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1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Querying</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Query execution</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Query execution</h1></header><div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-info alert alert--info admonition_LlT9"><div class="admonitionHeading_tbUL"><span class="admonitionIcon_kALy"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>info</div><div class="admonitionContent_S0QG"><p> This document describes how Druid executes <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/">native queries</a>, but since <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/sql">Druid SQL</a> queries |
| are translated to native queries, this document applies to the SQL runtime as well. Refer to the SQL |
| <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/sql-translation">Query translation</a> page for information about how SQL queries are translated to native |
| queries.</p></div></div><p>Druid's approach to query execution varies depending on the kind of <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/datasource">datasource</a> you are querying.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="datasource-type">Datasource type<a href="#datasource-type" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Datasource type" title="Direct link to Datasource type"></a></h2><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="table"><code>table</code><a href="#table" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to table" title="Direct link to table"></a></h3><p>Queries that operate directly on <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/datasource#table">table datasources</a> are executed using a scatter-gather approach |
| led by the Broker process. The process looks like this:</p><ol><li><p>The Broker identifies which <a href="/docs/27.0.0/design/segments">segments</a> are relevant to the query based on the <code>"intervals"</code> |
| parameter. Segments are always partitioned by time, so any segment whose interval overlaps the query interval is |
| potentially relevant.</p></li><li><p>The Broker may additionally further prune the segment list based on the <code>"filter"</code>, if the input data was partitioned |
| by range using the <a href="/docs/27.0.0/ingestion/native-batch#partitionsspec"><code>single_dim</code> partitionsSpec</a>, and if the filter matches |
| the dimension used for partitioning.</p></li><li><p>The Broker, having pruned the list of segments for the query, forwards the query to data servers (like Historicals |
| and tasks running on MiddleManagers) that are currently serving those segments.</p></li><li><p>For all query types except <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/scan-query">Scan</a>, data servers process each segment in parallel and generate partial |
| results for each segment. The specific processing that is done depends on the query type. These partial results may be |
| cached if <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/caching">query caching</a> is enabled. For Scan queries, segments are processed in order by a single thread, |
| and results are not cached.</p></li><li><p>The Broker receives partial results from each data server, merges them into the final result set, and returns them |
| to the caller. For Timeseries and Scan queries, and for GroupBy queries where there is no sorting, the Broker is able to |
| do this in a streaming fashion. Otherwise, the Broker fully computes the result set before returning anything.</p></li></ol><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="lookup"><code>lookup</code><a href="#lookup" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to lookup" title="Direct link to lookup"></a></h3><p>Queries that operate directly on <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/datasource#lookup">lookup datasources</a> (without a join) are executed on the Broker |
| that received the query, using its local copy of the lookup. All registered lookup tables are preloaded in-memory on the |
| Broker. The query runs single-threaded.</p><p>Execution of queries that use lookups as right-hand inputs to a join are executed in a way that depends on their |
| "base" (bottom-leftmost) datasource, as described in the <a href="#join">join</a> section below.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="union"><code>union</code><a href="#union" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to union" title="Direct link to union"></a></h3><p>Queries that operate directly on <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/datasource#union">union datasources</a> are split up on the Broker into a separate |
| query for each table that is part of the union. Each of these queries runs separately, and the Broker merges their |
| results together.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="inline"><code>inline</code><a href="#inline" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to inline" title="Direct link to inline"></a></h3><p>Queries that operate directly on <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/datasource#inline">inline datasources</a> are executed on the Broker that received the |
| query. The query runs single-threaded.</p><p>Execution of queries that use inline datasources as right-hand inputs to a join are executed in a way that depends on |
| their "base" (bottom-leftmost) datasource, as described in the <a href="#join">join</a> section below.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="query"><code>query</code><a href="#query" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to query" title="Direct link to query"></a></h3><p><a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/datasource#query">Query datasources</a> are subqueries. Each subquery is executed as if it was its own query and |
| the results are brought back to the Broker. Then, the Broker continues on with the rest of the query as if the subquery |
| was replaced with an inline datasource.</p><p>In most cases, Druid buffers subquery results in memory on the Broker before the rest of the query proceeds. |
| Therefore, subqueries execute sequentially. The total number of rows buffered across all subqueries of a given query |
| cannot exceed the <a href="/docs/27.0.0/configuration/"><code>druid.server.http.maxSubqueryRows</code></a> which defaults to 100000 rows, or the |
| <a href="/docs/27.0.0/configuration/"><code>druid.server.http.maxSubqueryBytes</code></a> if set. Otherwise, Druid throws a resource limit exceeded |
| exception.</p><p>There is one exception: if the outer query and all subqueries are the <a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/groupbyquery">groupBy</a> type, then subquery |
| results can be processed in a streaming fashion and the <code>druid.server.http.maxSubqueryRows</code> and <code>druid.server.http.maxSubqueryBytes</code> |
| limits do not apply.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="join"><code>join</code><a href="#join" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to join" title="Direct link to join"></a></h3><p><a href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/datasource#join">Join datasources</a> are handled using a broadcast hash-join approach.</p><ol><li><p>The Broker executes any subqueries that are inputs the join, as described in the <a href="#query">query</a> section, and |
| replaces them with inline datasources.</p></li><li><p>The Broker flattens a join tree, if present, into a "base" datasource (the bottom-leftmost one) and other leaf |
| datasources (the rest).</p></li><li><p>Query execution proceeds using the same structure that the base datasource would use on its own. If the base |
| datasource is a <a href="#table">table</a>, segments are pruned based on <code>"intervals"</code> as usual, and the query is executed on the |
| cluster by forwarding it to all relevant data servers in parallel. If the base datasource is a <a href="#lookup">lookup</a> or |
| <a href="#inline">inline</a> datasource (including an inline datasource that was the result of inlining a subquery), the query is |
| executed on the Broker itself. The base query cannot be a union, because unions are not currently supported as inputs to |
| a join.</p></li><li><p>Before beginning to process the base datasource, the server(s) that will execute the query first inspect all the |
| non-base leaf datasources to determine if a new hash table needs to be built for the upcoming hash join. Currently, |
| lookups do not require new hash tables to be built (because they are preloaded), but inline datasources do.</p></li><li><p>Query execution proceeds again using the same structure that the base datasource would use on its own, with one |
| addition: while processing the base datasource, Druid servers will use the hash tables built from the other join inputs |
| to produce the join result row-by-row, and query engines will operate on the joined rows rather than the base rows.</p></li></ol></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Native queries</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/docs/27.0.0/querying/troubleshooting"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Troubleshooting</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#datasource-type" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Datasource type</a><ul><li><a href="#table" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><code>table</code></a></li><li><a href="#lookup" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><code>lookup</code></a></li><li><a href="#union" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><code>union</code></a></li><li><a href="#inline" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><code>inline</code></a></li><li><a href="#query" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><code>query</code></a></li><li><a href="#join" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><code>join</code></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="margin-bottom--sm"><img src="/img/favicon.png" class="themedImage_ToTc themedImage--light_HNdA footer__logo"><img src="/img/favicon.png" class="themedImage_ToTc themedImage--dark_i4oU footer__logo"></div><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2023 Apache Software Foundation. Except where otherwise noted, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Apache Druid, Druid, and the Druid logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation in the United States and other countries.</div></div></div></footer></div> |
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