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class=breadcrumbs__link href=/><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill=currentColor /></svg></a><li class=breadcrumbs__item><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Guides</span><meta itemprop=position content=1><li class=breadcrumbs__item><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Data Table Design</span><meta itemprop=position content=2><li itemscope itemprop=itemListElement itemtype=https://schema.org/ListItem class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class=breadcrumbs__link itemprop=name>Best Practices</span><meta itemprop=position content=3></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_bxCs"><button type=button class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Best Practices</h1></header> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=data-models>Data models<a href=#data-models class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Data models" title="Direct link to Data models"></a></h2> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>Doris arranges data in three models: DUPLICATE KEY model, UNIQUE KEY model, and AGGREGATE KEY model.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| <div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-tip admonition_Gfwi alert alert--success"><div class=admonitionHeading_f1Ed>tip</div><div class=admonitionContent_UjKb><p><strong>Recommendations</strong><p>Because the data model is determined and <strong>immutable</strong> during table creation, it is important to select the most suitable data model.<ol> |
| <li>The Duplicate Key model is a good fit for ad-hoc queries across any dimensions. It cannot leverage the benefits of pre-aggregation, but it is also not constrained by the limitations of an aggregation model, so it can take advantage of columnar storage (only reading the relevant columns without the need to read all key columns).</li> |
| <li>The Aggregate Key model, through pre-aggregation, can largely reduce the amount of data scanned and the computational workload for aggregate queries. It is particularly suitable for reporting queries with fixed patterns. However, this model is not friendly for count(*) queries. Additionally, since the aggregation method on the Value columns are fixed, users should pay extra attention to semantic correctness when performing other types of aggregate queries.</li> |
| <li>The Unique Key model is designed for scenarios that require unique primary key constraints. It can ensure the uniqueness of primary keys. The downside is that it cannot reap the benefits brought by materialization and pre-aggregation. For users with high-performance requirements for aggregate queries, it is recommended to use the Merge-on-Write feature of the Unique Key model since Doris 1.2.</li> |
| <li>Users with partial column update requirements might select from the following data models: |
| <ol> |
| <li>Unique Key model (Merge-on-Write mode)</li> |
| <li>Aggregate Key model (aggregated by REPLACE_IF_NOT_NULL)</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=duplicate-key-model>DUPLICATE KEY model<a href=#duplicate-key-model class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to DUPLICATE KEY model" title="Direct link to DUPLICATE KEY model"></a></h3> |
| <p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt=duplicate-key-model-example src=/assets/images/duplicate-key-model-example-f0d28a2328a37f044e15cb967ea995ca.png width=2560 height=1656 class=img_ev3q></p> |
| <p>When only the sorting columns are specified, rows with the same key will not be merged.</p> |
| <p>This is applicable to analytical business scenarios where data does not require pre-aggregation:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Analysis of raw data</li> |
| <li>Analysis of log or time series data where only new data is appended.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><strong>Best practice</strong></p> |
| <div class="language-SQL language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- For example, log analysis that allows only appending new data with replicated KEYs.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token plain"> session_data</span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> visitorid </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">SMALLINT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> sessionid </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BIGINT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> visittime </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DATETIME</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> city </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> province </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> ip </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">varchar</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">32</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> brower </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> url </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DUPLICATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">KEY</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">visitorid</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> sessionid</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Used solely for specifying sorting columns, rows with the same KEY will not be merged.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DISTRIBUTED</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">HASH</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">sessionid</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> visitorid</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> BUCKETS </span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=aggregate-key-model>AGGREGATE KEY model<a href=#aggregate-key-model class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to AGGREGATE KEY model" title="Direct link to AGGREGATE KEY model"></a></h3> |
| <p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt=aggregate-key-model-example src=/assets/images/aggregate-key-model-example-56f5457b8684e8da1222fb19c7756ec1.png width=2560 height=1528 class=img_ev3q></p> |
| <p>Old and new records with the same AGGREGATE KEY will be aggregated. The currently supported aggregation methods are as follows:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>SUM: calculates the sum by accumulating the values of multiple rows;</li> |
| <li>REPLACE: replaces the value in the previously imported rows with the value from the next batch of data;</li> |
| <li>MAX: retains the maximum value;</li> |
| <li>MIN: retains the minimum value;</li> |
| <li>REPLACE_IF_NOT_NULL: replaces non-null values. Unlike REPLACE, it does not replace null values;</li> |
| <li>HLL_UNION: aggregates columns of HLL type using the HyperLogLog algorithm;</li> |
| <li>BITMAP_UNION: aggregates columns of BITMAP type using bitmap union aggregation;</li> |
| </ol> |
| <p>This is suitable for reporting and multi-dimensional analysis scenarios such as:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Website traffic analysis</li> |
| <li>Multi-dimensional analysis of data reports.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><strong>Best practice</strong></p> |
