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| <section id="functions"> |
| <h1>Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h1> |
| <p>DataFusion provides a large number of built-in functions for performing complex queries without requiring user-defined functions. |
| In here we will cover some of the more popular use cases. If you want to view all the functions go to the <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#module-datafusion.functions" title="datafusion.functions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Functions</span></code></a> API Reference.</p> |
| <div class="admonition note"> |
| <p class="admonition-title">Note</p> |
| <p>For Apache Spark-compatible versions of these functions (with Spark |
| NULL-propagation, 1-indexed substrings, HALF_UP rounding, etc.), see |
| <a class="reference internal" href="spark-functions.html"><span class="std std-doc">Spark-Compatible Functions</span></a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <p>We’ll use the pokemon dataset in the following examples.</p> |
| <div class="cell docutils container"> |
| <div class="cell_input docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">datafusion</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SessionContext</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">ctx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SessionContext</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">ctx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_csv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"pokemon"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"pokemon.csv"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ctx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"pokemon"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <section id="mathematical"> |
| <h2>Mathematical<a class="headerlink" href="#mathematical" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>DataFusion offers mathematical functions such as <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.pow" title="datafusion.functions.pow"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.log" title="datafusion.functions.log"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">log()</span></code></a></p> |
| <div class="cell docutils container"> |
| <div class="cell_input docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">datafusion</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">col</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">literal</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">datafusion</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">functions</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Attack"'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Defense"'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="cell_output docutils container"> |
| <div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>DataFrame() |
| +------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | power(pokemon.Attack,Int64(2)) - power(pokemon.Defense,Int64(2)) | |
| +------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | 0.0 | |
| | -125.0 | |
| | -165.0 | |
| | -5129.0 | |
| | 855.0 | |
| | 732.0 | |
| | 972.0 | |
| | 4579.0 | |
| | 4732.0 | |
| | -1921.0 | |
| +------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| <section id="conditional"> |
| <h2>Conditional<a class="headerlink" href="#conditional" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>There 3 conditional functions in DataFusion <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.coalesce" title="datafusion.functions.coalesce"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">coalesce()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.nullif" title="datafusion.functions.nullif"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nullif()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.case" title="datafusion.functions.case"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">case()</span></code></a>.</p> |
| <div class="cell docutils container"> |
| <div class="cell_input docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coalesce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Type 1"'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Type 2"'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"dominant_type"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="cell_output docutils container"> |
| <div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>DataFrame() |
| +---------------+ |
| | dominant_type | |
| +---------------+ |
| | Grass | |
| | Grass | |
| | Grass | |
| | Grass | |
| | Fire | |
| | Fire | |
| | Fire | |
| | Fire | |
| | Fire | |
| | Water | |
| +---------------+ |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| <section id="temporal"> |
| <h2>Temporal<a class="headerlink" href="#temporal" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>For selecting the current time use <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.now" title="datafusion.functions.now"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">now()</span></code></a></p> |
| <div class="cell docutils container"> |
| <div class="cell_input docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="p">())</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="cell_output docutils container"> |
| <div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>DataFrame() |
| +-------------------------------+ |
| | now() | |
| +-------------------------------+ |
| | 2026-06-29T06:42:40.800579771 | |
| | 2026-06-29T06:42:40.800579771 | |
| | 2026-06-29T06:42:40.800579771 | |
| | 2026-06-29T06:42:40.800579771 | |
| | 2026-06-29T06:42:40.800579771 | |
| | 2026-06-29T06:42:40.800579771 | |
| | 2026-06-29T06:42:40.800579771 | |
| | 2026-06-29T06:42:40.800579771 | |
| | 2026-06-29T06:42:40.800579771 | |
| | 2026-06-29T06:42:40.800579771 | |
| +-------------------------------+ |
| Data truncated. |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Convert to timestamps using <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.to_timestamp" title="datafusion.functions.to_timestamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">to_timestamp()</span></code></a></p> |
| <div class="cell docutils container"> |
| <div class="cell_input docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_timestamp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Total"'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"timestamp"</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="cell_output docutils container"> |
| <div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>DataFrame() |
| +---------------------+ |
| | timestamp | |
| +---------------------+ |
| | 1970-01-01T00:05:18 | |
| | 1970-01-01T00:06:45 | |
| | 1970-01-01T00:08:45 | |
| | 1970-01-01T00:10:25 | |
| | 1970-01-01T00:05:09 | |
| | 1970-01-01T00:06:45 | |
| | 1970-01-01T00:08:54 | |
| | 1970-01-01T00:10:34 | |
| | 1970-01-01T00:10:34 | |
| | 1970-01-01T00:05:14 | |
| +---------------------+ |
| Data truncated. |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Extracting parts of a date using <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.date_part" title="datafusion.functions.date_part"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date_part()</span></code></a> (alias <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.extract" title="datafusion.functions.extract"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extract()</span></code></a>)</p> |
| <div class="cell docutils container"> |
| <div class="cell_input docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date_part</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"month"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_timestamp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Total"'</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"month"</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extract</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"day"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_timestamp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Total"'</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"day"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="cell_output docutils container"> |
