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class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item"><a class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" href="/docs/34.0.0/tutorials/"><span itemprop="name">Getting started</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Data management tutorials</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Query for latest data</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Query for latest values</h1></header><p>This tutorial describes strategies in Apache Druid for use cases that might be handled by UPSERT in other databases. You can use the LATEST_BY aggregation at query time or "deltas" for numeric dimensions at insert time.</p> |
| <p>The <a href="/docs/34.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-update-data">Update data</a> tutorial demonstrates how to use batch operations to update data according to the timestamp, including UPSERT cases. However, with streaming data, you can potentially use LATEST_BY or deltas to satisfy requirements otherwise handled with updates.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="prerequisites">Prerequisites<a href="#prerequisites" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Prerequisites" title="Direct link to Prerequisites"></a></h2> |
| <p>Before you follow the steps in this tutorial, download Druid as described in the <a href="/docs/34.0.0/tutorials/">Local quickstart</a> and have it running on your local machine. You don't need to load any data into the Druid cluster.</p> |
| <p>You should be familiar with data querying in Druid. If you haven't already, go through the <a href="/docs/34.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-query">Query data</a> tutorial first.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="use-latest_by-to-retrieve-updated-values">Use LATEST_BY to retrieve updated values<a href="#use-latest_by-to-retrieve-updated-values" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Use LATEST_BY to retrieve updated values" title="Direct link to Use LATEST_BY to retrieve updated values"></a></h2> |
| <p>Sometimes, you want to read the latest value of one dimension or measure in relation to another dimension. In a transactional database, you might maintain dimensions or measures using UPSERT, but in Druid you can append all updates or changes during ingestion. The LATEST_BY function lets you get the most recent value for the dimension with the following type of query:</p> |
| <div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> dimension</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> LATEST_BY</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain">changed_dimension</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> updated_timestamp</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> my_table</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">GROUP</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">1</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <p>In this example <code>update_timestamp</code> represents the reference timestamp to use to evaluate the "latest" value. This could be <code>__time</code> or another timestamp.</p> |
| <p>For example, consider the following table of events that log the total number of points for a user:</p> |
| <table><thead><tr><th><code>__time</code></th><th><code>user_id</code></th><th><code>points</code></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T01:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T01:05:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>silly_monkey2</code></td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:05:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>silly_monkey2</code></td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T03:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>40</td></tr></tbody></table> |
| <details class="details_lb9f alert alert--info details_b_Ee" data-collapsed="true"><summary>Insert sample data</summary><div><div class="collapsibleContent_i85q"><p>In the Druid web console, navigate to the <strong>Query</strong> view and run the following query to insert sample data:</p><div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">REPLACE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">INTO</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"latest_by_tutorial1"</span><span class="token plain"> OVERWRITE </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">ALL</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">WITH</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"ext"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">*</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> EXTERN</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">'{"type":"inline","data":"{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T01:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":10}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T01:05:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":30}\n{\"timestamp\": \"2024-01-01T02:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":35}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T02:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"silly_monkey2\", \"points\":30}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T02:05:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"silly_monkey2\", \"points\":55}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T03:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":40}"}'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">'{"type":"json"}'</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> EXTEND </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"timestamp"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"user_id"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"points"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">BIGINT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> TIME_PARSE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"timestamp"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"__time"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"user_id"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"points"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"ext"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">PARTITIONED </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">DAY</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></details> |
| <p>Run the following query to retrieve the most recent <code>points</code> value for each <code>user_id</code>:</p> |
| <div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> user_id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> LATEST_BY</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"points"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"__time"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> latest_points</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> latest_by_tutorial1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">GROUP</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">1</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <p>The results are as follows:</p> |
| <table><thead><tr><th><code>user_id</code></th><th><code>total_points</code></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>silly_monkey2</code></td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>40</td></tr></tbody></table> |
| <p>In the example, the values increase each time, but this method works even if the values fluctuate.</p> |
| <p>You can use this query shape as a subquery for additional processing. However, if there are many values for <code>user_id</code>, the query can be expensive.</p> |
