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class=breadcrumbs__link>Compression</span></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: 0.14</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type=button class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Compression</h1></header><p>This page covers compression options for reducing serialized data size.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=integer-compression>Integer Compression<a href=#integer-compression class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Integer Compression" title="Direct link to Integer Compression" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p><code>ForyBuilder#withIntCompressed</code>/<code>ForyBuilder#withLongCompressed</code> can be used to compress int/long for smaller size. Normally compressing int is enough.</p> |
| <p>Both compression options are enabled by default. If the serialized size is not important (for example, you use FlatBuffers for serialization before, which doesn't compress anything), then you should disable compression. If your data are all numbers, the compression may bring 80% performance regression.</p> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=int-compression>Int Compression<a href=#int-compression class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Int Compression" title="Direct link to Int Compression" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>For int compression, Fory uses 1~5 bytes for encoding. The first bit in every byte indicates whether there is a next byte. If the first bit is set, then the next byte will be read until the first bit of the next byte is unset.</p> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=long-compression>Long Compression<a href=#long-compression class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Long Compression" title="Direct link to Long Compression" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>For long compression, Fory supports two encodings:</p> |
| <h4 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=sli-small-long-as-int-encoding-default>SLI (Small Long as Int) Encoding (Default)<a href=#sli-small-long-as-int-encoding-default class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to SLI (Small Long as Int) Encoding (Default)" title="Direct link to SLI (Small Long as Int) Encoding (Default)" translate=no></a></h4> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="">If long is in <code>[-1073741824, 1073741823]</code>, encode as 4 bytes int: <code>| little-endian: ((int) value) << 1 |</code></li> |
| <li class="">Otherwise write as 9 bytes: <code>| 0b1 | little-endian 8bytes long |</code></li> |
| </ul> |
| <h4 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=pvl-progressive-variable-length-long-encoding>PVL (Progressive Variable-length Long) Encoding<a href=#pvl-progressive-variable-length-long-encoding class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to PVL (Progressive Variable-length Long) Encoding" title="Direct link to PVL (Progressive Variable-length Long) Encoding" translate=no></a></h4> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="">First bit in every byte indicates whether there is a next byte. If first bit is set, then next byte will be read until first bit of next byte is unset.</li> |
| <li class="">Negative numbers will be converted to positive numbers by <code>(v << 1) ^ (v >> 63)</code> to reduce cost of small negative numbers.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>If a number is of <code>long</code> type but can't be represented by smaller bytes mostly, the compression won't get good enough results—not worthy compared to performance cost. Maybe you should try to disable long compression if you find it didn't bring much space savings.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=array-compression>Array Compression<a href=#array-compression class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Array Compression" title="Direct link to Array Compression" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>Fory supports SIMD-accelerated compression for primitive arrays (<code>int[]</code> and <code>long[]</code>) when array values can fit in smaller data types. This feature is available on Java 16+ and uses the Vector API for optimal performance.</p> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=how-array-compression-works>How Array Compression Works<a href=#how-array-compression-works class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to How Array Compression Works" title="Direct link to How Array Compression Works" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>Array compression analyzes arrays to determine if values can be stored using fewer bytes:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li class=""><strong><code>int[]</code> → <code>byte[]</code></strong>: When all values are in range [-128, 127] (75% size reduction)</li> |
| <li class=""><strong><code>int[]</code> → <code>short[]</code></strong>: When all values are in range [-32768, 32767] (50% size reduction)</li> |
| <li class=""><strong><code>long[]</code> → <code>int[]</code></strong>: When all values fit in integer range (50% size reduction)</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=configuration-and-registration>Configuration and Registration<a href=#configuration-and-registration class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Configuration and Registration" title="Direct link to Configuration and Registration" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <p>To enable array compression, you must explicitly register the serializers:</p> |
| <div class="language-java codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-java codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withLanguage</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token class-name">Language</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token constant" style=color:#36acaa>JAVA</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Enable int array compression</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withIntArrayCompressed</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// Enable long array compression</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withLongArrayCompressed</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// You must explicitly register compressed array serializers</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token class-name">CompressedArraySerializers</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>registerSerializers</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <p><strong>Note</strong>: The <code>fory-simd</code> module must be included in your dependencies for compressed array serializers to be available.</p> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=maven-dependency>Maven Dependency<a href=#maven-dependency class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Maven Dependency" title="Direct link to Maven Dependency" translate=no></a></h3> |