| <div class="language-SQL language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Example of website traffic analysis</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token plain"> site_visit</span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> siteid </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> city </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">SMALLINT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> username </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">32</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> pv </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BIGINT</span><span class="token plain"> SUM </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DEFAULT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'0'</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- PV caculation</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain">AGGREGATE </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">KEY</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">siteid</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> city</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> username</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Rows with the same KEY will be merged, and non-key columns will be aggregated based on the specified aggregation function.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DISTRIBUTED</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">HASH</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">siteid</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> BUCKETS </span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=unique-key-model>UNIQUE KEY model<a href=#unique-key-model class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to UNIQUE KEY model" title="Direct link to UNIQUE KEY model"></a></h3> |
| <p>The new record will replace the old record that has the same UNIQUE KEY with it. Before Doris 1.2, the UNIQUE KEY model was implemented the same way as the REPLACE aggregation of the AGGREGATE KEY model. However, Since Doris 1.2, we have introduced the Merge-on-Write implementation for the UNIQUE KEY model, which provides better performance for aggregate queries.</p> |
| <p>This is suitable for analytical business scenarios that require updates, such as:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Deduplicated order analysis</li> |
| <li>Real-time synchronization of inserts, updates, and deletes.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><strong>Best practice</strong></p> |
| <div class="language-SQL language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Example of deduplicated order analysis</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token plain"> sales_order</span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> orderid </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BIGINT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">status</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TINYINT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> username </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">32</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> amount </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BIGINT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DEFAULT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'0'</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">UNIQUE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">KEY</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">orderid</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Rows of the same KEY will be merged</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DISTRIBUTED</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">HASH</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">orderid</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> BUCKETS </span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=index>Index<a href=#index class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Index" title="Direct link to Index"></a></h2> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>Indexes can facilitate quick filtering and searching of data. Currently, Doris supports two types of indexes:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>Built-in smart indexes, including prefix index and ZoneMap index.</li> |
| <li>User-created secondary indexes, including inverted index, BloomFilter index, Ngram BloomFilter index, and Bitmap index.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </blockquote> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=prefix-index><strong>Prefix index</strong><a href=#prefix-index class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to prefix-index" title="Direct link to prefix-index"></a></h3> |
| <p>Prefix indexes are built-in indexes in the Aggregate, Unique, and Duplicate data models. The underlying data storage is sorted and stored based on the columns specified as the AGGREGATE KEY, UNIQUE KEY, or DUPLICATE KEY in their respective table creation statements. Prefix index, built on top of the sorted data, allows for quick data querying based on given prefix columns.</p> |
| <p>Prefix indexes are sparse indexes and cannot locate the exact row where a key is present. Instead, they can only roughly identify the range where the key may exist, and then use binary search algorithms to accurately locate the position of the key.</p> |
| <div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-tip admonition_Gfwi alert alert--success"><div class=admonitionHeading_f1Ed>tip</div><div class=admonitionContent_UjKb><p><strong>Recommendations</strong><ol> |
| <li>When creating a table, <strong>the correct column order can greatly improve query efficiency</strong>. |
| <ol> |
| <li>Since the column order is specified during table creation, a table can only have one type of prefix index. However, this may not be efficient enough for queries based on the columns without prefix index. In such cases, users can adjust the column order by creating materialized views.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| <li>The first field in a prefix index should always be the field of the longest query conditions and should be a high-cardinality field. |
| <ol> |
| <li>Bucketing field: It should have relatively even data distribution and be frequently used, preferably a high-cardinality field.</li> |
| <li>Int(4) + Int(4) + varchar(50): The prefix index length is only 28.</li> |
| <li>Int(4) + varchar(50) + Int(4): The prefix index length is only 24.</li> |
| <li>varchar(10) + varchar(50): The prefix index length is only 30.</li> |
| <li>Prefix index (36 characters): The first field delivers the best query performance. If a varchar field is encountered, the prefix index will automatically truncate it to the first 20 characters.</li> |
| <li>If possible, include the most frequently used query fields in the prefix index. Otherwise, specify them as the bucketing fields.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| <li>The field lengths in the prefix index should be as explicit as possible because Doris can only utilize the prefix index for the first 36 bytes.</li> |
| <li>If it is difficult to design a partitioning, bucketing, and prefix index strategy for your data range, consider introducing inverted indexes for acceleration.</li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=zonemap-index><strong>ZoneMap index</strong><a href=#zonemap-index class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to zonemap-index" title="Direct link to zonemap-index"></a></h3> |
| <p>ZoneMap index is index information automatically maintained on a per-column basis in the columnar storage format. It includes information such as Min/Max values and the number of Null values. During data querying, the ZoneMap index is utilized to select the data range to scan based on the filtered fields using range conditions.</p> |
| <p>For example, when filtering the "age" field with the following query statement:</p> |