| <p>If you want to track the latest value at different times within a larger granularity time frame, you need an additional timestamp to record update times. This allows Druid to track the latest version. Consider the following data that represents points for various users updated within an hour time frame. <code>__time</code> is hour granularity, but <code>updated_timestamp</code> is minute granularity:</p> |
| <table><thead><tr><th><code>__time</code></th><th><code>updated_timestamp</code></th><th><code>user_id</code></th><th><code>points</code></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T01:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>2024-01-01T01:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T01:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>2024-01-01T01:05:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>silly_monkey2</code></td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>2024-01-01T02:05:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>silly_monkey2</code></td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T03:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>2024-01-01T03:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>40</td></tr></tbody></table> |
| <details class="details_lb9f alert alert--info details_b_Ee" data-collapsed="true"><summary>Insert sample data</summary><div><div class="collapsibleContent_i85q"><p>Open a new tab in the <strong>Query</strong> view and run the following query to insert sample data:</p><div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">REPLACE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">INTO</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"latest_by_tutorial2"</span><span class="token plain"> OVERWRITE </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">ALL</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">WITH</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"ext"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">*</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> EXTERN</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">'{"type":"inline","data":"{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T01:00:00Z\",\"updated_timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T01:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":10}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T01:05:00Z\",\"updated_timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T01:05:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":30}\n{\"timestamp\": \"2024-01-01T02:00:00Z\",\"updated_timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T02:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":35}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T02:00:00Z\",\"updated_timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T02:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"silly_monkey2\", \"points\":30}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T02:00:00Z\",\"updated_timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T02:05:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"silly_monkey2\", \"points\":55}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T03:00:00Z\",\"updated_timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T03:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":40}"}'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">'{"type":"json"}'</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> EXTEND </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"timestamp"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"updated_timestamp"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"user_id"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"points"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">BIGINT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> TIME_PARSE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"timestamp"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"__time"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"updated_timestamp"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"user_id"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"points"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"ext"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">PARTITIONED </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">DAY</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></details> |
| <p>Run the following query to retrieve the latest points value by user for each hour:</p> |
| <div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> FLOOR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"__time"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">TO</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">HOUR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"hour_time"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"user_id"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> LATEST_BY</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"points"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> TIME_PARSE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain">updated_timestamp</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"latest_points_hour"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> latest_by_tutorial2</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">GROUP</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">2</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <p>The results are as follows:</p> |
| <table><thead><tr><th><code>hour_time</code></th><th><code>user_id</code></th><th><code>latest_points_hour</code></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T01:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>silly_monkey2</code></td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T03:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>10</td></tr></tbody></table> |
| <p>LATEST_BY is an aggregation function. While it's very efficient when there are not many update rows matching a dimension, such as <code>user_id</code>, it scans all matching rows with the same dimension. For dimensions with numerous updates, such as when a user plays a game a million times, and the updates don't arrive in a timely order, Druid processes all rows matching the <code>user_id</code> to find the row with the max timestamp to provide the latest data.</p> |
| <p>For instance, if updates constitute 1-5 percent of your data, you'll get good query performance. If updates constitute 50 percent or more of your data, your queries will be slow.</p> |
| <p>To mitigate this, you can set up a periodic batch ingestion job that re-indexes modified data into a new datasource for direct querying without grouping to reduce the cost of these queries by pre-computing and storing the latest values. Note that your view of the latest data will not be up to date until the next refresh happens.</p> |
| <p>Alternatively, you can perform ingestion-time aggregation using LATEST_BY and append updates with streaming ingestion into a rolled up datasource. Appending into a time chunk adds new segments and does not perfectly roll up data, so rows may be partial rather than complete rollups, and you may have multiple partially rolled up rows. In this case, you still need to use the GROUP BY query for correct querying of the rolled up data source. You can tune automatic compaction to significantly reduce the number of stale rows and improve your performance.</p> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="use-delta-values-and-aggregation-for-updated-values">Use delta values and aggregation for updated values<a href="#use-delta-values-and-aggregation-for-updated-values" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Use delta values and aggregation for updated values" title="Direct link to Use delta values and aggregation for updated values"></a></h2> |
