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itemprop="position" content="3"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Select Manual</h1></header><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="select">Select<a href="#select" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Select" title="Direct link to Select"></a></h2><p>Select syntax</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [hint_statement, ...]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW | ALL EXCEPT ( col_name1 [, col_name2, col_name3, ...] )]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> select_expr [, select_expr ...]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [FROM table_references</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [PARTITION partition_list]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [TABLET tabletid_list]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [TABLESAMPLE sample_value [ROWS | PERCENT]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [REPEATABLE pos_seek]]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [WHERE where_condition]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [GROUP BY [GROUPING SETS | ROLLUP | CUBE] {col_name | expr | position}]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [HAVING where_condition]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position}</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [ASC | DESC], ...]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [INTO OUTFILE 'file_name']</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="syntax-explanation">Syntax explanation<a href="#syntax-explanation" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Syntax explanation" title="Direct link to Syntax explanation"></a></h2><ul><li><code>select_expr, ...</code>Specifies the columns to retrieve and display in the result set. Aliases can be used, and <code>as</code> is optional.</li><li><code>table_references</code>Specifies the target tables for retrieval, which can be one or more tables (including temporary tables generated by subqueries).</li><li><code>where_definition</code>Specifies the retrieval conditions (expressions). If a WHERE clause exists, its conditions filter the row data. The <code>where_condition</code> is an expression that evaluates to true for each row to be selected. If there is no WHERE clause, the statement selects all rows. In a WHERE expression, you can use any MySQL-supported functions and operators except aggregate functions.</li><li><code>ALL | DISTINCT</code>Filters the result set. <code>ALL</code> selects all rows, while <code>DISTINCT</code> or <code>DISTINCTROW</code> filters out duplicate rows. The default is <code>ALL</code>.</li><li><code>ALL EXCEPT</code>Filters the result set from <code>ALL</code> by specifying one or more column names to exclude from the full result set. All matching column names will be ignored in the output.</li><li><code>INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'</code>Saves the result set to a new file (which must not exist beforehand), with differences in the saved format.</li><li><code>Group by having</code>Groups the result set by one or more columns. If <code>HAVING</code> is present, it filters the groups produced by <code>GROUP BY</code>. Extensions to <code>GROUP BY</code> such as <code>GROUPING SETS</code>, <code>ROLLUP</code>, and <code>CUBE</code> are available and detailed in the <a href="/docusaurus-plugin-content-docs-community/current/design/grouping_sets_design.md">GROUPING SETS</a>.</li><li><code>Order by</code>Sorts the final result set. <code>ORDER BY</code> sorts the result set by comparing values in one or more columns. Sorting operations can be time-consuming and resource-intensive because all data needs to be sent to a single node for sorting. Sorting requires more memory compared to non-sorted operations. If you need to return the top N sorted results, use the <code>LIMIT</code> clause. </li><li><code>Limit n</code>Limits the number of rows in the output result set. <code>LIMIT m,n</code> means to start outputting from the mth row and return n records. Using <code>LIMIT m,n</code> is meaningful only when combined with <code>ORDER BY</code>, otherwise the data returned may be inconsistent each time the query is executed.</li><li><code>Having</code>The <code>HAVING</code> clause does not filter rows in the table but filters the results produced by aggregate functions. Typically, <code>HAVING</code> is used with aggregate functions (such as <code>COUNT()</code>, <code>SUM()</code>, <code>AVG()</code>, <code>MIN()</code>, <code>MAX()</code>) and the <code>GROUP BY</code> clause.</li><li><code>SELECT</code> supports explicit partition selection using <code>PARTITION</code>, which includes a list of partitions or subpartitions (or both) following the table name in <code>table_reference</code>.</li><li><code>[TABLET tids] TABLESAMPLE n [ROWS | PERCENT] [REPEATABLE seek]</code>Limits the number of rows read from a table in the <code>FROM</code> clause by pseudo-randomly selecting several tablets based on the specified number of rows or percentage. <code>REPEATABLE</code> with a specified seed allows the same sample to be returned again. Alternatively, Tablet IDs can be manually specified, but this is only applicable to OLAP tables.</li><li><code>hint_statement</code>Using hints before the select list can influence the optimizer's behavior to obtain a desired execution plan. For more information, refer to the <a href="/docs/2.0/query/join-optimization/join-hint">joinHint Document</a>.</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="syntax-constraints">Syntax constraints<a href="#syntax-constraints" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Syntax constraints" title="Direct link to Syntax constraints"></a></h2><ul><li><code>SELECT</code> can also be used to retrieve calculated rows without referencing any tables.</li><li>All clauses must strictly follow the above format. A <code>HAVING</code> clause must come after the <code>GROUP BY</code> clause and before the <code>ORDER BY</code> clause.</li><li>The alias keyword <code>AS</code> is optional. Aliases can be used in <code>GROUP BY</code>, <code>ORDER BY,</code> and <code>HAVING</code>.</li><li><code>WHERE</code> clause: Executes the <code>WHERE</code> statement to determine which rows should be included in the <code>GROUP BY</code> section, while <code>HAVING</code> is used to determine which rows from the result set should be used.</li><li>The <code>HAVING</code> clause can reference aggregate functions, such as <code>count, sum, max, min, avg</code>, while the <code>WHERE</code> clause cannot. However, the <code>WHERE</code> clause can reference other functions besides aggregate functions. Column aliases cannot be used in the <code>WHERE</code> clause to define conditions.