| <div class="language-Shell language-shell codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-shell codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain">SELECT * FROM table WHERE age > 0 and age < 51;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <p>If the Short Key Index is not hit, the ZoneMap index will be used to determine the data range, known as the "ordinary" range, that needs to be scanned based on the query conditions for the "age" field. This reduces the number of pages that need to be scanned.</p> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=inverted-index><strong>Inverted index</strong><a href=#inverted-index class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to inverted-index" title="Direct link to inverted-index"></a></h3> |
| <p>Doris supports inverted indexes since version 2.0.0. Inverted index can be used for full-text searches on text data and range queries on regular numeric and date types. It enables fast filtering of rows that meet the conditions from massive amounts of data.</p> |
| <p><strong>Best practice</strong></p> |
| <div class="language-SQL language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Inverted index can be specified during table creation or added later. This is an example of specifying it during table creation:</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token plain"> table_name</span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> columns_difinition</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INDEX</span><span class="token plain"> idx_name1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">column_name1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">USING</span><span class="token plain"> INVERTED </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"parser"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"english|unicode|chinese"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'your comment'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INDEX</span><span class="token plain"> idx_name2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">column_name2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">USING</span><span class="token plain"> INVERTED </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"parser"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"english|unicode|chinese"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'your comment'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INDEX</span><span class="token plain"> idx_name3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">column_name3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">USING</span><span class="token plain"> INVERTED </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"parser"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"chinese"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"parser_mode"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"fine_grained|coarse_grained"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'your comment'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INDEX</span><span class="token plain"> idx_name4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">column_name4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">USING</span><span class="token plain"> INVERTED </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"parser"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"english|unicode|chinese"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"support_phrase"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"true|false"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'your comment'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INDEX</span><span class="token plain"> idx_name5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">column_name4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">USING</span><span class="token plain"> INVERTED </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"char_filter_type"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"char_replace"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"char_filter_pattern"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"._"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"char_filter_replacement"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">" "</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'your comment'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INDEX</span><span class="token plain"> idx_name5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">column_name4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">USING</span><span class="token plain"> INVERTED </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"char_filter_type"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"char_replace"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"char_filter_pattern"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"._"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'your comment'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain">table_properties</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Example: keyword matching in full-text searches, implemented by MATCH_ANY MATCH_ALL</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> table_name </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">WHERE</span><span class="token plain"> column_name MATCH_ANY </span><span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token plain"> MATCH_ALL </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'keyword1 ...'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-tip admonition_Gfwi alert alert--success"><div class=admonitionHeading_f1Ed>tip</div><div class=admonitionContent_UjKb><p><strong>Recommendations</strong><ol> |
| <li>If it is difficult to design a partitioning, bucketing, and prefix index strategy for your data range, consider introducing inverted indexes for acceleration.</li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-caution admonition_Gfwi alert alert--warning"><div class=admonitionHeading_f1Ed>caution</div><div class=admonitionContent_UjKb><p><strong>Restrictions</strong><ol> |
| <li>Different data models have different restrictions on inverted index. |
| <ol> |
| <li>Aggregate KEY model: only allows inverted index for Key columns</li> |
| <li>Unique KEY model: allows inverted index for any column after enabling Merge-on-Write</li> |
| <li>Duplicate KEY model: allows inverted index for any column</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=bloomfilter-index><strong>BloomFilter index</strong><a href=#bloomfilter-index class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to bloomfilter-index" title="Direct link to bloomfilter-index"></a></h3> |
| <p>Doris supports adding BloomFilter indexes to fields with high value distinctiveness, making it suitable for scenarios that involve equivalence queries on columns with high cardinality.</p> |
| <p><strong>Best practice</strong></p> |
