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class="navGroups"><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Getting started<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/design/index.html">Introduction to Apache Druid</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/index.html">Quickstart</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/docker.html">Docker</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/operations/single-server.html">Single server deployment</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/cluster.html">Clustered deployment</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Tutorials<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-batch.html">Loading files natively</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-msq-external-data.html">Loading files with SQL</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-kafka.html">Load from Apache Kafka</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-batch-hadoop.html">Load from Apache Hadoop</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-query.html">Querying data</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-rollup.html">Roll-up</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-sketches-theta.html">Theta sketches</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-retention.html">Configuring data retention</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-update-data.html">Updating existing data</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-compaction.html">Compacting segments</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-delete-data.html">Deleting data</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-ingestion-spec.html">Writing an ingestion spec</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-transform-spec.html">Transforming input data</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-kerberos-hadoop.html">Kerberized HDFS deep storage</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/tutorials/tutorial-msq-convert-json.html">Convert ingestion spec to SQL</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Design<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/design/architecture.html">Design</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/design/segments.html">Segments</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/design/processes.html">Processes and servers</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/dependencies/deep-storage.html">Deep storage</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/dependencies/metadata-storage.html">Metadata storage</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/dependencies/zookeeper.html">ZooKeeper</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Ingestion<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/index.html">Ingestion</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/data-formats.html">Data formats</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/data-model.html">Data model</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/rollup.html">Data rollup</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/partitioning.html">Partitioning</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/ingestion-spec.html">Ingestion spec</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/schema-design.html">Schema design tips</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/data-management.html">Data management</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/compaction.html">Compaction</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/automatic-compaction.html">Automatic compaction</a></li><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Stream ingestion</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/development/extensions-core/kafka-ingestion.html">Apache Kafka ingestion</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/development/extensions-core/kafka-supervisor-reference.html">Apache Kafka supervisor</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/development/extensions-core/kafka-supervisor-operations.html">Apache Kafka operations</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/development/extensions-core/kinesis-ingestion.html">Amazon Kinesis</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Batch ingestion</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/native-batch.html">Native batch</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/native-batch-simple-task.html">Simple task indexing</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/native-batch-input-sources.html">Input sources</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/native-batch-firehose.html">Firehose</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/hadoop.html">Hadoop-based</a></li></ul></div><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/tasks.html">Task reference</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/ingestion/faq.html">Troubleshooting FAQ</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">SQL-based ingestion<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/index.html">Overview and syntax</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/concepts.html">Key concepts</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/connect-external-data.html">Tutorial - Load files with SQL-based ingestion</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/convert-json-spec.html">Tutorial - Convert an ingestion spec for SQL-based ingestion</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/examples.html">Examples</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/api.html">API</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/security.html">Security</a></li><li class="navListItem navListItemActive"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/reference.html">Reference</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/known-issues.html">Known issues</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Querying<span class="arrow"><svg 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functions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/sql-functions.html">All functions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/sql-json-functions.html">JSON functions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/sql-api.html">Druid SQL API</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/sql-jdbc.html">JDBC driver API</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/sql-query-context.html">SQL