</li><li>Following <code>GROUP BY</code> with <code>WITH ROLLUP</code> allows for one or more aggregations of the results.</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="join-syntax">Join syntax<a href="#join-syntax" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Join syntax" title="Direct link to Join syntax"></a></h2><p>Doris supports the following JOIN syntax.</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">JOIN</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">table_references:</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> table_reference [, table_reference] …</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">table_reference:</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> table_factor</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> | join_table</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">table_factor:</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> tbl_name [[AS] alias]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> [{USE|IGNORE|FORCE} INDEX (key_list)]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> | ( table_references )</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> | { OJ table_reference LEFT OUTER JOIN table_reference</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> ON conditional_expr }</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">join_table:</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> table_reference [INNER | CROSS] JOIN table_factor [join_condition]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> | table_reference LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference join_condition</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> | table_reference NATURAL [LEFT [OUTER]] JOIN table_factor</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> | table_reference RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference join_condition</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> | table_reference NATURAL [RIGHT [OUTER]] JOIN table_factor</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">join_condition:</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> ON conditional_expr</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>UNION:</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT ...</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">UNION [ALL| DISTINCT] SELECT ......</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">[UNION [ALL| DISTINCT] SELECT ...]</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p><code>UNION</code> is used to combine the results of multiple <code>SELECT</code> statements into a single result set. The column names from the first <code>SELECT</code> statement are used as the column names for the returned result. The selected columns listed in the corresponding positions of each <code>SELECT</code> statement should have the same data type. (For example, the first column selected in the first statement should have the same type as the first column selected in the other statements.)</p><p>By default, <code>UNION</code> removes duplicate rows from the result. The optional <code>DISTINCT</code> keyword has no effect beyond the default, as it also specifies duplicate row removal. Using the optional <code>ALL</code> keyword, no duplicate row removal occurs, and the result includes all matching rows from all <code>SELECT</code> statements.</p><p>WITH:</p><p>To specify a common table expression, use a <code>WITH</code> clause with one or more comma-separated subclauses. Each subclause provides a subquery that generates a result set and associates a name with the subquery. The following example defines CTEs named <code>cte1</code> and <code>cte2</code> in the <code>WITH</code> clause, and refers to them in the top-level <code>SELECT </code>following the WITH clause.</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">WITH</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> cte1 AS (SELECT a，b FROM table1),</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> cte2 AS (SELECT c，d FROM table2)</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT b，d FROM cte1 JOIN cte2</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">WHERE cte1.a = cte2.c;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>In statements that include this <code>WITH</code> clause, each CTE name can be referenced to access the corresponding CTE result set. CTE names can be referenced in other CTEs, allowing CTEs to be defined based on other CTEs. Currently, recursive CTEs are not supported.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="example">Example<a href="#example" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Example" title="Direct link to Example"></a></h2><ul><li>Query the names of students whose ages are 18, 20, and 25.</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select Name from student where age in (18,20,25);</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>ALL EXCEPT </li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">-- Query all information except for the age of the students.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select * except(age) from student; </span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>GROUP BY </li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">--Query the tb_book table, group by type, and calculate the average price for each category of books.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select type,avg(price) from tb_book group by type;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>DISTINCT </li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">--Query the tb_book table and remove duplicate type data.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select distinct type from tb_book;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>ORDER BY </li></ul><p>Sort the query results in ascending order (by default) or descending order (DESC). In ascending order, NULL values should appear at the beginning, and in descending order, NULL values should appear at the end.</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">--Query all records from the tb_book table, sort them in descending order by id, and display only the first three records.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select * from tb_book order by id desc limit 3;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>LIKE </li></ul><p><code>LIKE</code> can perform fuzzy queries with two wildcards: <code>%</code> and <code>_</code>. The <code>%</code> wildcard matches one or more characters, while the <code>_</code> wildcard matches a single character.