| <div class="language-SQL language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Example: add "bloom_filter_columns"="k1,k2,k3" in the PROPERTIES of the table creation statement.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- To create BloomFilter index for saler_id and category_id in the table.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">IF</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">EXISTS</span><span class="token plain"> sale_detail_bloom </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> sale_date </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">date</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Sale data"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> customer_id </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">int</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Customer ID"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> saler_id </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">int</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Saler ID"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> sku_id </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">int</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"SKU ID"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> category_id </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">int</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Category ID"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> sale_count </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">int</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Sale count"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> sale_price </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DECIMAL</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Sale price"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> sale_amt </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DECIMAL</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Sale amount"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">Duplicate</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">KEY</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">sale_date</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> customer_id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain">saler_id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain">sku_id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain">category_id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DISTRIBUTED</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">HASH</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">saler_id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> BUCKETS </span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"bloom_filter_columns"</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"saler_id,category_id"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-caution admonition_Gfwi alert alert--warning"><div class=admonitionHeading_f1Ed>caution</div><div class=admonitionContent_UjKb><p><strong>Restrictions</strong><ol> |
| <li>BloomFilter indexes are not supported for columns of type Tinyint, Float, and Double.</li> |
| <li>BloomFilter indexes can only accelerate filtering using "in" and "=" operators.</li> |
| <li>BloomFilter indexes must be built on high-cardinality columns (above 5000) in query conditions that involve "in" or "=" operators. |
| <ol> |
| <li>BloomFilter indexes are suitable for non-prefix filtering.</li> |
| <li>Queries will filter based on the high-frequency values in the column, and the filtering conditions are mostly "in" and "=".</li> |
| <li>Unlike Bitmap indexes, BloomFilter indexes are suitable for high-cardinality columns, such as UserID. If created on low-cardinality columns like "gender", each block will contain almost all values, rendering the BloomFilter index meaningless.</li> |
| <li>It is suitable for cases with data cardinality around half of the total range.</li> |
| <li>For high-cardinality columns with equality (=) queries, such as ID numbers, using BloomFilter indexes can greatly accelerate performance.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=ngram-bloomfilter-index><strong>Ngram BloomFilter index</strong><a href=#ngram-bloomfilter-index class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to ngram-bloomfilter-index" title="Direct link to ngram-bloomfilter-index"></a></h3> |
| <p>Since 2.0.0, Doris has introduced the NGram BloomFilter index to improve the performance of "<strong>LIKE</strong>" queries.</p> |
| <p><strong>Best practice</strong></p> |
| <div class="language-SQL language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Example of creating NGram BloomFilter index in table creation statement</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">nb_table</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">siteid</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">int</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">11</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DEFAULT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"10"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">""</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">citycode</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">smallint</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">""</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">username</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">varchar</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">32</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DEFAULT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">""</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">""</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INDEX</span><span class="token plain"> idx_ngrambf </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">username</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">USING</span><span class="token plain"> NGRAM_BF PROPERTIES</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"gram_size"</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"3"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"bf_size"</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"256"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'username ngram_bf index'</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">ENGINE</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain">OLAP</span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain">AGGREGATE </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">KEY</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">siteid</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">citycode</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">username</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"OLAP"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DISTRIBUTED</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">HASH</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">siteid</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> BUCKETS </span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- PROPERTIES("gram_size"="3", "bf_size"="256"), representing the number of grams and the byte size of the BloomFilter</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- The number of grams is determined according to the query cases and is typically set to the length of the majority of query strings. The number of bytes in the BloomFilter can be determined after testing. Generally, a larger number of bytes leads to better filtering results, and it is recommended to start with a value of 256 for testing and evaluating the effectiveness. However, it's important to note that a larger number of bytes also increases the storage cost of the index.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- With high data cardinality, there is no need to set a large BloomFilter size. Conversely, with low data cardinality, increase the BloomFilter size to enhance filtering efficiency.</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-caution admonition_Gfwi alert alert--warning"><div class=admonitionHeading_f1Ed>caution</div><div class=admonitionContent_UjKb><p><strong>Restrictions</strong><ol> |
| <li>NGram BloomFilter index only supports string columns.</li> |
| <li>NGram BloomFilter indexes and BloomFilter indexes are mutually exclusive, meaning that only one of them can be set for the same column.</li> |
