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class="theme-doc-sidebar-menu menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link href=/docs/0.17/specification/xlang_serialization_spec><span title="Xlang Serialization Format" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Xlang Serialization Format</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link href=/docs/0.17/specification/java_serialization_spec><span title="Java Serialization Format" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Java Serialization Format</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link href=/docs/0.17/specification/row_format_spec><span title="Row Format" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Row Format</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class=menu__link href=/docs/0.17/specification/xlang_type_mapping><span title="Xlang Type Mapping" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Xlang Type Mapping</span></a><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--active" aria-current=page href=/docs/0.17/specification/xlang_implementation_guide><span title="Xlang Implementation Guide" class=linkLabel_WmDU>Xlang Implementation Guide</span></a></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class=docMainContainer_TBSr><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class=row><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="theme-doc-version-banner alert alert--warning margin-bottom--md" role=alert><div>This is documentation for <!-- -->Apache Fory™<!-- --> <b>0.17</b>, which is no longer actively maintained.</div><div class=margin-top--md>For up-to-date documentation, see the <b><a href=/docs/specification/xlang_implementation_guide>latest version</a></b> (<!-- -->1.3.0<!-- -->).</div></div><div class=docItemContainer_Djhp><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label=Breadcrumbs><ul class=breadcrumbs><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a aria-label="Home page" class=breadcrumbs__link href=/><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill=currentColor /></svg></a><li class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Xlang Implementation Guide</span></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: 0.17</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type=button class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Xlang Implementation Guide</h1></header><h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=overview>Overview<a href=#overview class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Overview" title="Direct link to Overview" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>This guide describes the current xlang runtime ownership model used by the
reference Java runtime and mirrored by the Dart runtime rewrite.</p>
<p>The wire format is defined by
<a class="" href=/docs/0.17/specification/xlang_serialization_spec>Xlang Serialization Spec</a>. This document is about
service boundaries, operation flow, and internal ownership. New runtimes do not
need the same class names, but they should preserve the same control flow:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">root operations stay on the runtime facade</li>
<li class="">nested payload work stays on explicit read and write contexts</li>
<li class="">type metadata stays in the type resolver layer</li>
<li class="">serializers stay payload-focused</li>
</ul>
<p>When this guide conflicts with the wire-format specification, follow
<code>docs/specification/xlang_serialization_spec.md</code>. When it conflicts with a
runtime-specific implementation detail, follow the current runtime code for
that language.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=source-of-truth>Source Of Truth<a href=#source-of-truth class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Source Of Truth" title="Direct link to Source Of Truth" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>Use these sources in this order:</p>
<ol>
<li class=""><code>docs/specification/xlang_serialization_spec.md</code></li>
<li class="">the current runtime implementation for the language</li>
<li class="">cross-language tests under <code>integration_tests/</code></li>
</ol>
<p>For Dart, the runtime shape is centered on:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>Fory</code></li>
<li class=""><code>WriteContext</code></li>
<li class=""><code>ReadContext</code></li>
<li class=""><code>RefWriter</code></li>
<li class=""><code>RefReader</code></li>
<li class=""><code>TypeResolver</code></li>
<li class=""><code>StructCodec</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=runtime-ownership-model>Runtime Ownership Model<a href=#runtime-ownership-model class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Runtime Ownership Model" title="Direct link to Runtime Ownership Model" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=fory-is-the-root-operation-facade><code>Fory</code> is the root-operation facade<a href=#fory-is-the-root-operation-facade class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to fory-is-the-root-operation-facade" title="Direct link to fory-is-the-root-operation-facade" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p><code>Fory</code> owns the reusable runtime services for one runtime instance.</p>
<p>In Dart, <code>Fory</code> owns exactly four runtime members:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>Buffer</code></li>
<li class=""><code>WriteContext</code></li>
<li class=""><code>ReadContext</code></li>
<li class=""><code>TypeResolver</code></li>
</ul>
<p>In Java, <code>Fory</code> also owns runtime-local services such as <code>JITContext</code> and
<code>CopyContext</code>, but the ownership rule is the same: <code>Fory</code> is the root facade,
not the place where nested serializers do their work.</p>
<p><code>Fory</code> is responsible for:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">preparing the shared buffer for root operations</li>
<li class="">writing and reading the root xlang header bitmap</li>
<li class="">delegating nested value encoding to <code>WriteContext</code></li>
<li class="">delegating nested value decoding to <code>ReadContext</code></li>
<li class="">owning registration through <code>TypeResolver</code></li>
<li class="">resetting operation-local context state in a top-level <code>finally</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Nested serializers must not call back into root <code>serialize(...)</code> or
<code>deserialize(...)</code> entry points.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=writecontext-and-readcontext-hold-operation-local-state><code>WriteContext</code> and <code>ReadContext</code> hold operation-local state<a href=#writecontext-and-readcontext-hold-operation-local-state class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to writecontext-and-readcontext-hold-operation-local-state" title="Direct link to writecontext-and-readcontext-hold-operation-local-state" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p><code>WriteContext</code> and <code>ReadContext</code> are prepared by <code>Fory</code> for one root operation
and reset by <code>Fory</code> in a <code>finally</code> block before reuse.</p>
<p><code>prepare(...)</code> should only bind the active buffer and root-operation inputs.