</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">-- Find all books where the second character is 'h'.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select * from tb_book where name like('_h%');</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>LIMIT (Limit the number of result rows.)</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">-- Display 3 records in descending order.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select * from tb_book order by price desc limit 3;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">Display 4 records starting from id=1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select * from tb_book where id limit 1,4;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>CONCAT (Concatenate multiple columns</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">--Concatenate 'name' and 'price' into a new string for output.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select id,concat(name,":",price) as info,type from tb_book;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>Functions and expressions</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">--Calculate the total price of each category of books in the tb_book table.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select sum(price) as total,type from tb_book group by type;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">--20% off the price</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select *,(price * 0.8) as "20% off" from tb_book;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>UNION </li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT a FROM t1 WHERE a = 10 AND B = 1 ORDER by a LIMIT 10</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">UNION</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT a FROM t2 WHERE a = 11 AND B = 2 ORDER by a LIMIT 10;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>WITH clause</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">WITH cte AS</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">(</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> SELECT 1 AS col1, 2 AS col2</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> UNION ALL</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> SELECT 3, 4</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">)</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT col1, col2 FROM cte;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>JOIN </li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (t2, t3, t4)</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> ON (t2.a = t1.a AND t3.b = t1.b AND t4.c = t1.c)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>the same as</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (t2 CROSS JOIN t3 CROSS JOIN t4)</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> ON (t2.a = t1.a AND t3.b = t1.b AND t4.c = t1.c)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>INNER JOIN</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT t1.name, t2.salary</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> FROM employee AS t1 INNER JOIN info AS t2 ON t1.name = t2.name;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT t1.name, t2.salary</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> FROM employee t1 INNER JOIN info t2 ON t1.name = t2.name;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>LEFT JOIN</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT left_tbl.*</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> FROM left_tbl LEFT JOIN right_tbl ON left_tbl.id = right_tbl.id</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> WHERE right_tbl.id IS NULL;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>RIGHT JOIN</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">mysql SELECT * FROM t1 RIGHT JOIN t2 ON (t1.a = t2.a);</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">+------+------+------+------+</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">| a | b | a | c |</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">+------+------+------+------+</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">| 2 | y | 2 | z |</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">| NULL | NULL | 3 | w |</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">+------+------+------+------+</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>TABLESAMPLE</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">--Randomly sample 1000 rows in t1 using pseudo-random method. Note that the actual process is to select several Tablets based on the statistical information of the table, and the total number of rows in the selected Tablets may be greater than 1000. Therefore, if you want to return exactly 1000 rows, you need to add a Limit clause.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT * FROM t1 TABLET(10001) TABLESAMPLE(1000 ROWS) REPEATABLE 2 limit 1000;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="best-practice">Best practice<a href="#best-practice" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Best practice" title="Direct link to Best practice"></a></h2><ul><li>Additional explanation about the SELECT clause:<ul><li>An alias can be specified for <code>select_expr</code> using <code>AS alias_name</code>. The alias serves as the column name for the expression and can be used in <code>GROUP BY</code>, <code>ORDER BY</code>, or <code>HAVING</code> clauses.</li><li>The <code>table_references</code> after <code>FROM</code> indicate one or multiple tables involved in the query. If multiple tables are listed, a <code>JOIN</code> operation will be performed. Each specified table can be assigned an alias.</li><li>The selected columns after <code>SELECT</code> can be referenced in <code>ORDER BY</code> and <code>GROUP BY</code> clauses using column names, column aliases, or integers representing the column position (starting from 1).</li></ul></li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT college, region, seed FROM tournament</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> ORDER BY region, seed;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT college, region AS r, seed AS s FROM tournament</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> ORDER BY r, s;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT college, region, seed FROM tournament</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> ORDER BY 2, 3;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>If <code>ORDER BY</code> appears in a subquery and is also applied to the outer query, the outermost <code>ORDER BY</code> takes precedence.