query context</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/sql-metadata-tables.html">SQL metadata tables</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/sql-translation.html">SQL query translation</a></li></ul></div><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/querying.html">Native queries</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/query-execution.html">Query execution</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Concepts</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/datasource.html">Datasources</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/joins.html">Joins</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/lookups.html">Lookups</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/multi-value-dimensions.html">Multi-value dimensions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/nested-columns.html">Nested columns</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/latest/querying/multitenancy.html">Multitenancy</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" 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</script></nav></div><div class="container mainContainer docsContainer"><div class="wrapper"><div class="post"><header class="postHeader"><a class="edit-page-link button" href="https://github.com/apache/druid/edit/master/docs/multi-stage-query/msq-reference.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Edit</a><h1 id="__docusaurus" class="postHeaderTitle">SQL-based ingestion reference</h1></header><article><div><span><!--
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<blockquote>
<p>SQL-based ingestion using the multi-stage query task engine is our recommended solution starting in Druid 24.0. Alternative ingestion solutions, such as native batch and Hadoop-based ingestion systems, will still be supported. We recommend you read all <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/known-issues.html">known issues</a> and test the feature in a development environment before rolling it out in production. Using the multi-stage query task engine with <code>SELECT</code> statements that do not write to a datasource is experimental.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This topic is a reference guide for the multi-stage query architecture in Apache Druid.</p>
<h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="context-parameters"></a><a href="#context-parameters" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Context parameters</h2>
<p>In addition to the Druid SQL <a href="/docs/latest/querying/sql-query-context.html">context parameters</a>, the multi-stage query task engine accepts certain context parameters that are specific to it.</p>
<p>Use context parameters alongside your queries to customize the behavior of the query. If you're using the API, include the context parameters in the query context when you submit a query:</p>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-json">{
<span class="hljs-attr">"query"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"SELECT 1 + 1"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"context"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"&lt;key&gt;"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"&lt;value&gt;"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"maxNumTasks"</span>: <span class="hljs-number">3</span>
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>If you're using the Druid console, you can specify the context parameters through various UI options.</p>
<p>The following table lists the context parameters for the MSQ task engine:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Description</th><th>Default value</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>maxNumTasks</td><td>SELECT, INSERT, REPLACE<br /><br />The maximum total number of tasks to launch, including the controller task. The lowest possible value for this setting is 2: one controller and one worker. All tasks must be able to launch simultaneously. If they cannot, the query returns a <code>TaskStartTimeout</code> error code after approximately 10 minutes.<br /><br />May also be provided as <code>numTasks</code>. If both are present, <code>maxNumTasks</code> takes priority.</td><td>2</td></tr>
<tr><td>taskAssignment</td><td>SELECT, INSERT, REPLACE<br /><br />Determines how many tasks to use. Possible values include: <ul><li><code>max</code>: Uses as many tasks as possible, up to <code>maxNumTasks</code>.</li><li><code>auto</code>: When file sizes can be determined through directory listing (for example: local files, S3, GCS, HDFS) uses as few tasks as possible without exceeding 10 GiB or 10,000 files per task, unless exceeding these limits is necessary to stay within <code>maxNumTasks</code>. When file sizes cannot be determined through directory listing (for example: http), behaves the same as <code>max</code>.</li></ui></td><td><code>max</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>finalizeAggregations</td><td>SELECT, INSERT, REPLACE<br /><br />Determines the type of aggregation to return. If true, Druid finalizes the results of complex aggregations that directly appear in query results. If false, Druid returns the aggregation's intermediate type rather than finalized type. This parameter is useful during ingestion, where it enables storing sketches directly in Druid tables. For more information about aggregations, see <a href="/docs/latest/querying/sql-aggregations.html">SQL aggregation functions</a>.</td><td>true</td></tr>
<tr><td>rowsInMemory</td><td>INSERT or REPLACE<br /><br />Maximum number of rows to store in memory at once before flushing to disk during the segment generation process. Ignored for non-INSERT queries. In most cases, use the default value. You may need to override the default if you run into one of the <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/known-issues.html">known issues</a> around memory usage.</td><td>100,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>segmentSortOrder</td><td>INSERT or REPLACE<br /><br />Normally, Druid sorts rows in individual segments using <code>__time</code> first, followed by the <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/index.html#clustered-by">CLUSTERED BY</a> clause. When you set <code>segmentSortOrder</code>, Druid sorts rows in segments using this column list first, followed by the CLUSTERED BY order.<br /><br />You provide the column list as comma-separated values or as a JSON array in string form. If your query includes <code>__time</code>, then this list must begin with <code>__time</code>. For example, consider an INSERT query that uses <code>CLUSTERED BY country</code> and has <code>segmentSortOrder</code> set to <code>__time,city</code>. Within each time chunk, Druid assigns rows to segments based on <code>country</code>, and then within each of those segments, Druid sorts those rows by <code>__time</code> first, then <code>city</code>, then <code>country</code>.</td><td>empty list</td></tr>
