable ref tracking to handle shared references and cycles</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>track_ref</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">GraphNode</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>100</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">WeightedNode</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>101</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Create cyclic graph</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> node1 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>make_shared</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">WeightedNode</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">node1</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">id </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> node2 </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>make_shared</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">WeightedNode</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">node2</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">id </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">node1</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">neighbors</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>push_back</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">node2</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">node2</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>-></span><span class="token plain">neighbors</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>push_back</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">node1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Cycle</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> bytes </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">node1</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> decoded </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>deserialize</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">std</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">shared_ptr</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">GraphNode</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">bytes</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Cycle handled correctly</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=polymorphism--schema-evolution>Polymorphism + Schema Evolution<a href=#polymorphism--schema-evolution class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Polymorphism + Schema Evolution" title="Direct link to Polymorphism + Schema Evolution" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>Use compatible mode for schema evolution with polymorphic types:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>compatible</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Enable schema evolution</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>track_ref</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=best-practices>Best Practices<a href=#best-practices class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Best Practices" title="Direct link to Best Practices" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <ol> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Use type ID registration</strong> for polymorphic types:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">DerivedType</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>100</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| </li> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Enable reference tracking</strong> for polymorphic types:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>track_ref</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| </li> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Virtual destructors required</strong>: Ensure base classes have virtual destructors:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>struct</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Base</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>virtual</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>~</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>Base</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>default</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Required for polymorphism</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| </li> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Register all concrete types</strong> before serialization/deserialization:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Derived1</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>100</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>register_struct</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">Derived2</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>101</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| </li> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Use <code>dynamic_cast</code></strong> to downcast after deserialization:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token plain"> derived </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>dynamic_cast</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">DerivedType</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>*</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">base_ptr</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>get</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>if</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">derived</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Use derived-specific members</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| </li> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Adjust <code>max_dyn_depth</code></strong> based on your data structure depth:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>xlang</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>max_dyn_depth</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token number" style=color:#36acaa>10</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| </li> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Use <code>nullable()</code></strong> for optional polymorphic fields:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Holder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">optional_ptr</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>F</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>nullable</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=error-handling>Error Handling<a href=#error-handling class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Error Handling" title="Direct link to Error Handling" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> bytes_result </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>serialize</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">obj</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>if</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>!</span><span class="token plain">bytes_result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>ok</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">cerr </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><<</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Serialization failed: "</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><<</span><span class="token plain"> bytes_result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>error</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>to_string</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><<</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">endl</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>return</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>auto</span><span class="token plain"> decoded_result </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token generic-function function" style=color:#d73a49>deserialize</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name">MyType</span><span class="token generic-function generic class-name operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">bytes_result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>value</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>if</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>!</span><span class="token plain">decoded_result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>ok</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">cerr </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><<</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style=color:#e3116c>"Deserialization failed: "</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><<</span><span class="token plain"> decoded_result</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>error</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>to_string</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><<</span><span class="token plain"> std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">endl</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style=color:#00009f>return</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>}</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p><strong>Common errors:</strong></p> |
| <ul> |
| <li class=""><strong>Type not registered</strong>: Register all concrete types with unique IDs before use</li> |
| <li class=""><strong>Depth exceeded</strong>: Increase <code>max_dyn_depth</code> for deeply nested structures</li> |
