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href="/docs/34.0.0/misc/papers-and-talks">Papers</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_TBSr"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Operations</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Java runtime</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Java runtime</h1></header><p>Apache Druid is written in Java and requires a Java runtime. This page provides details about obtaining and configuring |
| a Java runtime for Druid.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="selecting-a-java-runtime">Selecting a Java runtime<a href="#selecting-a-java-runtime" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Selecting a Java runtime" title="Direct link to Selecting a Java runtime"></a></h2> |
| <p>The project team recommends Java 17. Although you can use Java 11, support for it is deprecated.</p> |
| <p>The project team recommends using an OpenJDK-based Java distribution. There are many free and actively-supported |
| distributions available, including |
| <a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/corretto/latest/corretto-17-ug/what-is-corretto-17.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Amazon Corretto</a>, |
| <a href="https://www.azul.com/downloads/?version=java-17-lts&package=jdk" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Azul Zulu</a>, and |
| <a href="https://adoptium.net/temurin/releases?version=17" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Eclipse Temurin</a>. |
| The project team does not recommend any specific distribution over any other.</p> |
| <p>Druid relies on the environment variables <code>JAVA_HOME</code> or <code>DRUID_JAVA_HOME</code> to find Java on the machine. You can set |
| <code>DRUID_JAVA_HOME</code> if there is more than one instance of Java. To verify Java requirements for your environment, run the |
| <code>bin/verify-java</code> script.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="garbage-collection">Garbage collection<a href="#garbage-collection" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Garbage collection" title="Direct link to Garbage collection"></a></h2> |
| <p>In general, the project team recommends using the G1 collector with default settings. This is the default collector in |
| Java 11 and 17.</p> |
| <p>Garbage collector selection and tuning is a form of sport in the Java community. There may be situations where adjusting |
| garbage collection configuration improves or worsens performance. The project team's guidance is that most people do |
| not need to stray away from G1 with default settings.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="strong-encapsulation">Strong encapsulation<a href="#strong-encapsulation" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Strong encapsulation" title="Direct link to Strong encapsulation"></a></h2> |
| <p>Java 9 and beyond (including Java 11 and 17) include the capability for |
| <a href="https://dev.java/learn/strong-encapsulation-(of-jdk-internals)/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">strong encapsulation</a> of internal JDK APIs. Druid |
| uses certain internal JDK APIs, which must be added to <code>--add-exports</code> and <code>--add-opens</code> on the Java command line.</p> |
| <p>On Java 11, if these parameters are not included, you will see warnings like the following:</p> |
| <div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">WARNING: An illegal reflective access operation has occurred</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">WARNING: Use --illegal-access=warn to enable warnings of further illegal reflective access operations</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">WARNING: All illegal access operations will be denied in a future release</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <p>On Java 17, if these parameters are not included, you will see errors on startup like the following:</p> |
| <div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <p>Druid's out-of-box configuration adds these parameters transparently when you use the bundled <code>bin/start-druid</code> or |
| similar commands. In this case, there is nothing special you need to do to run successfully. However, |
| if you have customized your Druid service launching system, you will need to ensure the required Java parameters are |
| added. There are many ways of doing this. Choose the one that works best for you.</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li> |
| <p>The simplest approach: use Druid's bundled <code>bin/start-druid</code> script to launch Druid.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If you launch Druid using <code>bin/supervise -c <config></code>, ensure your config file uses <code>bin/run-druid</code>. This |
| script uses <code>bin/run-java</code> internally, and automatically adds the proper flags.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If you launch Druid using a <code>java</code> command, replace <code>java</code> with <code>bin/run-java</code>. Druid's bundled |
| <code>bin/run-java</code> script automatically adds the proper flags.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If you launch Druid without using its bundled scripts, ensure the following parameters are added to your Java |
| command line:</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| <div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">--add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.misc=ALL-UNNAMED \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">--add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.ref=ALL-UNNAMED \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">--add-opens=java.base/java.nio=ALL-UNNAMED \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">--add-opens=java.base/sun.nio.ch=ALL-UNNAMED \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">--add-opens=java.base/jdk.internal.ref=ALL-UNNAMED \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">--add-opens=java.base/java.io=ALL-UNNAMED \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">--add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">--add-opens=jdk.management/com.sun.management.internal=ALL-UNNAMED</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/docs/34.0.0/operations/web-console"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Web console</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/docs/34.0.0/operations/durable-storage"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Durable storage</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#selecting-a-java-runtime" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Selecting a Java runtime</a></li><li><a href="#garbage-collection" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Garbage collection</a></li><li><a href="#strong-encapsulation" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Strong encapsulation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="margin-bottom--sm"><img src="/img/favicon.png" class="footer__logo themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--light_NVdE"><img src="/img/favicon.png" class="footer__logo themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--dark_xIcU"></div><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2025 Apache Software Foundation. Except where otherwise noted, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Apache Druid, Druid, and the Druid logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation in the United States and other countries.</div></div></div></footer></div> |
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