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class="toolbarIconBtn_iZSK toolbarMenuBtn_qBrP" aria-label="Open docs sidebar" aria-expanded=false><svg class=toolbarIcon_n29S viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill=none aria-hidden=true><path d="M2 4h12M2 8h12M2 12h12" stroke=currentColor stroke-width=1.5 stroke-linecap=round /></svg><span class=toolbarMenuLabel_x9lx>Browse this section</span></button></div><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Alpn" aria-label=Breadcrumbs><ul class=breadcrumbs itemscope itemtype=https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a aria-label="Home page" class=breadcrumbs__link href=/><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill=currentColor /></svg></a><li class=breadcrumbs__item><a class=breadcrumbs__link href=/docs/4.x/getting-started/intro/>4.x</a><li class=breadcrumbs__item><span class=breadcrumbs__link>SQL Statements</span><meta itemprop=position content=1><li class=breadcrumbs__item><span class=breadcrumbs__link>Data Queries</span><meta itemprop=position content=2><li itemscope itemprop=itemListElement itemtype=https://schema.org/ListItem class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class=breadcrumbs__link itemprop=name>SELECT</span><meta itemprop=position content=3></ul></nav></div><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_bxCs"><button type=button class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class=lastUpdated_GC7i><span class=theme-last-updated>Last updated<!-- --> on <b><time datetime=2026-05-28T04:31:56.000Z itemprop=dateModified>May 28, 2026</time></b></span></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>SELECT</h1></header><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=description>Description<a href=#description class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Description" title="Direct link to Description">​</a></h2>
<p>Mainly introduces the use of Select syntax</p>
<p>grammar:</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token plain">hint_statement</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ALL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">DISTINCT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">DISTINCTROW</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ALL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">EXCEPT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain"> col_name1 </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> col_name2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> col_name3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> select_expr </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> select_expr </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> table_references</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">PARTITION</span><span class="token plain"> partition_list</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token plain">TABLET tabletid_list</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token plain">TABLESAMPLE sample_value </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ROWS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">PERCENT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">REPEATABLE</span><span class="token plain"> pos_seek</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">WHERE</span><span class="token plain"> where_condition</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">GROUP</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token plain">GROUPING SETS </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> ROLLUP </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> CUBE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> {col_name </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> expr </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> position}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">HAVING</span><span class="token plain"> where_condition</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ORDER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> {col_name </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> expr </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> position}</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ASC</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">DESC</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LIMIT</span><span class="token plain"> {</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">offset</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> row_count </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> row_count </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">OFFSET</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">offset</span><span class="token plain">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INTO</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">OUTFILE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'file_name'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Syntax Description:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>select_expr, ... Columns retrieved and displayed in the result, when using an alias, as is optional.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>select_expr, ... Retrieved target table (one or more tables (including temporary tables generated by subqueries)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>where_definition retrieves the condition (expression), if there is a WHERE clause, the condition filters the row data. where_condition is an expression that evaluates to true for each row to be selected. Without the WHERE clause, the statement selects all rows. In WHERE expressions, you can use any MySQL supported functions and operators except aggregate functions</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>ALL | DISTINCT </code> : to refresh the result set, all is all, distinct/distinctrow will refresh the duplicate columns, the default is all</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>ALL EXCEPT</code>: Filter on the full (all) result set, except specifies the name of one or more columns to be excluded from the full result set. All matching column names will be ignored in the output.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>This feature is supported since the Apache Doris 1.2 version</p>
<ol start=6>
<li>
<p><code>INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' </code> : save the result to a new file (which did not exist before), the difference lies in the save format.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>Group by having</code>: Group the result set, and brush the result of group by when having appears. <code>Grouping Sets</code>, <code>Rollup</code>, <code>Cube</code> are extensions of group by, please refer to <a href=https://doris.apache.org/community/design/grouping_sets_design target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">GROUPING SETS DESIGN</a> for details.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>Order by</code>: Sort the final result, Order by sorts the result set by comparing the size of one or more columns.</p>
<p>Order by is a time-consuming and resource-intensive operation, because all data needs to be sent to 1 node before it can be sorted, and the sorting operation requires more memory than the non-sorting operation.</p>
<p>If you need to return the top N sorted results, you need to use the LIMIT clause; in order to limit memory usage, if the user does not specify the LIMIT clause, the first 65535 sorted results are returned by default.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>Limit n</code>: limit the number of lines in the output result, <code>limit m,n</code> means output n records starting from the mth line.You should use <code>order by</code> before you use <code>limit m,n</code>, otherwise the data may be inconsistent each time it is executed.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <code>Having</code> clause does not filter the row data in the table, but filters the results produced by the aggregate function.</p>
<p>Typically <code>having</code> is used with aggregate functions (eg :<code>COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()</code>) and <code>group by</code> clauses.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>SELECT supports explicit partition selection using PARTITION containing a list of partitions or subpartitions (or both) following the name of the table in <code>table_reference</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>[TABLET tids] TABLESAMPLE n [ROWS | PERCENT] [REPEATABLE seek]</code>: Limit the number of rows read from the table in the FROM clause, select a number of Tablets pseudo-randomly from the table according to the specified number of rows or percentages, and specify the number of seeds in REPEATABLE to return the selected samples again. In addition, you can also manually specify the TableID, Note that this can only be used for OLAP tables.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>hint_statement</code>: hint in front of the selectlist indicates that hints can be used to influence the behavior of the optimizer in order to obtain the desired execution plan. Details refer to [joinHint using document] (<a href=https://doris.apache.org/docs/dev/query-acceleration/hints/hints-overview target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doris.apache.org/docs/dev/query-acceleration/hints/hints-overview</a>)</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Syntax constraints:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>SELECT can also be used to retrieve calculated rows without referencing any table.</li>
<li>All clauses must be ordered strictly according to the above format, and a HAVING clause must be placed after the GROUP BY clause and before the ORDER BY clause.</li>