| <li class=""><strong>Type ID conflict</strong>: Ensure each type has a unique type ID across all registered types</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=performance-considerations>Performance Considerations<a href=#performance-considerations class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Performance Considerations" title="Direct link to Performance Considerations" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p><strong>Polymorphic serialization overhead:</strong></p> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="">Type metadata written for each polymorphic object (~16-32 bytes)</li> |
| <li class="">Dynamic type resolution during deserialization</li> |
| <li class="">Virtual function calls for runtime dispatch</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><strong>Optimization tips:</strong></p> |
| <ol> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Use <code>dynamic(false)</code></strong> when runtime type matches declared type:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>FORY_STRUCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">Holder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fixed_type</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> fory</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>F</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>dynamic</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>false</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| </li> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Minimize nesting depth</strong> to reduce metadata overhead</p> |
| </li> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Batch polymorphic objects</strong> in collections rather than individual fields</p> |
| </li> |
| <li class=""> |
| <p><strong>Consider non-polymorphic alternatives</strong> when polymorphism isn't needed:</p> |
| <div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">std</span><span class="token double-colon punctuation" style=color:#393A34>::</span><span class="token plain">variant</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token plain">Dog</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>,</span><span class="token plain"> Cat</span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"> animal</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Type-safe union instead of polymorphism</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=related-topics>Related Topics<a href=#related-topics class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Related Topics" title="Direct link to Related Topics" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <ul> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/type_registration>Type Registration</a> - Registering types for serialization</li> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/schema_metadata>Schema Metadata</a> - Field-level metadata and options</li> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/supported_types>Supported Types</a> - Smart pointers and collections</li> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/configuration>Configuration</a> - <code>max_dyn_depth</code> and other settings</li> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/basic_serialization>Basic Serialization</a> - Core serialization concepts</li> |
| </ul></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="row margin-top--sm theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row"><div class="col noPrint_WFHX"><a href=https://github.com/apache/fory-site/tree/main/docs/guide/cpp/polymorphism.md target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=theme-edit-this-page><svg fill=currentColor height=20 width=20 viewBox="0 0 40 40" class=iconEdit_Z9Sw aria-hidden=true><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"/></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="col lastUpdated_JAkA"></div></div></footer></article><nav class="docusaurus-mt-lg pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/type_registration><div class=pagination-nav__sublabel>Previous</div><div class=pagination-nav__label>Type Registration</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href=/docs/1.1.0/guide/cpp/supported_types><div class=pagination-nav__sublabel>Next</div><div class=pagination-nav__label>Supported Types</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href=#supported-polymorphic-types class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Supported Polymorphic Types</a><li><a href=#basic-polymorphic-serialization class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Basic Polymorphic Serialization</a><li><a href=#type-registration-for-polymorphism class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Type Registration for Polymorphism</a><li><a href=#automatic-polymorphism-detection class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Automatic Polymorphism Detection</a><li><a href=#controlling-dynamic-dispatch class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Controlling Dynamic Dispatch</a><ul><li><a href=#schema-metadata class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Schema Metadata</a></ul><li><a href=#stdunique_ptr-polymorphism class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">std::unique_ptr Polymorphism</a><li><a href=#collections-of-polymorphic-objects class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Collections of Polymorphic Objects</a><li><a href=#reference-tracking class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Reference Tracking</a><li><a href=#nested-polymorphism-depth-limit class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Nested Polymorphism Depth Limit</a><li><a href=#nullability-for-polymorphic-fields class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Nullability for Polymorphic Fields</a><li><a href=#combining-polymorphism-with-other-features class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Combining Polymorphism with Other Features</a><ul><li><a href=#polymorphism--reference-tracking class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Polymorphism + Reference Tracking</a><li><a href=#polymorphism--schema-evolution class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Polymorphism + Schema Evolution</a></ul><li><a href=#best-practices class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Best Practices</a><li><a href=#error-handling class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Error Handling</a><li><a href=#performance-considerations class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Performance Considerations</a><li><a href=#related-topics class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Related Topics</a></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="theme-layout-footer footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="theme-layout-footer-column col footer__col"><div class=footer__title>Community</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class=footer__item><a href=https://lists.apache.org/list.html?dev@fory.apache.org target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=footer__link-item>Mailing list<svg width=13.5 height=13.5 aria-label="(opens in new tab)" class=iconExternalLink_nPIU><use href=#theme-svg-external-link /></svg></a><li class=footer__item><a href=https://join.slack.com/t/fory-project/shared_invite/zt-1u8soj4qc-ieYEu7ciHOqA2mo47llS8A target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=footer__link-item>Slack<svg width=13.5 height=13.5 aria-label="(opens in new tab)" class=iconExternalLink_nPIU><use href=#theme-svg-external-link /></svg></a><li class=footer__item><a href=https://twitter.com/ApacheFory target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=footer__link-item>Twitter<svg width=13.5 height=13.5 aria-label="(opens in new tab)" class=iconExternalLink_nPIU><use href=#theme-svg-external-link /></svg></a></ul></div><div class="theme-layout-footer-column col footer__col"><div class=footer__title>Docs</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class=footer__item><a class=footer__link-item href=/docs/start/install>Install</a><li class=footer__item><a class=footer__link-item href=/docs/start/usage>Usage</a><li class=footer__item><a class=footer__link-item href=/docs/introduction/benchmark>Benchmark</a></ul></div><div class="theme-layout-footer-column col footer__col"><div class=footer__title>Repositories</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class=footer__item><a href=https://github.com/apache/fory target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=footer__link-item>Apache Fory™<svg width=13.5 height=13.5 aria-label="(opens in new tab)" class=iconExternalLink_nPIU><use href=#theme-svg-external-link /></svg></a><li class=footer__item><a href=https://github.com/apache/fory-site target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=footer__link-item>Website<svg width=13.5 height=13.5 aria-label="(opens in new tab)" class=iconExternalLink_nPIU><use href=#theme-svg-external-link /></svg></a></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class=margin-bottom--sm><a href=https://apache.org/ rel="noopener noreferrer" class=footerLogoLink_BH7S><img src=/img/asf_logo.svg alt="ASF Logo" class="footer__logo themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--light_NVdE" width=200 /><img src=/img/asf_logo.svg alt="ASF Logo" class="footer__logo themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--dark_xIcU" width=200 /></a></div><div class=footer__copyright><div> |
| <p> |
| Copyright © 2026 The Apache Software Foundation, Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. <br/> |
| Apache Fory, Fory, Apache, the Apache Logo and the Apache Fory logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of the Apache Software Foundation in the United States and/or other countries. |
| </p> |
| </div></div></div></div></footer></div></body> |