<code>reset()</code> should clear operation-local mutable state.</p>
<p>That operation-local state includes:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">the current buffer</li>
<li class="">the active <code>RefWriter</code> or <code>RefReader</code></li>
<li class="">meta-string state</li>
<li class="">shared type-definition state</li>
<li class="">operation-local scratch state keyed by identity</li>
<li class="">compatible struct slot state</li>
<li class="">logical object-graph depth</li>
</ul>
<p>Generated and hand-written serializers should treat these contexts as the only
source of operation-local services. Serializers must not keep ambient runtime
state in thread locals, globals, or serializer instance fields.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=writecontext><code>WriteContext</code><a href=#writecontext class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to writecontext" title="Direct link to writecontext" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p><code>WriteContext</code> owns all write-side per-operation state:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">current <code>Buffer</code></li>
<li class=""><code>RefWriter</code></li>
<li class=""><code>MetaStringWriter</code></li>
<li class="">shared TypeDef write state</li>
<li class="">root <code>trackRef</code> mode</li>
<li class="">recursion depth and limits</li>
<li class="">local struct slot state used by compatible writes</li>
</ul>
<p>It exposes one-shot primitive helpers such as:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>writeBool</code></li>
<li class=""><code>writeInt32</code></li>
<li class=""><code>writeVarUint32</code></li>
</ul>
<p>These helpers are convenience methods. Serializers that perform repeated
primitive IO should cache <code>final buffer = context.buffer;</code> and call buffer
methods directly.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=readcontext><code>ReadContext</code><a href=#readcontext class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to readcontext" title="Direct link to readcontext" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p><code>ReadContext</code> owns all read-side per-operation state:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">current <code>Buffer</code></li>
<li class=""><code>RefReader</code></li>
<li class=""><code>MetaStringReader</code></li>
<li class="">shared TypeDef read state</li>
<li class="">recursion depth and limits</li>
<li class="">local struct slot state used by compatible reads</li>
</ul>
<p>It exposes matching one-shot primitive helpers such as:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>readBool</code></li>
<li class=""><code>readInt32</code></li>
<li class=""><code>readVarUint32</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Generated struct serializers call <code>context.reference(value)</code> immediately after
constructing the target instance so back-references can resolve to that object.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=reference-tracking>Reference Tracking<a href=#reference-tracking class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Reference Tracking" title="Direct link to Reference Tracking" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>Reference handling is split behind two explicit services:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>RefWriter</code> writes null, ref, and new-value markers and remembers previously
written objects by identity.</li>
<li class=""><code>RefReader</code> decodes those markers, reserves read reference IDs, and resolves
previously materialized objects.</li>
</ul>
<p>The xlang ref markers are:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>NULL_FLAG (-3)</code></li>
<li class=""><code>REF_FLAG (-2)</code></li>
<li class=""><code>NOT_NULL_VALUE_FLAG (-1)</code></li>
<li class=""><code>REF_VALUE_FLAG (0)</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Key behavior:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">basic values never use ref tracking</li>
<li class="">field metadata controls ref behavior inside generated structs</li>
<li class="">root <code>trackRef</code> is only for top-level graphs and container roots with no
field metadata</li>
<li class="">serializers that allocate an object before all nested reads complete must bind
that object early with <code>context.reference(...)</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=type-resolution>Type Resolution<a href=#type-resolution class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Type Resolution" title="Direct link to Type Resolution" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p><code>TypeResolver</code> owns:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">built-in type resolution</li>
<li class="">registration by numeric id or by <code>namespace + typeName</code></li>
<li class="">serializer lookup</li>
<li class="">struct metadata lookup</li>
<li class="">type metadata encoding and decoding</li>
<li class="">canonical encoded meta strings for package names, type names, and field names</li>
<li class="">encoded-name lookup for named type resolution</li>
<li class="">wire type decisions for struct, compatible struct, enum, ext, and union forms</li>
</ul>
<p>In Java xlang mode the concrete implementation is <code>XtypeResolver</code>. In Dart the
same ownership stays behind the internal <code>TypeResolver</code>.</p>
<p>Serializers do not resolve class metadata themselves. They ask the current
context to read or write nested values, and the context delegates type work to
<code>TypeResolver</code>.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=root-frame-responsibilities>Root Frame Responsibilities<a href=#root-frame-responsibilities class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Root Frame Responsibilities" title="Direct link to Root Frame Responsibilities" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>Every root payload starts with a one-byte bitmap written and read by <code>Fory</code>
itself, not by serializers.</p>