| <div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>DataFrame() |
| +-------+-----+ |
| | month | day | |
| +-------+-----+ |
| | 1 | 1 | |
| | 1 | 1 | |
| | 1 | 1 | |
| | 1 | 1 | |
| | 1 | 1 | |
| | 1 | 1 | |
| | 1 | 1 | |
| | 1 | 1 | |
| | 1 | 1 | |
| | 1 | 1 | |
| +-------+-----+ |
| Data truncated. |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| <section id="string"> |
| <h2>String<a class="headerlink" href="#string" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>In the field of data science, working with textual data is a common task. To make string manipulation easier, |
| DataFusion offers a range of helpful options.</p> |
| <div class="cell docutils container"> |
| <div class="cell_input docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">char_length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Name"'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"len"</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Name"'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"lower"</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Name"'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"code"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="cell_output docutils container"> |
| <div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>DataFrame() |
| +-----+---------------------------+------+ |
| | len | lower | code | |
| +-----+---------------------------+------+ |
| | 9 | bulbasaur | Bulb | |
| | 7 | ivysaur | Ivys | |
| | 8 | venusaur | Venu | |
| | 21 | venusaurmega venusaur | Venu | |
| | 10 | charmander | Char | |
| | 10 | charmeleon | Char | |
| | 9 | charizard | Char | |
| | 25 | charizardmega charizard x | Char | |
| | 25 | charizardmega charizard y | Char | |
| | 8 | squirtle | Squi | |
| +-----+---------------------------+------+ |
| Data truncated. |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>This also includes the functions for regular expressions like <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.regexp_replace" title="datafusion.functions.regexp_replace"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">regexp_replace()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.regexp_match" title="datafusion.functions.regexp_match"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">regexp_match()</span></code></a></p> |
| <div class="cell docutils container"> |
| <div class="cell_input docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">regexp_match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Name"'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Char"</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"dragons"</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">regexp_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Name"'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"saur"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"fleur"</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"flowers"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="cell_output docutils container"> |
| <div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>DataFrame() |
| +---------+---------------------------+ |
| | dragons | flowers | |
| +---------+---------------------------+ |
| | | Bulbafleur | |
| | | Ivyfleur | |
| | | Venufleur | |
| | | VenufleurMega Venusaur | |
| | [Char] | Charmander | |
| | [Char] | Charmeleon | |
| | [Char] | Charizard | |
| | [Char] | CharizardMega Charizard X | |
| | [Char] | CharizardMega Charizard Y | |
| | | Squirtle | |
| +---------+---------------------------+ |
| Data truncated. |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| <section id="casting"> |
| <h2>Casting<a class="headerlink" href="#casting" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>Casting expressions to different data types using <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.arrow_cast" title="datafusion.functions.arrow_cast"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow_cast()</span></code></a></p> |
| <div class="cell docutils container"> |
| <div class="cell_input docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arrow_cast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Total"'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">"Float64"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"total_as_float"</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arrow_cast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Total"'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">"Int32"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"total_as_int"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="cell_output docutils container"> |
| <div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>DataFrame() |
| +----------------+--------------+ |
| | total_as_float | total_as_int | |
| +----------------+--------------+ |
| | 318.0 | 318 | |
| | 405.0 | 405 | |
| | 525.0 | 525 | |
| | 625.0 | 625 | |
| | 309.0 | 309 | |
| | 405.0 | 405 | |
| | 534.0 | 534 | |
| | 634.0 | 634 | |
| | 634.0 | 634 | |
| | 314.0 | 314 | |
| +----------------+--------------+ |
| Data truncated. |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| <section id="other"> |
| <h2>Other<a class="headerlink" href="#other" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>The function <a class="reference internal" href="../../autoapi/datafusion/functions/index.html#datafusion.functions.in_list" title="datafusion.functions.in_list"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">in_list()</span></code></a> allows to check a column for the presence of multiple values:</p> |
| <div class="cell docutils container"> |
| <div class="cell_input docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">types</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Grass"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Fire"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Water"</span><span class="p">)]</span> |
| <span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">in_list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'"Type 1"'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">types</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">negated</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"basic_types"</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_pandas</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="cell_output docutils container"> |
| <div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> basic_types |
| 0 True |
| 1 True |
| 2 True |
| 3 True |
| 4 True |
| 5 True |
| 6 True |
| 7 True |
| 8 True |
| 9 True |
| 10 True |
| 11 True |
| 12 True |
| 13 False |
| 14 False |
| 15 False |
| 16 False |
| 17 False |
| 18 False |
| 19 False |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| <section id="handling-missing-values"> |
| <h1>Handling Missing Values<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-missing-values" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h1> |
| <p>DataFusion provides methods to handle missing values in DataFrames:</p> |
| <section id="fill-null"> |
| <h2>fill_null<a class="headerlink" href="#fill-null" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill_null()</span></code> method replaces NULL values in specified columns with a provided value:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Fill all NULL values with 0 where possible</span> |
| <span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fill_null</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1"># Fill NULL values only in specific string columns</span> |
| <span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fill_null</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"missing"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">subset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"category"</span><span class="p">])</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>The fill value will be cast to match each column’s type. If casting fails for a column, that column remains unchanged.</p> |
| </section> |
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