<tr><td>maxParseExceptions</td><td>SELECT, INSERT, REPLACE<br /><br />Maximum number of parse exceptions that are ignored while executing the query before it stops with <code>TooManyWarningsFault</code>. To ignore all the parse exceptions, set the value to -1.</td><td>0</td></tr>
<tr><td>rowsPerSegment</td><td>INSERT or REPLACE<br /><br />The number of rows per segment to target. The actual number of rows per segment may be somewhat higher or lower than this number. In most cases, use the default. For general information about sizing rows per segment, see <a href="/docs/latest/operations/segment-optimization.html">Segment Size Optimization</a>.</td><td>3,000,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>sqlTimeZone</td><td>Sets the time zone for this connection, which affects how time functions and timestamp literals behave. Use a time zone name like &quot;America/Los_Angeles&quot; or offset like &quot;-08:00&quot;.</td><td><code>druid.sql.planner.sqlTimeZone</code> on the Broker (default: UTC)</td></tr>
<tr><td>useApproximateCountDistinct</td><td>Whether to use an approximate cardinality algorithm for <code>COUNT(DISTINCT foo)</code>.</td><td><code>druid.sql.planner.useApproximateCountDistinct</code> on the Broker (default: true)</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="error-codes"></a><a href="#error-codes" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Error codes</h2>
<p>Error codes have corresponding human-readable messages that explain the error. For more information about the error codes, see <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/concepts.html#error-codes">Error codes</a>.</p>
<h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="sql-syntax"></a><a href="#sql-syntax" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>SQL syntax</h2>
<p>The MSQ task engine has three primary SQL functions:</p>
<ul>
<li>EXTERN</li>
<li>INSERT</li>
<li>REPLACE</li>
</ul>
<p>For information about using these functions and their corresponding examples, see <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/index.html#msq-task-engine-query-syntax">MSQ task engine query syntax</a>. For information about adjusting the shape of your data, see <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/index.html#adjust-query-behavior">Adjust query behavior</a>.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="extern"></a><a href="#extern" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>EXTERN</h3>
<p>Use the EXTERN function to read external data.</p>
<p>Function format:</p>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-sql"><span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span>
&lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">column</span>&gt;
<span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span>(
EXTERN(
<span class="hljs-string">'&lt;Druid input source&gt;'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'&lt;Druid input format&gt;'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'&lt;row signature&gt;'</span>
)
)
</code></pre>
<p>EXTERN consists of the following parts:</p>
<ol>
<li>Any <a href="/docs/latest/ingestion/native-batch-input-sources.html">Druid input source</a> as a JSON-encoded string.</li>
<li>Any <a href="/docs/latest/ingestion/data-formats.html">Druid input format</a> as a JSON-encoded string.</li>
<li>A row signature, as a JSON-encoded array of column descriptors. Each column descriptor must have a <code>name</code> and a <code>type</code>. The type can be <code>string</code>, <code>long</code>, <code>double</code>, or <code>float</code>. This row signature is used to map the external data into the SQL layer.</li>
</ol>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="insert"></a><a href="#insert" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>INSERT</h3>
<p>Use the INSERT function to insert data.</p>
<p>Unlike standard SQL, INSERT inserts data according to column name and not positionally. This means that it is important for the output column names of subsequent INSERT queries to be the same as the table. Do not rely on their positions within the SELECT clause.</p>
<p>Function format:</p>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-sql"><span class="hljs-keyword">INSERT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">INTO</span> &lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">name</span>&gt;
<span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span>
&lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">column</span>&gt;
<span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> &lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">table</span>&gt;
PARTITIONED <span class="hljs-keyword">BY</span> &lt;<span class="hljs-built_in">time</span> frame&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>INSERT consists of the following parts:</p>
<ol>
<li>Optional <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/reference.html#context-parameters">context parameters</a>.</li>
<li>An <code>INSERT INTO &lt;dataSource&gt;</code> clause at the start of your query, such as <code>INSERT INTO your-table</code>.</li>
<li>A clause for the data you want to insert, such as <code>SELECT...FROM TABLE...</code>. You can use EXTERN to reference external tables using the following format: ``TABLE(EXTERN(...))`.</li>
<li>A <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/index.html#partitioned-by">PARTITIONED BY</a> clause for your INSERT statement. For example, use PARTITIONED BY DAY for daily partitioning or PARTITIONED BY ALL TIME to skip time partitioning completely.</li>
<li>An optional <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/index.html#clustered-by">CLUSTERED BY</a> clause.</li>
</ol>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="replace"></a><a href="#replace" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>REPLACE</h3>
<p>You can use the REPLACE function to replace all or some of the data.</p>