<p>Current xlang root bits:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Bit<th>Meaning<tbody><tr><td><code>0</code><td>null root payload<tr><td><code>1</code><td>xlang payload<tr><td><code>2</code><td>out-of-band buffers in use</table>
<p>Keep the root bitmap separate from per-object ref markers:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">the root bitmap describes the whole payload</li>
<li class="">ref flags describe one nested value at a time</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=serialization-flow>Serialization Flow<a href=#serialization-flow class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Serialization Flow" title="Direct link to Serialization Flow" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=root-write-path>Root write path<a href=#root-write-path class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Root write path" title="Direct link to Root write path" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p>The current root write flow is:</p>
<ol>
<li class=""><code>Fory.serialize(...)</code> or <code>serializeTo(...)</code> prepares the target buffer.</li>
<li class=""><code>Fory</code> calls <code>writeContext.prepare(...)</code>.</li>
<li class=""><code>Fory</code> writes the root bitmap.</li>
<li class=""><code>Fory</code> delegates the root object to <code>WriteContext</code>.</li>
<li class=""><code>writeContext.reset()</code> runs in <code>finally</code>.</li>
</ol>
<p>For a non-null root value, <code>WriteContext.writeRootValue(...)</code> performs:</p>
<ol>
<li class="">ref/null framing</li>
<li class="">type metadata write</li>
<li class="">payload write</li>
</ol>
<p>Payload serializers are responsible only for the payload of their type. They do
not write the root bitmap and they do not own registration or type-header
encoding.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=nested-writes-use-writecontext>Nested writes use <code>WriteContext</code><a href=#nested-writes-use-writecontext class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to nested-writes-use-writecontext" title="Direct link to nested-writes-use-writecontext" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p>Important rules:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">nested serializers must use <code>WriteContext</code> helpers such as <code>writeRef(...)</code>,
<code>writeNonRef(...)</code>, and container helpers when they need ref handling or type
metadata</li>
<li class="">repeated primitive writes should go directly through the buffer</li>
<li class="">nested serializer flow should stay straight-line; do not add internal
<code>try/finally</code> blocks just to clean per-operation state</li>
<li class="">top-level <code>Fory.serialize(...)</code> owns the operation reset <code>finally</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=deserialization-flow>Deserialization Flow<a href=#deserialization-flow class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Deserialization Flow" title="Direct link to Deserialization Flow" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=root-read-path>Root read path<a href=#root-read-path class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Root read path" title="Direct link to Root read path" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p>The current root read flow mirrors the write flow:</p>
<ol>
<li class=""><code>Fory.deserialize(...)</code> or <code>deserializeFrom(...)</code> reads the root bitmap.</li>
<li class="">null roots return immediately.</li>
<li class=""><code>Fory</code> validates xlang mode and other root framing requirements.</li>
<li class=""><code>Fory</code> calls <code>readContext.prepare(...)</code>.</li>
<li class=""><code>Fory</code> delegates to <code>ReadContext</code>.</li>
<li class=""><code>readContext.reset()</code> runs in <code>finally</code>.</li>
</ol>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=readcontext-owns-ref-reservation-and-payload-materialization><code>ReadContext</code> owns ref reservation and payload materialization<a href=#readcontext-owns-ref-reservation-and-payload-materialization class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to readcontext-owns-ref-reservation-and-payload-materialization" title="Direct link to readcontext-owns-ref-reservation-and-payload-materialization" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p><code>ReadContext.readRef()</code> performs the normal xlang read sequence:</p>
<ol>
<li class="">consume the next ref marker</li>
<li class="">return <code>null</code> or a back-reference immediately when appropriate</li>
<li class="">reserve a fresh read ref id for new reference-tracked values</li>
<li class="">read type metadata</li>
<li class="">read the payload</li>
<li class="">bind the reserved read ref id to the completed object</li>
</ol>
<p>Primitive and string-like hot paths should read directly from the buffer;
complex payloads delegate to the resolved serializer.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=nested-reads-use-readcontext>Nested reads use <code>ReadContext</code><a href=#nested-reads-use-readcontext class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to nested-reads-use-readcontext" title="Direct link to nested-reads-use-readcontext" translate=no>​</a></h3>
<p>Important rules:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">serializers that allocate the result object early must call
<code>context.reference(obj)</code> before reading nested children that may refer back to
it</li>
<li class="">nested serializer flow should stay straight-line; do not add internal
<code>try/finally</code> blocks just to restore operation-local state</li>
<li class="">top-level <code>Fory.deserialize(...)</code> owns the operation reset <code>finally</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=depth-tracking>Depth Tracking<a href=#depth-tracking class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Depth Tracking" title="Direct link to Depth Tracking" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p><code>WriteContext</code> and <code>ReadContext</code> track logical object depth explicitly.