| <p>Instead of appending the latest total value in your events, you can log the change in value with each event and use the aggregator you usually use. This method may allow you to avoid a level of aggregation and grouping in your queries.</p> |
| <p>For most applications, you can send the event data directly to Druid without pre-processing. For example, when sending impression counts to Druid, don't send the total impression count since yesterday, send just the recent impression count. You can then aggregate the total in Druid during query. Druid is optimized for adding up a lot of rows, so this might be counterintuitive to people who are familiar with batching or pre-aggregating data.</p> |
| <p>For example, consider a datasource with a measure column <code>y</code> that you aggregate with SUM, grouped by another dimension <code>x</code>. If you want to update the value of <code>y</code> from 3 to 2, then insert -1 for <code>y</code>. This way the aggregation <code>SUM(y)</code> is correct for any queries grouped by <code>x</code>. This may offer a significant performance advantage but the trade off is that the aggregation has to always be a SUM.</p> |
| <p>In other cases, the updates to the data may already be deltas to the original, and so the data engineering required to append the updates would be simple. The same performance impact mitigation applies as in the previous example: use rollup at ingestion time combined with ongoing automatic compaction.</p> |
| <p>For example, consider the following table of events that logs the number of points gained or lost for a user during a period of time:</p> |
| <table><thead><tr><th><code>__time</code></th><th><code>user_id</code></th><th><code>delta</code></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T01:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T01:05:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>silly_monkey2</code></td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T02:05:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>silly_monkey2</code></td><td>-5</td></tr><tr><td><code>2024-01-01T03:00:00.000Z</code></td><td><code>funny_bunny1</code></td><td>10</td></tr></tbody></table> |
| <details class="details_lb9f alert alert--info details_b_Ee" data-collapsed="true"><summary>Insert sample data</summary><div><div class="collapsibleContent_i85q"><p>Open a new tab in the <strong>Query</strong> view and run the following query to insert sample data:</p><div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">REPLACE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">INTO</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"delta_tutorial"</span><span class="token plain"> OVERWRITE </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">ALL</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">WITH</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"ext"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">*</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> EXTERN</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">'{"type":"inline","data":"{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T01:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":10}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T01:05:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":10}\n{\"timestamp\": \"2024-01-01T02:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":5}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T02:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"silly_monkey2\", \"points\":30}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T02:05:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"silly_monkey2\", \"points\":-5}\n{\"timestamp\":\"2024-01-01T03:00:00Z\",\"user_id\":\"funny_bunny1\", \"points\":10}"}'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">'{"type":"json"}'</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> EXTEND </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"timestamp"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"user_id"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"points"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">BIGINT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> TIME_PARSE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"timestamp"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"__time"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"user_id"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"points"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"delta"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"ext"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">PARTITIONED </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">DAY</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></details> |
| <p>The following query returns the same points per hour as the second LATEST_BY example:</p> |
| <div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> FLOOR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"__time"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">TO</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">HOUR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">as</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"hour_time"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"user_id"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(130, 170, 255)">SUM</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"delta"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"latest_points_hour"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"delta_tutorial"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">GROUP</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">2</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="learn-more">Learn more<a href="#learn-more" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Learn more" title="Direct link to Learn more"></a></h2> |
| <p>See the following topics for more information:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="/docs/34.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-update-data">Update data</a> for a tutorial on updating data in Druid.</li> |
| <li><a href="/docs/34.0.0/data-management/update">Data updates</a> for an overview of updating data in Druid.</li> |
| </ul></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/docs/34.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-delete-data"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Deleting data</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/docs/34.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-query"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Query data</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#prerequisites" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Prerequisites</a></li><li><a href="#use-latest_by-to-retrieve-updated-values" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Use LATEST_BY to retrieve updated values</a></li><li><a href="#use-delta-values-and-aggregation-for-updated-values" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Use delta values and aggregation for updated values</a></li><li><a href="#learn-more" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Learn more</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="margin-bottom--sm"><img src="/img/favicon.png" class="footer__logo themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--light_NVdE"><img src="/img/favicon.png" class="footer__logo themedComponent_mlkZ themedComponent--dark_xIcU"></div><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2025 Apache Software Foundation. Except where otherwise noted, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Apache Druid, Druid, and the Druid logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation in the United States and other countries.</div></div></div></footer></div> |
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