| <div class="language-xml codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-xml codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token tag" style=color:#00009f>dependency</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token tag" style=color:#00009f>groupId</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain">org.apache.fory</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34></</span><span class="token tag" style=color:#00009f>groupId</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token tag" style=color:#00009f>artifactId</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain">fory-simd</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34></</span><span class="token tag" style=color:#00009f>artifactId</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34><</span><span class="token tag" style=color:#00009f>version</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain">0.14.1</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34></</span><span class="token tag" style=color:#00009f>version</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34>></span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34></</span><span class="token tag" style=color:#00009f>dependency</span><span class="token tag punctuation" style=color:#393A34>></span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=string-compression>String Compression<a href=#string-compression class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to String Compression" title="Direct link to String Compression" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <p>String compression can be enabled via <code>ForyBuilder#withStringCompressed(true)</code>. This is disabled by default.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=configuration-summary>Configuration Summary<a href=#configuration-summary class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Configuration Summary" title="Direct link to Configuration Summary" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <table><thead><tr><th>Option<th>Description<th>Default<tbody><tr><td><code>compressInt</code><td>Enable int compression<td><code>true</code><tr><td><code>compressLong</code><td>Enable long compression<td><code>true</code><tr><td><code>compressIntArray</code><td>Enable SIMD int array compression (Java 16+)<td><code>true</code><tr><td><code>compressLongArray</code><td>Enable SIMD long array compression (Java 16+)<td><code>true</code><tr><td><code>compressString</code><td>Enable string compression<td><code>false</code></table> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=performance-considerations>Performance Considerations<a href=#performance-considerations class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Performance Considerations" title="Direct link to Performance Considerations" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <ol> |
| <li class=""><strong>Disable compression for numeric-heavy data</strong>: If your data is mostly numbers, compression overhead may not be worth it</li> |
| <li class=""><strong>Array compression requires Java 16+</strong>: Uses Vector API for SIMD acceleration</li> |
| <li class=""><strong>Long compression may not help large values</strong>: If most longs can't fit in smaller representations, disable it</li> |
| <li class=""><strong>String compression has overhead</strong>: Only enable if strings are highly compressible</li> |
| </ol> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=example-configuration>Example Configuration<a href=#example-configuration class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Example Configuration" title="Direct link to Example Configuration" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <div class="language-java codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa><div class=codeBlockContent_QJqH><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-java codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// For mostly numeric data - disable compression</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withLanguage</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token class-name">Language</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token constant" style=color:#36acaa>JAVA</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withIntCompressed</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>false</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withLongCompressed</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>false</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style=color:#999988;font-style:italic>// For mixed data with arrays - enable array compression</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token plain"> fory </span><span class="token operator" style=color:#393A34>=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token class-name">Fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>builder</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withLanguage</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token class-name">Language</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token constant" style=color:#36acaa>JAVA</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withIntCompressed</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withLongCompressed</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withIntArrayCompressed</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>withLongArrayCompressed</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token boolean" style=color:#36acaa>true</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>build</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br/></div><div class=token-line style=color:#393A34><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token class-name">CompressedArraySerializers</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>.</span><span class="token function" style=color:#d73a49>registerSerializers</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>(</span><span class="token plain">fory</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>)</span><span class="token punctuation" style=color:#393A34>;</span><br/></div></code></pre></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id=related-topics>Related Topics<a href=#related-topics class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Related Topics" title="Direct link to Related Topics" translate=no></a></h2> |
| <ul> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/0.14/guide/java/configuration>Configuration Options</a> - All ForyBuilder options</li> |
| <li class=""><a class="" href=/docs/0.14/guide/java/advanced_features>Advanced Features</a> - Memory management</li> |
| </ul></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="row margin-top--sm theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row"><div class="col noPrint_WFHX"><a href=https://github.com/apache/fory-site/tree/main/docs/guide/java/compression.md target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" class=theme-edit-this-page><svg fill=currentColor height=20 width=20 viewBox="0 0 40 40" class=iconEdit_Z9Sw aria-hidden=true><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"/></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="col lastUpdated_JAkA"></div></div></footer></article><nav class="docusaurus-mt-lg pagination-nav" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href=/docs/0.14/guide/java/schema_evolution><div class=pagination-nav__sublabel>Previous</div><div class=pagination-nav__label>Schema Evolution</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href=/docs/0.14/guide/java/advanced_features><div class=pagination-nav__sublabel>Next</div><div class=pagination-nav__label>Advanced Features</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href=#integer-compression class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Integer Compression</a><ul><li><a href=#int-compression class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Int Compression</a><li><a href=#long-compression class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Long Compression</a></ul><li><a href=#array-compression class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Array Compression</a><ul><li><a href=#how-array-compression-works class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">How Array Compression Works</a><li><a href=#configuration-and-registration class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Configuration and Registration</a><li><a href=#maven-dependency 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