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class="navGroups"><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Getting started<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/design/index.html">Introduction to Apache Druid</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/tutorials/index.html">Quickstart (local)</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/operations/single-server.html">Single server deployment</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/tutorials/cluster.html">Clustered deployment</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Tutorials<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 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Kinesis</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Batch ingestion</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/ingestion/native-batch.html">Native batch</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/ingestion/native-batch-input-sources.html">Native batch: input sources</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/ingestion/hadoop.html">Hadoop-based</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">SQL-based ingestion 🆕</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/multi-stage-query/index.html">Overview</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/multi-stage-query/concepts.html">Key concepts</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/multi-stage-query/api.html">API</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" 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href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/segmentmetadataquery.html">SegmentMetadata</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/datasourcemetadataquery.html">DatasourceMetadata</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Native query components</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/filters.html">Filters</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/granularities.html">Granularities</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/dimensionspecs.html">Dimensions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/aggregations.html">Aggregations</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/post-aggregations.html">Post-aggregations</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/24.0.1/misc/math-expr.html">Expressions</a></li><li 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| </script></nav></div><div class="container mainContainer docsContainer"><div class="wrapper"><div class="post"><header class="postHeader"><a class="edit-page-link button" href="https://github.com/apache/druid/edit/master/docs/querying/sql-data-types.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Edit</a><h1 id="__docusaurus" class="postHeaderTitle">SQL data types</h1></header><article><div><span><!-- |
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| <blockquote> |
| <p>Apache Druid supports two query languages: Druid SQL and <a href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/querying.html">native queries</a>. |
| This document describes the SQL language.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| <p>Columns in Druid are associated with a specific data type. This topic describes supported data types in <a href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/sql.html">Druid SQL</a>.</p> |
| <h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="standard-types"></a><a href="#standard-types" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Standard types</h2> |
| <p>Druid natively supports five basic column types: "long" (64 bit signed int), "float" (32 bit float), "double" (64 bit |
| float) "string" (UTF-8 encoded strings and string arrays), and "complex" (catch-all for more exotic data types like |
| json, hyperUnique, and approxHistogram columns).</p> |
| <p>Timestamps (including the <code>__time</code> column) are treated by Druid as longs, with the value being the number of |
| milliseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, not counting leap seconds. Therefore, timestamps in Druid do not carry any |
| timezone information, but only carry information about the exact moment in time they represent. See the |
| <a href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/sql-scalar.html#date-and-time-functions">Time functions</a> section for more information about timestamp handling.</p> |
| <p>The following table describes how Druid maps SQL types onto native types at query runtime. Casts between two SQL types |
| that have the same Druid runtime type will have no effect, other than exceptions noted in the table. Casts between two |
| SQL types that have different Druid runtime types will generate a runtime cast in Druid. If a value cannot be properly |
| cast to another value, as in <code>CAST('foo' AS BIGINT)</code>, the runtime will substitute a default value. NULL values cast |
| to non-nullable types will also be substituted with a default value (for example, nulls cast to numbers will be |
| converted to zeroes).</p> |
| <table> |
| <thead> |
| <tr><th>SQL type</th><th>Druid runtime type</th><th>Default value</th><th>Notes</th></tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr><td>CHAR</td><td>STRING</td><td><code>''</code></td><td></td></tr> |