<code>increaseDepth()</code> enforces <code>Config.maxDepth</code>.</p>
<p>Depth should stay explicit on the contexts rather than relying on the native
call stack alone. At the same time, depth cleanup should not depend on nested
<code>try/finally</code> blocks throughout serializer code. Top-level context reset must be
able to recover operation-local state after failures.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=struct-compatibility>Struct Compatibility<a href=#struct-compatibility class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Struct Compatibility" title="Direct link to Struct Compatibility" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>Struct-specific schema/version framing and compatible-field staging belong in
the struct serializer layer, not on <code>Fory</code> and not on the public serializer
API.</p>
<p>In Dart that internal owner is <code>StructCodec</code>.</p>
<p><code>StructCodec</code> is responsible for:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">schema-hash framing when compatibility mode is off and version checks are on</li>
<li class="">compatible-struct field remapping when compatibility mode is on</li>
<li class="">caching compatible write and read layouts</li>
<li class="">providing compatible write/read slot state to generated serializers</li>
<li class="">remembering remote struct metadata after successful reads</li>
</ul>
<p>When <code>Config.compatible</code> is enabled and the struct is marked evolving:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">the wire type uses the compatible struct form</li>
<li class="">the runtime writes shared TypeDef metadata</li>
<li class="">reads map incoming fields by identifier and skip unknown fields</li>
</ul>
<p>When <code>compatible</code> is disabled and <code>checkStructVersion</code> is enabled:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">the runtime writes the schema hash for struct payloads</li>
<li class="">the read side checks that hash before reading fields</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=meta-strings-and-shared-type-metadata>Meta Strings And Shared Type Metadata<a href=#meta-strings-and-shared-type-metadata class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Meta Strings And Shared Type Metadata" title="Direct link to Meta Strings And Shared Type Metadata" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>Two explicit pieces of state back xlang type metadata:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>MetaStringWriter</code> and <code>MetaStringReader</code> deduplicate and decode namespace
and type-name strings</li>
<li class="">shared TypeDef write/read state tracks announced compatible struct metadata</li>
</ul>
<p>Ownership rules:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">canonical encoded names live in <code>TypeResolver</code></li>
<li class="">per-operation dynamic meta-string ids live on <code>MetaStringWriter</code> and
<code>MetaStringReader</code></li>
<li class="">shared type-definition tables are operation-local context state</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=enums-in-xlang-mode>Enums In Xlang Mode<a href=#enums-in-xlang-mode class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Enums In Xlang Mode" title="Direct link to Enums In Xlang Mode" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>In xlang mode, enums are serialized by numeric tag, not by name.</p>
<p>In Java:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">the default tag is the declaration ordinal</li>
<li class=""><code>@ForyEnumId</code> can override that with a stable explicit tag</li>
<li class=""><code>serializeEnumByName(true)</code> affects native Java mode, not xlang mode</li>
</ul>
<p>Other runtimes should preserve the same wire rule even if the configuration or
annotation surface differs.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=out-of-band-buffer-objects>Out-Of-Band Buffer Objects<a href=#out-of-band-buffer-objects class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Out-Of-Band Buffer Objects" title="Direct link to Out-Of-Band Buffer Objects" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>Buffer-object handling follows the same split:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">one root bit advertises whether out-of-band buffers are in play</li>
<li class="">nested buffer-object payloads still decide in-band vs out-of-band one value at
a time</li>
<li class="">serializers use read/write context helpers rather than bypassing the runtime</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=code-generation>Code Generation<a href=#code-generation class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Code Generation" title="Direct link to Code Generation" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>The normal Dart integration path is:</p>
<ol>
<li class="">annotate structs with <code>@ForyStruct</code></li>
<li class="">annotate field overrides with <code>@ForyField</code></li>
<li class="">run <code>build_runner</code></li>
<li class="">from the source library, bind the generated metadata privately and register
generated types through <code>Fory.register(...)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Generated code should emit:</p>
<ul>
<li class="">private serializer classes</li>