| <li>The sizes of the NGram and the BloomFilter can both be optimized based on the actual situation. If the NGram size is relatively small, you may increase the BloomFilter size.</li> |
| <li>For data at the scale of billions or above, if there is a need for fuzzy matching, it is recommended to use inverted indexes or NGram BloomFilter.</li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=bitmap-index><strong>Bitmap index</strong><a href=#bitmap-index class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to bitmap-index" title="Direct link to bitmap-index"></a></h3> |
| <p>To accelerate data queries, Doris supports users in adding Bitmap indexes to certain fields. This is suitable for scenarios involving equivalence or range queries on columns with lower cardinality.</p> |
| <p><strong>Best practice</strong></p> |
| <div class="language-SQL language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Example: create Bitmap index for siteid on bitmap_table</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INDEX</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">IF</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">EXISTS</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">]</span><span class="token plain"> bitmap_index_name </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">ON</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain">bitmap_table </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">siteid</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">USING</span><span class="token plain"> BITMAP </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'bitmap_siteid'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-caution admonition_Gfwi alert alert--warning"><div class=admonitionHeading_f1Ed>caution</div><div class=admonitionContent_UjKb><p><strong>Restrictions</strong><ol> |
| <li>Bitmap indexes can only be created on a single column.</li> |
| <li>Bitmap indexes can be applied to all columns in the <code>Duplicate</code> and <code>Unique</code> Key models, as well as the key columns in the <code>Aggregate</code> Key model.</li> |
| <li>Bitmap indexes support the following data types: |
| <ol> |
| <li><code>TINYINT</code></li> |
| <li><code>SMALLINT</code></li> |
| <li><code>INT</code></li> |
| <li><code>BIGINT</code></li> |
| <li><code>CHAR</code></li> |
| <li><code>VARCHAR</code></li> |
| <li><code>DATE</code></li> |
| <li><code>DATETIME</code></li> |
| <li><code>LARGEINT</code></li> |
| <li><code>DECIMAL</code></li> |
| <li><code>BOOL</code></li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| <li>Bitmap indexes only take effect under Segment V2. The storage format of tables with Bitmap indexes will be automatically converted to V2 format by default.</li> |
| <li>Bitmap indexes should be constructed within a certain cardinality range. It is not suitable for extremely high or low cardinality cases. |
| <ol> |
| <li>It is recommended for columns with a cardinality between 100 and 100,000, such as the occupation field or city field. If the duplication rate is too high, there won't be significant advantages to build Bitmap indexes compared to other types of indexes. If the duplication rate is too low, Bitmap indexes can significantly reduce space efficiency and performance. Specific types of queries, such as count, OR, and AND operations, only require bitwise operations.</li> |
| <li>Bitmap indexes are more suitable for orthogonal queries.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=field-type>Field type<a href=#field-type class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Field type" title="Direct link to Field type"></a></h2> |
| <p>Doris supports various field types, including precise deduplication with BITMAP, fuzzy deduplication with HLL, semi-structured data types such as ARRAY/MAP/JSON, as well as common numeric, string, and time types.</p> |
| <div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-tip admonition_Gfwi alert alert--success"><div class=admonitionHeading_f1Ed>tip</div><div class=admonitionContent_UjKb><p><strong>Recommendations</strong><ol> |
| <li>VARCHAR |
| <ol> |
| <li>Variable-length string with a length range of 1-65533 bytes. It is stored in UTF-8 encoding, where English characters typically occupy 1 byte.</li> |
| <li>There is often a misunderstanding about the performance difference between varchar(255) and varchar(65533). If the data stored in both cases is the same, the performance will be the same as well. When creating a table, if you are unsure about the maximum length of the field, it is recommended to use varchar(65533) to prevent import errors caused by excessively long strings.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| <li>STRING |
| <ol> |
| <li>Variable-length string with a default size of 1048576 bytes (1MB), which can be increased to 2147483643 bytes (2GB). It is stored in UTF-8 encoding, where English characters typically occupy 1 byte.</li> |
| <li>It can only be used in value columns but not key columns or partitioning columns.</li> |
| <li>It is suitable for storing large text content. However, if such a requirement does not exist, it is recommended to use VARCHAR. STRING columns have limitations as they cannot be used in key columns or partitioning columns.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| <li>Numeric fields: Choose the appropriate data type based on the required precision. There is no special restrictions on this.</li> |
| <li>Time fields: Note that if there is a high precision requirement (timestamp accurate to milliseconds), you need to specify the use of datetime(6). Otherwise, such timestamps are not supported by default.</li> |
| <li>It is recommended to use the JSON data type instead of string type for storing JSON data.</li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=create-table>Create table<a href=#create-table class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Create table" title="Direct link to Create table"></a></h2> |
| <p><img decoding=async loading=lazy alt=create-table-example src=/assets/images/create-table-example-eeb2537949e854e2dbb17326a2c2a228.png width=2560 height=1384 class=img_ev3q></p> |
| <p>Considerations in creating a table include the setting of data partitions and buckets in addition to data model, index, and field types.</p> |
| <p><strong>Best practice</strong></p> |
| <div class="language-SQL language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Take Merge-on-Write tables in the Unique Key model as an example:</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Merge-on-Write in the Unique Key model is implemented in a different way from the Aggregate Key model. The performance of it is similar to that on the Duplicate Key model.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- In use cases requiring primary key constraints, the Aggregate Key model can deliver much better query performance compared to the Duplicate Key model, especially in aggregate queries and queries that involve filtering a large amount of data using indexes.