| <tr><td>VARCHAR</td><td>STRING</td><td><code>''</code></td><td>Druid STRING columns are reported as VARCHAR. Can include <a href="#multi-value-strings">multi-value strings</a> as well.</td></tr> |
| <tr><td>DECIMAL</td><td>DOUBLE</td><td><code>0.0</code></td><td>DECIMAL uses floating point, not fixed point math</td></tr> |
| <tr><td>FLOAT</td><td>FLOAT</td><td><code>0.0</code></td><td>Druid FLOAT columns are reported as FLOAT</td></tr> |
| <tr><td>REAL</td><td>DOUBLE</td><td><code>0.0</code></td><td></td></tr> |
| <tr><td>DOUBLE</td><td>DOUBLE</td><td><code>0.0</code></td><td>Druid DOUBLE columns are reported as DOUBLE</td></tr> |
| <tr><td>BOOLEAN</td><td>LONG</td><td><code>false</code></td><td></td></tr> |
| <tr><td>TINYINT</td><td>LONG</td><td><code>0</code></td><td></td></tr> |
| <tr><td>SMALLINT</td><td>LONG</td><td><code>0</code></td><td></td></tr> |
| <tr><td>INTEGER</td><td>LONG</td><td><code>0</code></td><td></td></tr> |
| <tr><td>BIGINT</td><td>LONG</td><td><code>0</code></td><td>Druid LONG columns (except <code>__time</code>) are reported as BIGINT</td></tr> |
| <tr><td>TIMESTAMP</td><td>LONG</td><td><code>0</code>, meaning 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC</td><td>Druid's <code>__time</code> column is reported as TIMESTAMP. Casts between string and timestamp types assume standard SQL formatting, e.g. <code>2000-01-02 03:04:05</code>, <em>not</em> ISO8601 formatting. For handling other formats, use one of the <a href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/sql-scalar.html#date-and-time-functions">time functions</a>.</td></tr> |
| <tr><td>DATE</td><td>LONG</td><td><code>0</code>, meaning 1970-01-01</td><td>Casting TIMESTAMP to DATE rounds down the timestamp to the nearest day. Casts between string and date types assume standard SQL formatting, e.g. <code>2000-01-02</code>. For handling other formats, use one of the <a href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/sql-scalar.html#date-and-time-functions">time functions</a>.</td></tr> |
| <tr><td>OTHER</td><td>COMPLEX</td><td>none</td><td>May represent various Druid column types such as hyperUnique, approxHistogram, etc.</td></tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="multi-value-strings"></a><a href="#multi-value-strings" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Multi-value strings</h2> |
| <p>Druid's native type system allows strings to potentially have multiple values. These |
| <a href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/multi-value-dimensions.html">multi-value string dimensions</a> will be reported in SQL as <code>VARCHAR</code> typed, and can be |
| syntactically used like any other VARCHAR. Regular string functions that refer to multi-value string dimensions will be |
| applied to all values for each row individually. Multi-value string dimensions can also be treated as arrays via special |
| <a href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/sql-multivalue-string-functions.html">multi-value string functions</a>, which can perform powerful array-aware operations.</p> |
| <p>Grouping by a multi-value expression will observe the native Druid multi-value aggregation behavior, which is similar to |
| the <code>UNNEST</code> functionality available in some other SQL dialects. Refer to the documentation on |
| <a href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/multi-value-dimensions.html">multi-value string dimensions</a> for additional details.</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>Because multi-value dimensions are treated by the SQL planner as <code>VARCHAR</code>, there are some inconsistencies between how |
| they are handled in Druid SQL and in native queries. For example, expressions involving multi-value dimensions may be |
| incorrectly optimized by the Druid SQL planner: <code>multi_val_dim = 'a' AND multi_val_dim = 'b'</code> will be optimized to |
| <code>false</code>, even though it is possible for a single row to have both "a" and "b" as values for <code>multi_val_dim</code>. The |
| SQL behavior of multi-value dimensions will change in a future release to more closely align with their behavior |
| in native queries.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| <h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="null-values"></a><a href="#null-values" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>NULL values</h2> |
| <p>The <a href="/docs/24.0.1/configuration/index.html#sql-compatible-null-handling"><code>druid.generic.useDefaultValueForNull</code></a> |
| runtime property controls Druid's NULL handling mode. For the most SQL compliant behavior, set this to <code>false</code>.</p> |
| <p>When <code>druid.generic.useDefaultValueForNull = true</code> (the default mode), Druid treats NULLs and empty strings |
| interchangeably, rather than according to the SQL standard. In this mode Druid SQL only has partial support for NULLs. |
| For example, the expressions <code>col IS NULL</code> and <code>col = ''</code> are equivalent, and both will evaluate to true if <code>col</code> |
| contains an empty string. Similarly, the expression <code>COALESCE(col1, col2)</code> will return <code>col2</code> if <code>col1</code> is an empty |
| string. While the <code>COUNT(*)</code> aggregator counts all rows, the <code>COUNT(expr)</code> aggregator will count the number of rows |
| where <code>expr</code> is neither null nor the empty string. Numeric columns in this mode are not nullable; any null or missing |
