MATH-1554: Remove package "o.a.c.math4.geometry".
diff --git a/src/changes/changes.xml b/src/changes/changes.xml
index 59dde50..1b4ce81 100644
--- a/src/changes/changes.xml
+++ b/src/changes/changes.xml
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@
     </release>
 
     <release version="4.0" date="XXXX-XX-XX" description="">
+      <action dev="erans" type="update" issue="MATH-1554">
+        Remove package "o.a.c.math4.geometry".
+      </action>
       <action dev="erans" type="fix" issue="MATH-1549" due-to="Mohammad Rezaei">
         "SimplexTableau": Internally "scale down" the problem definition when the
         constraints are defined with large numbers, in order to avoid spurious
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/CardanEulerSingularityException.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/CardanEulerSingularityException.java
deleted file mode 100644
index ad9c33e..0000000
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/CardanEulerSingularityException.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed;
-
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.MathIllegalStateException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.util.LocalizedFormats;
-
-/** This class represents exceptions thrown while extractiong Cardan
- * or Euler angles from a rotation.
-
- * @since 1.2
- */
-public class CardanEulerSingularityException
-  extends MathIllegalStateException {
-
-    /** Serializable version identifier */
-    private static final long serialVersionUID = -1360952845582206770L;
-
-    /**
-     * Simple constructor.
-     * build an exception with a default message.
-     * @param isCardan if true, the rotation is related to Cardan angles,
-     * if false it is related to EulerAngles
-     */
-    public CardanEulerSingularityException(boolean isCardan) {
-        super(isCardan ? LocalizedFormats.CARDAN_ANGLES_SINGULARITY : LocalizedFormats.EULER_ANGLES_SINGULARITY);
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldRotation.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldRotation.java
deleted file mode 100644
index e671acf..0000000
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldRotation.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1670 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed;
-
-import java.io.Serializable;
-
-import org.apache.commons.numbers.quaternion.Quaternion;
-import org.apache.commons.geometry.euclidean.threed.Vector3D;
-import org.apache.commons.geometry.euclidean.threed.rotation.QuaternionRotation;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.Field;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.RealFieldElement;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.MathArithmeticException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.MathIllegalArgumentException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.util.LocalizedFormats;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.util.FastMath;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.util.MathArrays;
-
-/**
- * Implementation of rotation using {@link RealFieldElement}.
- * <p>Instance of this class are guaranteed to be immutable.</p>
- *
- * @param <T> the type of the field elements
- * @see FieldVector3D
- * @see RotationOrder
- * @since 3.2
- */
-
-public class FieldRotation<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> implements Serializable {
-
-    /** Serializable version identifier */
-    private static final long serialVersionUID = 20130224l;
-
-    /** Scalar coordinate of the quaternion. */
-    private final T q0;
-
-    /** First coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion. */
-    private final T q1;
-
-    /** Second coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion. */
-    private final T q2;
-
-    /** Third coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion. */
-    private final T q3;
-
-    /** Build a rotation from the quaternion coordinates.
-     * <p>A rotation can be built from a <em>normalized</em> quaternion,
-     * i.e. a quaternion for which q<sub>0</sub><sup>2</sup> +
-     * q<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup> + q<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup> +
-     * q<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1. If the quaternion is not normalized,
-     * the constructor can normalize it in a preprocessing step.</p>
-     * <p>Note that some conventions put the scalar part of the quaternion
-     * as the 4<sup>th</sup> component and the vector part as the first three
-     * components. This is <em>not</em> our convention. We put the scalar part
-     * as the first component.</p>
-     * @param q0 scalar part of the quaternion
-     * @param q1 first coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
-     * @param q2 second coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
-     * @param q3 third coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
-     * @param needsNormalization if true, the coordinates are considered
-     * not to be normalized, a normalization preprocessing step is performed
-     * before using them
-     */
-    public FieldRotation(final T q0, final T q1, final T q2, final T q3, final boolean needsNormalization) {
-
-        if (needsNormalization) {
-            // normalization preprocessing
-            final T inv =
-                    q0.multiply(q0).add(q1.multiply(q1)).add(q2.multiply(q2)).add(q3.multiply(q3)).sqrt().reciprocal();
-            this.q0 = inv.multiply(q0);
-            this.q1 = inv.multiply(q1);
-            this.q2 = inv.multiply(q2);
-            this.q3 = inv.multiply(q3);
-        } else {
-            this.q0 = q0;
-            this.q1 = q1;
-            this.q2 = q2;
-            this.q3 = q3;
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    /** Build a rotation from an axis and an angle.