<li class="">private metadata constants</li>
<li class="">private generated installation helpers per annotated library</li>
<li class="">generated binding installation that keeps serializer factories private</li>
</ul>
<p>Generated code should not create a public global registry or a second public API
family.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=directory-layout>Directory Layout<a href=#directory-layout class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Directory Layout" title="Direct link to Directory Layout" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>Under each Dart package <code>lib/</code> tree, only one nested source layer is allowed.</p>
<p>Allowed:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>lib/fory.dart</code></li>
<li class=""><code>lib/src/&lt;file>.dart</code></li>
<li class=""><code>lib/src/&lt;area>/&lt;file>.dart</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Not allowed:</p>
<ul>
<li class=""><code>lib/src/&lt;area>/&lt;subarea>/&lt;file>.dart</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=serializer-design-rules-for-new-runtimes>Serializer Design Rules For New Runtimes<a href=#serializer-design-rules-for-new-runtimes class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Serializer Design Rules For New Runtimes" title="Direct link to Serializer Design Rules For New Runtimes" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>Any new xlang runtime should follow these rules even if its surface API looks
different:</p>
<ol>
<li class="">Keep root operations on the runtime facade and nested payload work on
explicit read and write contexts.</li>
<li class="">Keep reference tracking behind dedicated read-side and write-side services
so the disabled path stays cheap.</li>
<li class="">Make serializers payload-only. Type metadata, registration, and root
framing belong to the runtime and type resolver layers.</li>
<li class="">Track per-operation state explicitly. Do not rely on ambient thread-local
runtime state.</li>
<li class="">Reserve read reference IDs before materializing new objects, and bind
partially built objects as soon as a nested child may refer back to them.</li>
<li class="">Keep operation setup and operation cleanup separate. <code>prepare(...)</code> binds
the current operation inputs, and <code>reset()</code> clears operation-local state.</li>
<li class="">Preserve the separation between the root bitmap, per-object ref flags, type
headers, and payload bytes.</li>
<li class="">Keep internal naming in the serialization domain. Prefer words like
<code>codec</code>, <code>binding</code>, <code>layout</code>, and <code>slots</code>; avoid RPC-style terms such as
<code>session</code> or vague control-flow terms such as <code>plan</code>.</li>
<li class="">After any xlang protocol or ownership change, run the cross-language test
matrix and update both this guide and
<a class="" href=/docs/0.17/specification/xlang_serialization_spec>Xlang Serialization Spec</a>.</li>
</ol>
<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=validation>Validation<a href=#validation class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Validation" title="Direct link to Validation" translate=no>​</a></h2>
<p>For Dart runtime changes, run at minimum:</p>
<div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span><span class="token plain"> dart</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">dart analyze</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">dart </span><span class="token builtin class-name">test</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div>
<p>For generated consumer coverage, also run:</p>
<div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span><span class="token plain"> dart/packages/fory-test</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs</span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain">dart </span><span class="token builtin class-name">test</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="row margin-top--sm theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row"><div class="col noPrint_WFHX"><a 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href=#overview class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Overview</a><li><a href=#source-of-truth class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Source Of Truth</a><li><a href=#runtime-ownership-model class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Runtime Ownership Model</a><ul><li><a href=#fory-is-the-root-operation-facade class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><code>Fory</code> is the root-operation facade</a><li><a href=#writecontext-and-readcontext-hold-operation-local-state class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><code>WriteContext</code> and <code>ReadContext</code> hold operation-local state</a><li><a href=#writecontext class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><code>WriteContext</code></a><li><a href=#readcontext class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><code>ReadContext</code></a></ul><li><a href=#reference-tracking class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Reference Tracking</a><li><a href=#type-resolution class="table-of-contents__link 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