<li>The alias keyword AS is optional. Aliases can be used for group by, order by and having</li>
<li>Where clause: The WHERE statement is executed to determine which rows should be included in the GROUP BY section, and HAVING is used to determine which rows in the result set should be used.</li>
<li>The HAVING clause can refer to the total function, but the WHERE clause cannot refer to, such as count, sum, max, min, avg, at the same time, the where clause can refer to other functions except the total function. Column aliases cannot be used in the Where clause to define conditions.</li>
<li>Group by followed by with rollup can count the results one or more times.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Join query:</strong></p>
<p>Doris supports JOIN syntax</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">table_references:</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> table_reference </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> table_reference</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> …</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">table_reference:</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> table_factor</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> join_table</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">table_factor:</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> tbl_name </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> alias</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token plain">{</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">USE</span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">IGNORE</span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FORCE</span><span class="token plain">} </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INDEX</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">key_list</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain"> table_references </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> { OJ table_reference </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LEFT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">OUTER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> table_reference</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ON</span><span class="token plain"> conditional_expr }</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">join_table:</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> table_reference </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INNER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">CROSS</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> table_factor </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token plain">join_condition</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> table_reference </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LEFT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">OUTER</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> table_reference join_condition</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> table_reference </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">NATURAL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LEFT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">OUTER</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> table_factor</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> table_reference </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">RIGHT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">OUTER</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> table_reference join_condition</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> table_reference </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">NATURAL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">RIGHT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">OUTER</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> table_factor</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">join_condition:</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ON</span><span class="token plain"> conditional_expr</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<p><strong>UNION Grammar:</strong></p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">UNION</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ALL</span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">DISTINCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">UNION</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ALL</span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">DISTINCT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">]</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<p><code>UNION</code> is used to combine the results of multiple <code>SELECT</code> statements into a single result set.</p>
<p>The column names in the first <code>SELECT</code> statement are used as the column names in the returned results. The selected columns listed in the corresponding position of each <code>SELECT</code> statement should have the same data type. (For example, the first column selected by the first statement should be of the same type as the first column selected by other statements.)</p>
<p>The default behavior of <code>UNION</code> is to remove duplicate rows from the result. The optional <code>DISTINCT</code> keyword has no effect other than the default, since it also specifies duplicate row removal. With the optional <code>ALL</code> keyword, no duplicate row removal occurs, and the result includes all matching rows in all <code>SELECT</code> statements</p>
<p><strong>WITH statement</strong>:</p>
<p>To specify common table expressions, use the <code>WITH</code> clause with one or more comma-separated clauses. Each subclause provides a subquery that generates the result set and associates the name with the subquery. The following example defines <code>WITH</code> clauses in CTEs named <code>cte1</code> and <code>cte2</code>, and refers to the <code>WITH</code> clause below their top-level <code>SELECT</code>:</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">WITH</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> cte1 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> a,b </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> table1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> cte2 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> c,d </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> table2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> b,d </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> cte1 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> cte2</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">WHERE</span><span class="token plain"> cte1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">a </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> cte2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">c</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<p>In a statement containing the <code>WITH</code> clause, each CTE name can be referenced to access the corresponding CTE result set.</p>
<p>CTE names can be referenced in other CTEs, allowing CTEs to be defined based on other CTEs.</p>
<p>Recursive CTE is currently not supported.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=example>Example<a href=#example class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Example" title="Direct link to Example">​</a></h2>
<p>Examples 1-9 below run against the following two tables. The remaining examples (UNION, WITH, JOIN, TABLESAMPLE) reference tables (<code>t1</code>, <code>t2</code>, <code>employee</code>, <code>left_tbl</code>, <code>tournament</code>, ...) that are not created on this page — those snippets are illustrative of the syntax shape; substitute your own tables to execute them.</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">TABLE</span><span class="token plain"> student </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">Name </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">32</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> age </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">DISTRIBUTED</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">HASH</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">Name</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> BUCKETS </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">1</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">"replication_num"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">"1"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INSERT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INTO</span><span class="token plain"> student </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'Alice'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">18</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'Bob'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">20</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'Carol'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">22</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'Dave'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">25</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'Eve'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">30</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">CREATE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">TABLE</span><span class="token plain"> tb_book </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">id </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> name </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">64</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> price </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">DECIMAL</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">type</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">VARCHAR</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">32</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">DISTRIBUTED</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">HASH</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> BUCKETS </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">1</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">PROPERTIES </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">"replication_num"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">"1"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INSERT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INTO</span><span class="token plain"> tb_book </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">VALUES</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'SQL Cookbook'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">39.99</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'database'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'Doris Internals'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">49.99</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'database'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'The Rust Programming Language'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">45.00</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'programming'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'Designing Data-Intensive Applications'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">55.00</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'database'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'Clean Code'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">35.00</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">'programming'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Query the names of students whose ages are 18, 20, 25</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> Name </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> student </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">where</span><span class="token plain"> age </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">in</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">18</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">20</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">25</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>ALL EXCEPT Example</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">-- Query all information except the students' age</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">except</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">age</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> student</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>GROUP BY Example</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">--Query the tb_book table, group by type, and find the average price of each type of book,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">type</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token function" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">avg</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">price</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> tb_book </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">group</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">by</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">type</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>DISTINCT Use</p>
<div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">--Query the tb_book table to remove duplicate type data</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">select distinct type from tb_book;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>ORDER BY Example</p>
<p>Sort query results in ascending (default) or descending (DESC) order. Ascending NULL is first, descending NULL is last</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">--Query all records in the tb_book table, sort them in descending order by id, and display three records</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> tb_book </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">order</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">by</span><span class="token plain"> id </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">desc</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">limit</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>LIKE fuzzy query</p>
<p>Can realize fuzzy query, it has two wildcards: <code>%</code> and <code>_</code>, <code>%</code> can match one or more characters, <code>_</code> can match one character</p>
<div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">--Find all books whose second character is h</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">select * from tb_book where name like('_h%');</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>LIMIT limits the number of result rows</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">--1. Display 3 records in descending order</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> tb_book </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">order</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">by</span><span class="token plain"> price </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">desc</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">limit</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">--2. Display 4 records from id=1</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> tb_book </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">where</span><span class="token plain"> id </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">limit</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>CONCAT join multiple columns</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">--Combine name and price into a new string output</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> id</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain">concat</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">name</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">":"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain">price</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">as</span><span class="token plain"> info</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">type</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> tb_book</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Using functions and expressions</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">--Calculate the total price of various books in the tb_book table</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">sum</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">price</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">as</span><span class="token plain"> total</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">type</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> tb_book </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">group</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">by</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">type</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">--20% off price</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">price </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">0.8</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">as</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">"20%"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> tb_book</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>UNION Example</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> a </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> t1 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">WHERE</span><span class="token plain"> a </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">10</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">AND</span><span class="token plain"> B </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">1</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ORDER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> a </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LIMIT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">10</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">UNION</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> a </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> t2 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">WHERE</span><span class="token plain"> a </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">11</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">AND</span><span class="token plain"> B </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">2</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ORDER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> a </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LIMIT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>WITH clause example</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">WITH</span><span class="token plain"> cte </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">1</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token plain"> col1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">2</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token plain"> col2</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">UNION</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ALL</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">4</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> col1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> col2 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> cte</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>JOIN Example</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> t1 