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fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Querying</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Concepts</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Multitenancy</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Multitenancy considerations</h1></header><p>Apache Druid is often used to power user-facing data applications, where multitenancy is an important requirement. This
document outlines Druid&#x27;s multitenant storage and querying features.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="shared-datasources-or-datasource-per-tenant">Shared datasources or datasource-per-tenant?<a href="#shared-datasources-or-datasource-per-tenant" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Shared datasources or datasource-per-tenant?" title="Direct link to Shared datasources or datasource-per-tenant?"></a></h2><p>A datasource is the Druid equivalent of a database table. Multitenant workloads can either use a separate datasource
for each tenant, or can share one or more datasources between tenants using a &quot;tenant_id&quot; dimension. When deciding
which path to go down, consider that each path has pros and cons.</p><p>Pros of datasources per tenant:</p><ul><li>Each datasource can have its own schema, its own backfills, its own partitioning rules, and its own data loading
and expiration rules.</li><li>Queries can be faster since there will be fewer segments to examine for a typical tenant&#x27;s query.</li><li>You get the most flexibility.</li></ul><p>Pros of shared datasources:</p><ul><li>Each datasource requires its own JVMs for realtime indexing.</li><li>Each datasource requires its own YARN resources for Hadoop batch jobs.</li><li>Each datasource requires its own segment files on disk.</li><li>For these reasons it can be wasteful to have a very large number of small datasources.</li></ul><p>One compromise is to use more than one datasource, but a smaller number than tenants. For example, you could have some
tenants with partitioning rules A and some with partitioning rules B; you could use two datasources and split your
tenants between them.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="partitioning-shared-datasources">Partitioning shared datasources<a href="#partitioning-shared-datasources" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Partitioning shared datasources" title="Direct link to Partitioning shared datasources"></a></h2><p>If your multitenant cluster uses shared datasources, most of your queries will likely filter on a &quot;tenant_id&quot;
dimension. These sorts of queries perform best when data is well-partitioned by tenant. There are a few ways to
accomplish this.</p><p>With batch indexing, you can use <a href="/docs/latest/ingestion/hadoop#single-dimension-range-partitioning">single-dimension partitioning</a>
to partition your data by tenant_id. Druid always partitions by time first, but the secondary partition within each
time bucket will be on tenant_id.</p><p>With realtime indexing, you&#x27;d do this by tweaking the stream you send to Druid. For example, if you&#x27;re using Kafka then
you can have your Kafka producer partition your topic by a hash of tenant_id.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="customizing-data-distribution">Customizing data distribution<a href="#customizing-data-distribution" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Customizing data distribution" title="Direct link to Customizing data distribution"></a></h2><p>Druid additionally supports multitenancy by providing configurable means of distributing data. Druid&#x27;s Historical processes
can be configured into <a href="/docs/latest/operations/rule-configuration">tiers</a>, and <a href="/docs/latest/operations/rule-configuration">rules</a>
can be set that determines which segments go into which tiers. One use case of this is that recent data tends to be accessed
more frequently than older data. Tiering enables more recent segments to be hosted on more powerful hardware for better performance.
A second copy of recent segments can be replicated on cheaper hardware (a different tier), and older segments can also be
stored on this tier.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="supporting-high-query-concurrency">Supporting high query concurrency<a href="#supporting-high-query-concurrency" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Supporting high query concurrency" title="Direct link to Supporting high query concurrency"></a></h2><p>Druid uses a <a href="/docs/latest/design/segments">segment</a> as its fundamental unit of computation. Processes scan segments in parallel and a given process can scan <code>druid.processing.numThreads</code> concurrently. You can add more cores to a cluster to process more data in parallel and increase performance. Size your Druid segments such that any computation over any given segment should complete in at most 500ms. Use the the <a href="/docs/latest/operations/metrics#historical"><code>query/segment/time</code></a> metric to monitor computation times.</p><p>Druid internally stores requests to scan segments in a priority queue. If a given query requires scanning
more segments than the total number of available processors in a cluster, and many similarly expensive queries are concurrently
running, we don&#x27;t want any query to be starved out. Druid&#x27;s internal processing logic will scan a set of segments from one query and release resources as soon as the scans complete.
This allows for a second set of segments from another query to be scanned. By keeping segment computation time very small, we ensure
that resources are constantly being yielded, and segments pertaining to different queries are all being processed.</p><p>Druid queries can optionally set a <code>priority</code> flag in the <a href="/docs/latest/querying/query-context">query context</a>. Queries known to be
slow (download or reporting style queries) can be de-prioritized and more interactive queries can have higher priority.</p><p>Broker processes can also be dedicated to a given tier. For example, one set of Broker processes can be dedicated to fast interactive queries,
and a second set of Broker processes can be dedicated to slower reporting queries. Druid also provides a <a href="/docs/latest/design/router">Router</a>
process that can route queries to different Brokers based on various query parameters (datasource, interval, etc.).</p></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/docs/latest/querying/nested-columns"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Nested columns</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/docs/latest/querying/caching"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Query caching</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#shared-datasources-or-datasource-per-tenant" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Shared datasources or datasource-per-tenant?</a></li><li><a href="#partitioning-shared-datasources" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Partitioning shared datasources</a></li><li><a href="#customizing-data-distribution" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Customizing data distribution</a></li><li><a href="#supporting-high-query-concurrency" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Supporting high query concurrency</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="margin-bottom--sm"><img src="/img/favicon.png" class="themedImage_ToTc themedImage--light_HNdA footer__logo"><img src="/img/favicon.png" class="themedImage_ToTc themedImage--dark_i4oU footer__logo"></div><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2023 Apache Software Foundation. Except where otherwise noted, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Apache Druid, Druid, and the Druid logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation in the United States and other countries.</div></div></div></footer></div>
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