| values will be treated as zeroes.</p> |
| <p>When <code>druid.generic.useDefaultValueForNull = false</code>, NULLs are treated more closely to the SQL standard. In this mode, |
| numeric NULL is permitted, and NULLs and empty strings are no longer treated as interchangeable. This property |
| affects both storage and querying, and must be set on all Druid service types to be available at both ingestion time |
| and query time. There is some overhead associated with the ability to handle NULLs; see |
| the <a href="/docs/24.0.1/design/segments.html#handling-null-values">segment internals</a> documentation for more details.</p> |
| <h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="boolean-logic"></a><a href="#boolean-logic" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Boolean logic</h2> |
| <p>The <a href="/docs/24.0.1/configuration/index.html#expression-processing-configurations"><code>druid.expressions.useStrictBooleans</code></a> |
| runtime property controls Druid's boolean logic mode. For the most SQL compliant behavior, set this to <code>true</code>.</p> |
| <p>When <code>druid.expressions.useStrictBooleans = false</code> (the default mode), Druid uses two-valued logic.</p> |
| <p>When <code>druid.expressions.useStrictBooleans = true</code>, Druid uses three-valued logic for |
| <a href="/docs/24.0.1/misc/math-expr.html">expressions</a> evaluation, such as <code>expression</code> virtual columns or <code>expression</code> filters. |
| However, even in this mode, Druid uses two-valued logic for filter types other than <code>expression</code>.</p> |
| <h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="nested-columns"></a><a href="#nested-columns" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Nested columns</h2> |
| <p>Druid supports storing nested data structures in segments using the native <code>COMPLEX<json></code> type. See <a href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/nested-columns.html">Nested columns</a> for more information.</p> |
| <p>You can interact with nested data using <a href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/sql-json-functions.html">JSON functions</a>, which can extract nested values, parse from string, serialize to string, and create new <code>COMPLEX<json></code> structures.</p> |
| <p><code>COMPLEX</code> types have limited functionality outside the specialized functions that use them, so their behavior is undefined when:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Grouping on complex values.</li> |
| <li>Filtering directly on complex values, such as <code>WHERE json is NULL</code>.</li> |
| <li>Used as inputs to aggregators without specialized handling for a specific complex type.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>In many cases, functions are provided to translate <code>COMPLEX</code> value types to <code>STRING</code>, which serves as a workaround solution until <code>COMPLEX</code> type functionality can be improved.</p> |
| </span></div></article></div><div class="docs-prevnext"><a class="docs-prev button" href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/sql.html"><span class="arrow-prev">← </span><span>Overview and syntax</span></a><a class="docs-next button" href="/docs/24.0.1/querying/sql-operators.html"><span>Operators</span><span class="arrow-next"> →</span></a></div></div></div><nav class="onPageNav"><ul class="toc-headings"><li><a href="#standard-types">Standard types</a></li><li><a href="#multi-value-strings">Multi-value strings</a></li><li><a href="#null-values">NULL values</a></li><li><a href="#boolean-logic">Boolean logic</a></li><li><a href="#nested-columns">Nested columns</a></li></ul></nav></div><footer class="nav-footer druid-footer" id="footer"><div class="container"><div class="text-center"><p><a href="/technology">Technology</a> · <a href="/use-cases">Use Cases</a> · <a href="/druid-powered">Powered by Druid</a> · <a href="/docs/24.0.1/">Docs</a> · <a href="/community/">Community</a> · <a href="/downloads.html">Download</a> · <a href="/faq">FAQ</a></p></div><div class="text-center"><a title="Join the user group" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/druid-user" target="_blank"><span class="fa fa-comments"></span></a> · <a title="Follow Druid" href="https://twitter.com/druidio" target="_blank"><span class="fab fa-twitter"></span></a> · <a title="Download via Apache" href="https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.cgi?path=/incubator/druid/{{ site.druid_versions[0].versions[0].version }}/apache-druid-{{ site.druid_versions[0].versions[0].version }}-bin.tar.gz" target="_blank"><span class="fas fa-feather"></span></a> · <a title="GitHub" href="https://github.com/apache/druid" target="_blank"><span class="fab fa-github"></span></a></div><div class="text-center license">Copyright © 2022 <a href="https://www.apache.org/" target="_blank">Apache Software Foundation</a>.<br/>Except where otherwise noted, licensed under <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>.<br/>Apache Druid, Druid, and the Druid logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation in the United States and other countries.</div></div></footer></div><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js"></script><script> |
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