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LEFT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">t2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> t3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> t4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ON</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">t2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">a </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">a </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">AND</span><span class="token plain"> t3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">b </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">b </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">AND</span><span class="token plain"> t4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">c </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">c</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<p>Equivalent to</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> t1 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LEFT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">t2 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">CROSS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> t3 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">CROSS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> t4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ON</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">t2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">a </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">a </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">AND</span><span class="token plain"> t3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">b </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">b </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">AND</span><span class="token plain"> t4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">c </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">c</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>INNER JOIN</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">name</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> t2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">salary</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> employee </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token plain"> t1 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INNER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> info </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token plain"> t2 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ON</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">name </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> t2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">name</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">name</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> t2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">salary</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> employee t1 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">INNER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> info t2 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ON</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">name </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> t2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">name</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>LEFT JOIN</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> left_tbl</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> left_tbl </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LEFT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> right_tbl </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ON</span><span class="token plain"> left_tbl</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">id </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> right_tbl</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">id</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">WHERE</span><span class="token plain"> right_tbl</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">id </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">IS</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">NULL</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>RIGHT JOIN</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">mysql</span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">></span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> t1 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">RIGHT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">JOIN</span><span class="token plain"> t2 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ON</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">t1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">a </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> t2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">.</span><span class="token plain">a</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">+</span><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">------+------+------+------+</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> a </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> b </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> a </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> c </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">+</span><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">------+------+------+------+</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">2</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> y </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">2</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> z </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">NULL</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">3</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> w </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">+</span><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">------+------+------+------+</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>TABLESAMPLE</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">--Pseudo-randomly sample 1000 rows in t1. Note that several Tablets are actually selected according to the statistics of the table, and the total number of selected Tablet rows may be greater than 1000, so if you want to explicitly return 1000 rows, you need to add Limit.</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> t1 TABLET</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">10001</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> TABLESAMPLE</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">1000</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ROWS</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">REPEATABLE</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">2</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">limit</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">1000</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=keywords>Keywords<a href=#keywords class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Keywords" title="Direct link to Keywords">​</a></h2>
<div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain">SELECT</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id=best-practice>Best Practice<a href=#best-practice class=hash-link aria-label="Direct link to Best Practice" title="Direct link to Best Practice">​</a></h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Some additional knowledge about the SELECT clause</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>An alias can be specified for select_expr using AS alias_name. Aliases are used as column names in expressions and can be used in GROUP BY, ORDER BY or HAVING clauses. The AS keyword is a good habit to use when specifying aliases for columns.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>table_references after FROM indicates one or more tables participating in the query. If more than one table is listed, a JOIN operation is performed. And for each specified table, you can define an alias for it</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The selected column after SELECT can be referenced in ORDER IN and GROUP BY by column name, column alias or integer (starting from 1) representing the column position</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> college</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> region</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> seed </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> tournament</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ORDER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> region</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> seed</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> college</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> region </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token plain"> r</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> seed </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token plain"> s </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> tournament</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ORDER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> r</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> s</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain" style=display:inline-block></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> college</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> region</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> seed </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> tournament</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ORDER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">3</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>If ORDER BY appears in a subquery and also applies to the outer query, the outermost ORDER BY takes precedence.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If GROUP BY is used, the grouped columns are automatically sorted in ascending order (as if there was an ORDER BY statement followed by the same columns). If you want to avoid the overhead of GROUP BY due to automatic sorting, adding ORDER BY NULL can solve it:</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> a</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">COUNT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">b</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> test_table </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">GROUP</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> a </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">ORDER</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">NULL</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>When sorting columns in a SELECT using ORDER BY or GROUP BY, the server sorts values using only the initial number of bytes indicated by the max_sort_length system variable.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Having clauses are generally applied last, just before the result set is returned to the MySQL client, and is not optimized. (while LIMIT is applied after HAVING)</p>