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- For non-partitioned tables</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">IF</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">EXISTS</span><span class="token plain"> tbl_unique_merge_on_write</span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">user_id</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> LARGEINT </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Use ID"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">username</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">50</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Username"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">register_time</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User registration time"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">city</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User city"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">age</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">SMALLINT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User age"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">sex</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TINYINT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User gender"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">phone</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> LARGEINT </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User phone number"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">address</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">500</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User address"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">UNIQUE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">KEY</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">user_id</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">username</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Data volume of 3~5G</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DISTRIBUTED</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">HASH</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">user_id</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> BUCKETS </span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- In Doris 1.2.0, as a new feature, Merge-on-Write is disabled by default. Users can enable it by adding the following property.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"enable_unique_key_merge_on_write"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"true"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- For partitioned tables</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TABLE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">IF</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">EXISTS</span><span class="token plain"> tbl_unique_merge_on_write_p</span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">user_id</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> LARGEINT </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Use ID"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">username</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">50</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">NOT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"Username"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">register_time</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User registration time"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">city</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User city"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">age</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">SMALLINT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User age"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">sex</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TINYINT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User gender"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">phone</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> LARGEINT </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User phone number"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">address</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token number">500</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">COMMENT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"User address"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">UNIQUE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">KEY</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">user_id</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">username</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">register_time</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> RANGE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">register_time</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p00010101_1899 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'0001-01-01'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-01'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p19000101 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-01'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-02'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p19000102 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-02'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-03'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p19000103 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-03'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-04'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p19000104_1999 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-04'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'2000-01-01'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"2000-01-01"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TO</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"2022-01-01"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INTERVAL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">YEAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p30001231 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'3000-12-31'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'3001-01-01'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p99991231 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'9999-12-31'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">MAXVALUE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- Data volume of 3~5G</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">DISTRIBUTED</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">HASH</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token identifier">user_id</span><span class="token identifier punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> BUCKETS </span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- In Doris 1.2.0, as a new feature, Merge-on-Write is disabled by default. Users can enable it by adding the following property.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"enable_unique_key_merge_on_write"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"true"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- The unit for dynamic partition scheduling can be specified as HOUR, DAY, WEEK, MONTH, or YEAR.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"dynamic_partition.time_unit"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"MONTH"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- The starting offset for dynamic partitioning is specified as a negative number. Depending on the value of the time_unit, it uses the current day (week/month) as the reference point, partitions prior to this offset will be deleted (TTL). If not specified, the default value is -2147483648, indicating that historical partitions will not be deleted.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"dynamic_partition.start"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"-3000"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- The ending offset for dynamic partitioning is specified as a positive number. Depending on the value of the time_unit, it uses the current day (week/month) as the reference point. Create the corresponding partitions of the specified range in advance.