<p>Unlike standard SQL, REPLACE inserts data according to column name and not positionally. This means that it is important for the output column names of subsequent REPLACE queries to be the same as the table. Do not rely on their positions within the SELECT clause.</p>
<h4><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="replace-all-data"></a><a href="#replace-all-data" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>REPLACE all data</h4>
<p>Function format to replace all data:</p>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-sql"><span class="hljs-keyword">REPLACE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">INTO</span> &lt;target <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span>&gt;
OVERWRITE <span class="hljs-keyword">ALL</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span>
TIME_PARSE(<span class="hljs-string">"timestamp"</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> __time,
&lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">column</span>&gt;
<span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> &lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">source</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span>&gt;
PARTITIONED <span class="hljs-keyword">BY</span> &lt;<span class="hljs-built_in">time</span>&gt;
</code></pre>
<h4><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="replace-specific-data"></a><a href="#replace-specific-data" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>REPLACE specific data</h4>
<p>Function format to replace specific data:</p>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-sql"><span class="hljs-keyword">REPLACE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">INTO</span> &lt;target <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span>&gt;
OVERWRITE <span class="hljs-keyword">WHERE</span> __time &gt;= <span class="hljs-built_in">TIMESTAMP</span> <span class="hljs-string">'&lt;lower bound&gt;'</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">AND</span> __time &lt; <span class="hljs-built_in">TIMESTAMP</span> <span class="hljs-string">'&lt;upper bound&gt;'</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span>
TIME_PARSE(<span class="hljs-string">"timestamp"</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> __time,
&lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">column</span>&gt;
<span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> &lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">source</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span>&gt;
PARTITIONED <span class="hljs-keyword">BY</span> &lt;<span class="hljs-built_in">time</span>&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>REPLACE consists of the following parts:</p>
<ol>
<li>Optional <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/reference.html#context-parameters">context parameters</a>.</li>
<li>A <code>REPLACE INTO &lt;dataSource&gt;</code> clause at the start of your query, such as <code>REPLACE INTO your-table.</code></li>
<li>An OVERWRITE clause after the datasource, either OVERWRITE ALL or OVERWRITE WHERE:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>OVERWRITE ALL replaces the entire existing datasource with the results of the query.</li>
<li>OVERWRITE WHERE drops the time segments that match the condition you set. Conditions are based on the <code>__time</code> column and use the format <code>__time [&lt; &gt; = &lt;= &gt;=] TIMESTAMP</code>. Use them with AND, OR, and NOT between them, inclusive of the timestamps specified. For example, see <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/index.html#replace-some-data">REPLACE INTO ... OVERWRITE WHERE ... SELECT</a>.</li>
</ul>
<ol start="4">
<li>A clause for the actual data you want to use for the replacement.</li>
<li>A <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/index.html#partitioned-by">PARTITIONED BY</a> clause to your REPLACE statement. For example, use PARTITIONED BY DAY for daily partitioning, or PARTITIONED BY ALL TIME to skip time partitioning completely.</li>
<li>An optional <a href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/index.html#clustered-by">CLUSTERED BY</a> clause.</li>
</ol>
</span></div></article></div><div class="docs-prevnext"><a class="docs-prev button" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/security.html"><span class="arrow-prev">← </span><span>Security</span></a><a class="docs-next button" href="/docs/latest/multi-stage-query/known-issues.html"><span>Known issues</span><span class="arrow-next"> →</span></a></div></div></div><nav class="onPageNav"><ul class="toc-headings"><li><a href="#context-parameters">Context parameters</a></li><li><a href="#error-codes">Error codes</a></li><li><a href="#sql-syntax">SQL syntax</a><ul class="toc-headings"><li><a href="#extern">EXTERN</a></li><li><a href="#insert">INSERT</a></li><li><a href="#replace">REPLACE</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><footer class="nav-footer druid-footer" id="footer"><div class="container"><div class="text-center"><p><a href="/technology">Technology</a> · <a href="/use-cases">Use Cases</a> · <a href="/druid-powered">Powered by Druid</a> · <a href="/docs/latest/">Docs</a> · <a href="/community/">Community</a> · <a href="/downloads.html">Download</a> · <a href="/faq">FAQ</a></p></div><div class="text-center"><a title="Join the user group" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/druid-user" target="_blank"><span class="fa fa-comments"></span></a> · <a title="Follow Druid" href="https://twitter.com/druidio" target="_blank"><span class="fab fa-twitter"></span></a> · <a title="Download via Apache" href="https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.cgi?path=/incubator/druid/{{ site.druid_versions[0].versions[0].version }}/apache-druid-{{ site.druid_versions[0].versions[0].version }}-bin.tar.gz" target="_blank"><span class="fas fa-feather"></span></a> · <a title="GitHub" href="https://github.com/apache/druid" target="_blank"><span class="fab fa-github"></span></a></div><div class="text-center license">Copyright © 2022 <a href="https://www.apache.org/" target="_blank">Apache Software Foundation</a>.<br/>Except where otherwise noted, licensed under <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>.<br/>Apache Druid, Druid, and the Druid logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation in the United States and other countries.</div></div></footer></div><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/docsearch.js/1/docsearch.min.js"></script><script>
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