<p>The SQL standard requires: HAVING must refer to a column in the GROUP BY list or used by an aggregate function. However, MySQL extends this by allowing HAVING to refer to columns in the Select clause list, as well as columns from outer subqueries.</p>
<p>A warning is generated if the column referenced by HAVING is ambiguous. In the following statement, col2 is ambiguous:</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">COUNT</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">col1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">AS</span><span class="token plain"> col2 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> t </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">GROUP</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> col2 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">HAVING</span><span class="token plain"> col2 </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">2</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Remember not to use HAVING where WHERE should be used. HAVING is paired with GROUP BY.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The HAVING clause can refer to aggregate functions, while WHERE cannot.</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">user</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">MAX</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">salary</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> users</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">GROUP</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">BY</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">user</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">HAVING</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">MAX</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token plain">salary</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">></span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>The LIMIT clause can be used to constrain the number of rows returned by a SELECT statement. LIMIT can have one or two arguments, both of which must be non-negative integers.</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">/*Retrieve 6~15 rows in the result set*/</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> tbl </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LIMIT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">/*Then if you want to retrieve all rows after a certain offset is set, you can set a very large constant for the second parameter. The following query fetches all data from row 96 onwards */</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">SELECT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">FROM</span><span class="token plain"> tbl </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">LIMIT</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">95</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">,</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">18446744073709551615</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">/*If LIMIT has only one parameter, the parameter specifies the number of rows that should be retrieved, and the offset defaults to 0, that is, starting from the first row*/</span><br></span></code></pre><div class=buttonGroup__atx><button type=button aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title=Copy class=clean-btn><span class=copyButtonIcons_eSgA aria-hidden=true><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonIcon_y97N><path fill=currentColor d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS><path fill=currentColor d=M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z /></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>SELECT...INTO allows query results to be written to a file</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Modifiers of the SELECT keyword</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>deduplication</p>
<p>The ALL and DISTINCT modifiers specify whether to deduplicate rows in the result set (should not be a column).</p>
<p>ALL is the default modifier, that is, all rows that meet the requirements are to be retrieved.</p>
<p>DISTINCT removes duplicate rows.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>The main advantage of subqueries</p>
<ul>
<li>Subqueries allow structured queries so that each part of a statement can be isolated.</li>
<li>Some operations require complex unions and associations. Subqueries provide other ways to perform these operations</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Speed up queries</p>
<ul>
<li>Use Doris's partition and bucket as data filtering conditions as much as possible to reduce the scope of data scanning</li>
<li>Make full use of Doris's prefix index fields as data filter conditions to speed up query speed</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>UNION</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Using only the union keyword has the same effect as using union disitnct. Since the deduplication work is more memory-intensive, the query speed using the union all operation will be faster and the memory consumption will be less. If users want to perform order by and limit operations on the returned result set, they need to put the union operation in the subquery, then select from subquery, and finally put the subquery and order by outside the subquery.</p>
<div class="language-sql codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);--prism-color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><div class=codeBlockContent_biex><pre tabindex=0 class="prism-code language-sql codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="background-color:hsl(230, 1%, 98%);color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><code class=codeBlockLines_e6Vv><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">*</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> age </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> student_01 </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">union</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">all</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">select</span><span class="token plain"> age </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">from</span><span class="token plain"> student_02</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">as</span><span class="token plain"> t1</span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">order</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">by</span><span class="token plain"> age </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">limit</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">4</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"> </span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">+</span><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">-------------+</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> age </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">+</span><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">-------------+</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">18</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">19</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">20</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">21</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">|</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">+</span><span class="token comment" style="color:hsl(230, 4%, 64%)">-------------+</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class=token-line style="color:hsl(230, 8%, 24%)"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">4</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">rows</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:hsl(221, 87%, 60%)">in</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:hsl(301, 63%, 40%)">set</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:hsl(35, 99%, 36%)">0.01</span><span class="token plain"> sec</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:hsl(119, 34%, 47%)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div 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</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>JOIN</p>
<ul>
<li>In the inner join condition, in addition to supporting equal-valued joins, it also supports unequal-valued joins. For performance reasons, it is recommended to use equal-valued joins.</li>
<li>Other joins only support equivalent joins</li>
</ul>
</li>
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