</li><li>When using <code>GROUP BY</code>, the grouped columns are automatically sorted in ascending order (as if an <code>ORDER BY</code> clause followed with the same columns). To avoid the overhead caused by the automatic sorting of <code>GROUP BY</code>, adding <code>ORDER BY NULL</code> can solve the issue:</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT a, COUNT(b) FROM test_table GROUP BY a ORDER BY NULL;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>When sorting columns in a <code>SELECT</code> statement using <code>ORDER BY</code> or <code>GROUP BY</code>, the server only sorts the values using the initial number of bytes indicated by the <code>max_sort_length</code> system variable.</li><li>The <code>HAVING</code> clause is typically applied at the end, just before the result set is returned to the client, and it is not optimized (whereas <code>LIMIT</code> is applied after <code>HAVING</code>).</li><li>According to the SQL standard, <code>HAVING</code> must reference columns that are either in the <code>GROUP BY</code> list or used in aggregate functions. However, MySQL extends this by allowing <code>HAVING</code> to reference columns from the <code>SELECT</code> clause list and columns from outer subqueries.</li><li>If a column referenced in <code>HAVING</code> is ambiguous, a warning will be generated. In the following statement, <code>col2</code> is ambiguous:</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT COUNT(col1) AS col2 FROM t GROUP BY col2 HAVING col2 = 2;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>Do not use <code>HAVING</code> where <code>WHERE</code> should be used. <code>HAVING</code> is intended to be used with <code>GROUP BY</code>.</p><p>The <code>HAVING</code> clause can reference aggregate functions, whereas <code>WHERE</code> cannot.</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT user, MAX(salary) FROM users</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> GROUP BY user HAVING MAX(salary) 10;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>The <code>LIMIT</code> clause can be used to restrict the number of rows returned by a <code>SELECT</code> statement. <code>LIMIT</code> can have one or two parameters, both of which must be non-negative integers.</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">-- Retrieve rows 6 to 15 from the result set.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT * FROM tbl LIMIT 5,10;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">-- If you want to retrieve all rows starting from a certain offset, you can set a very large constant as the second parameter. The following query retrieves all data starting from the 96th row:</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">SELECT * FROM tbl LIMIT 95,18446744073709551615;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">-- If LIMIT has only one parameter, then the parameter specifies the number of rows that should be retrieved, and the offset is defaulted to 0, which means starting from the first row.</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li><code>SELECT...INTO</code> allows the query results to be written to a file.</li><li>Modifiers for the <code>SELECT</code> keyword:<ul><li>Primarily used for removing duplicates.</li><li>The <code>ALL</code> and <code>DISTINCT</code> modifiers specify whether to remove duplicate rows (not a specific column) from the result set.</li><li><code>ALL</code> is the default modifier, meaning all rows that meet the criteria will be retrieved.</li><li><code>DISTINCT </code>removes duplicate rows.</li></ul></li><li>Key advantages of subqueries:<ul><li>Subqueries enable structured queries, allowing each part of a statement to be isolated.</li><li>Some operations require complex joins and associations. Subqueries provide alternative methods to perform these operations.</li></ul></li><li>Accelerating queries:<ul><li>Utilize Doris's partitioning and bucketing as data filtering conditions to reduce the data scanning range as much as possible.</li><li>Make full use of Doris's prefix index fields as data filtering conditions to speed up query performance.</li></ul></li><li>UNION:Using only the <code>union</code> keyword has the same effect as using <code>union distinct</code>. Since deduplication can be memory-intensive, using <code>union all</code> for queries can result in faster performance and reduced memory consumption. If users want to perform <code>order by</code> and <code>limit</code> operations on the returned result set, they should place the <code>union</code> operation within a subquery, then select from that subquery, and finally, place the subquery along with <code>order by</code> outside.</li></ul><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:#282A36"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">select * from (select age from student_01 union all select age from student_02) as t1 </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">order by age limit 4;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">+-------------+</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">| age |</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">+-------------+</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">| 18 |</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">| 19 |</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">| 20 |</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">| 21 |</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">+-------------+</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">4 rows in set (0.01 sec)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><ul><li>JOIN<ul><li>In addition to supporting equi-join in inner join conditions, non-equi-join is also supported. However, for performance considerations, it is recommended to use equi-join.</li><li>Other types of joins only support equi-join.</li></ul></li></ul></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/docs/2.0/query/query-data/mysql-compatibility"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">MySQL Compatibility</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/docs/2.0/query/query-data/complex-type"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Complex Type</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_jeP5 thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><a href="https://github.com/apache/doris/discussions" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="ml-4 mb-8 flex items-center hover:no-underline"><span class="pr-2">Join Discussion</span><svg viewBox="0 0 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