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"dynamic_partition.end"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"10"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- The prefix for names of the dynamically created partitions (required).</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"dynamic_partition.prefix"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"p"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- The number of buckets corresponding to the dynamically created partitions.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"dynamic_partition.buckets"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"10"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"dynamic_partition.enable"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"true"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- The following is the number of replicas corresponding to dynamically created partitions. If not specified, the default value will be the replication factor specified when creating the table, which is typically 3.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"dynamic_partition.replication_num"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"3"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"replication_num"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"3"</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- View existing partitions</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(98, 114, 164)">-- The actual number of created partitions is determined by a combination of dynamic_partition.start, dynamic_partition.end, and the settings of PARTITION BY RANGE.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">show</span><span class="token plain"> partitions </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">from</span><span class="token plain"> tbl_unique_merge_on_write_p</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div> |
| <div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-caution admonition_Gfwi alert alert--warning"><div class=admonitionHeading_f1Ed>caution</div><div class=admonitionContent_UjKb><p><strong>Restrictions</strong><ol> |
| <li> |
| <p>The database character set should be specified as UTF-8 since only UTF-8 is supported.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The replication factor for tables must be 3 (if not specified, it defaults to 3).</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The data volume of an individual tablet (<strong>Tablet Count = Partition Count * Bucket Count * Replication Factor</strong>) theoretically has no upper or lower bounds, except for small tables (in the range of hundreds of megabytes to one gigabyte), where it should be ensured to be within the range of 1 GB to 10 GB:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>If the data volume of an individual tablet is too small, it can result in poor data aggregation performance and increased metadata management overhead.</li> |
| <li>If the data volume is too large, it hinders replica migration, synchronization, and increases the cost of schema changes or materialization operations (these operations are retried at the granularity of a tablet).</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>For data exceeding 500 million records, <strong>partitioning and bucketing</strong> strategies must be implemented:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li><strong>Recommendations for bucketing:</strong> |
| <ol> |
| <li>For large tables, each tablet should be in the range of 1 GB to 10 GB to prevent the generation of too many small files.</li> |
| <li>For dimension tables of approximately 100 megabytes, the number of tablets should be controlled within the range of 3 to 5. This ensures a certain level of concurrency without generating excessive small files.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| <li>If partitioning is not feasible and the data grows rapidly without the possibility of dynamic time-based partitioning, it is advisable to increase the number of buckets to accommodate the data volume based on the data retention period (180 days). It is still recommended to keep the size of each bucket between 1 GB and 10 GB.</li> |
| <li>Apply salting to the bucketing field and use the same salting strategy for queries in order to leverage bucket pruning capabilities.</li> |
| <li>Random bucketing: |
| <ol> |
| <li>If an OLAP table does not have fields that need to be updated, setting the data bucketing mode to RANDOM can avoid severe data skew. During data ingestion, each batch of data is randomly assigned to a tablet for writing.</li> |
| <li>When the bucketing mode for a table is set to RANDOM, since there is no bucketing column, querying the table will scan all buckets in the hit partitions instead of querying specific buckets based on the values of the bucketing column. This setting is suitable for overall aggregation and analysis queries rather than high-concurrency point queries.</li> |
| <li>If an OLAP table has a random distribution of data, setting the <code>load_to_single_tablet</code> parameter to true during data ingestion allows each task to write to a single tablet. This improves concurrency and throughput during large-scale data ingestion. It can also reduce the write amplification caused by data ingestion and compaction and ensure cluster stability.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| <li>Dimension tables, which grow slowly, can use a single partition and apply bucketing based on commonly used query conditions (where the data distribution of the bucketing field is relatively even).</li> |
| <li>Fact tables.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>For scenarios where there is a large amount of historical partitioned data but the historical data is relatively small, unbalanced, or queried infrequently, you can use the following approach to place the data in special partitions. You can create historical partitions for historical data of small sizes (e.g., yearly partitions, monthly partitions). For example, you can create historical partitions for data <code>FROM ("2000-01-01") TO ("2022-01-01") INTERVAL 1 YEAR</code>:</p> |
| <div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style=--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style=color:#F8F8F2;background-color:#282A36><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p00010101_1899 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'0001-01-01'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-01'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p19000101 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-01'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-02'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p19000104_1999 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'1900-01-04'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'2000-01-01'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"2000-01-01"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">TO</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">"2022-01-01"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">INTERVAL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">YEAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p30001231 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'3000-12-31'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'3001-01-01'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> p99991231 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">'9999-12-31'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">(</span><span class="token plain">MAXVALUE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style=color:#F8F8F2><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 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