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class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Querying</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Native query components</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Sorting and limiting (groupBy)</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Sorting and limiting (groupBy)</h1></header><div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-info alert alert--info admonition_LlT9"><div class="admonitionHeading_tbUL"><span class="admonitionIcon_kALy"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>info</div><div class="admonitionContent_S0QG"><p> Apache Druid supports two query languages: <a href="/docs/latest/querying/sql">Druid SQL</a> and <a href="/docs/latest/querying/">native queries</a>. |
| This document describes the native |
| language. For information about sorting in SQL, refer to the <a href="/docs/latest/querying/sql#order-by">SQL documentation</a>.</p></div></div><p>The limitSpec field provides the functionality to sort and limit the set of results from a groupBy query. If you group by a single dimension and are ordering by a single metric, we highly recommend using <a href="/docs/latest/querying/topnquery">TopN Queries</a> instead. The performance will be substantially better. Available options are:</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="defaultlimitspec">DefaultLimitSpec<a href="#defaultlimitspec" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to DefaultLimitSpec" title="Direct link to DefaultLimitSpec"></a></h3><p>The default limit spec takes a limit and the list of columns to do an orderBy operation over. The grammar is:</p><div class="language-json codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-json codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token property">"type"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"default"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token property">"limit"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token plain"> <optional integer></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token property">"offset"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token plain"> <optional integer></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token property">"columns"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">[</span><span class="token plain"><optional list of OrderByColumnSpec></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">}</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>The "limit" parameter is the maximum number of rows to return.</p><p>The "offset" parameter tells Druid to skip this many rows when returning results. If both "limit" and "offset" are |
| provided, then "offset" will be applied first, followed by "limit". For example, a spec with limit 100 and offset 10 |
| will return 100 rows starting from row number 10. Internally, the query is executed by extending the limit by the offset |
| and then discarding a number of rows equal to the offset. This means that raising the offset will increase resource |
| usage by an amount similar to increasing the limit.</p><p>Together, "limit" and "offset" can be used to implement pagination. However, note that if the underlying datasource is |
| modified in between page fetches in ways that affect overall query results, then the different pages will not |
| necessarily align with each other.</p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="orderbycolumnspec">OrderByColumnSpec<a href="#orderbycolumnspec" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to OrderByColumnSpec" title="Direct link to OrderByColumnSpec"></a></h4><p>OrderByColumnSpecs indicate how to do order by operations. Each order-by condition can be a <code>jsonString</code> or a map of the following form:</p><div class="language-json codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-json codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token property">"dimension"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"<Any dimension or metric name>"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token property">"direction"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token plain"> <</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"ascending"</span><span class="token plain">|</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"descending"</span><span class="token plain">></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token property">"dimensionOrder"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">:</span><span class="token plain"> <</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"lexicographic"</span><span class="token plain">(default)|</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"alphanumeric"</span><span class="token plain">|</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"strlen"</span><span class="token plain">|</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"numeric"</span><span class="token plain">></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">}</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>If only the dimension is provided (as a JSON string), the default order-by is ascending with lexicographic sorting.</p><p>See <a href="/docs/latest/querying/sorting-orders">Sorting Orders</a> for more information on the sorting orders specified by "dimensionOrder".</p></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/docs/latest/querying/having"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Having filters (groupBy)</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/docs/latest/querying/topnmetricspec"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Sorting (topN)</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#defaultlimitspec" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">DefaultLimitSpec</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="margin-bottom--sm"><img src="/img/favicon.png" class="themedImage_ToTc themedImage--light_HNdA footer__logo"><img src="/img/favicon.png" class="themedImage_ToTc themedImage--dark_i4oU footer__logo"></div><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2023 Apache Software Foundation. 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