-     * <p>We use the convention that angles are oriented according to
-     * the effect of the rotation on vectors around the axis. That means
-     * that if (i, j, k) is a direct frame and if we first provide +k as
-     * the axis and &pi;/2 as the angle to this constructor, and then
-     * {@link #applyTo(FieldVector3D) apply} the instance to +i, we will get
-     * +j.</p>
-     * <p>Another way to represent our convention is to say that a rotation
-     * of angle &theta; about the unit vector (x, y, z) is the same as the
-     * rotation build from quaternion components { cos(-&theta;/2),
-     * x * sin(-&theta;/2), y * sin(-&theta;/2), z * sin(-&theta;/2) }.
-     * Note the minus sign on the angle!</p>
-     * <p>On the one hand this convention is consistent with a vectorial
-     * perspective (moving vectors in fixed frames), on the other hand it
-     * is different from conventions with a frame perspective (fixed vectors
-     * viewed from different frames) like the ones used for example in spacecraft
-     * attitude community or in the graphics community.</p>
-     * @param axis axis around which to rotate
-     * @param angle rotation angle.
-     * @exception MathIllegalArgumentException if the axis norm is zero
-     * @deprecated as of 3.6, replaced with {@link
-     * #FieldRotation(FieldVector3D, RealFieldElement, RotationConvention)}
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public FieldRotation(final FieldVector3D<T> axis, final T angle)
-        throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-        this(axis, angle, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-    }
-
-    /** Build a rotation from an axis and an angle.
-     * <p>We use the convention that angles are oriented according to
-     * the effect of the rotation on vectors around the axis. That means
-     * that if (i, j, k) is a direct frame and if we first provide +k as
-     * the axis and &pi;/2 as the angle to this constructor, and then
-     * {@link #applyTo(FieldVector3D) apply} the instance to +i, we will get
-     * +j.</p>
-     * <p>Another way to represent our convention is to say that a rotation
-     * of angle &theta; about the unit vector (x, y, z) is the same as the
-     * rotation build from quaternion components { cos(-&theta;/2),
-     * x * sin(-&theta;/2), y * sin(-&theta;/2), z * sin(-&theta;/2) }.
-     * Note the minus sign on the angle!</p>
-     * <p>On the one hand this convention is consistent with a vectorial
-     * perspective (moving vectors in fixed frames), on the other hand it
-     * is different from conventions with a frame perspective (fixed vectors
-     * viewed from different frames) like the ones used for example in spacecraft
-     * attitude community or in the graphics community.</p>
-     * @param axis axis around which to rotate
-     * @param angle rotation angle.
-     * @param convention convention to use for the semantics of the angle
-     * @exception MathIllegalArgumentException if the axis norm is zero
-     * @since 3.6
-     */
-    public FieldRotation(final FieldVector3D<T> axis, final T angle, final RotationConvention convention)
-        throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        final T norm = axis.getNorm();
-        if (norm.getReal() == 0) {
-            throw new MathIllegalArgumentException(LocalizedFormats.ZERO_NORM_FOR_ROTATION_AXIS);
-        }
-
-        final T halfAngle = angle.multiply(convention == RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR ? -0.5 : 0.5);
-        final T coeff = halfAngle.sin().divide(norm);
-
-        q0 = halfAngle.cos();
-        q1 = coeff.multiply(axis.getX());
-        q2 = coeff.multiply(axis.getY());
-        q3 = coeff.multiply(axis.getZ());
-
-    }
-
-    /** Build a rotation from a 3X3 matrix.
-
-     * <p>Rotation matrices are orthogonal matrices, i.e. unit matrices
-     * (which are matrices for which m.m<sup>T</sup> = I) with real
-     * coefficients. The module of the determinant of unit matrices is
-     * 1, among the orthogonal 3X3 matrices, only the ones having a
-     * positive determinant (+1) are rotation matrices.</p>
-
-     * <p>When a rotation is defined by a matrix with truncated values
-     * (typically when it is extracted from a technical sheet where only
-     * four to five significant digits are available), the matrix is not
-     * orthogonal anymore. This constructor handles this case
-     * transparently by using a copy of the given matrix and applying a
-     * correction to the copy in order to perfect its orthogonality. If
-     * the Frobenius norm of the correction needed is above the given
-     * threshold, then the matrix is considered to be too far from a
-     * true rotation matrix and an exception is thrown.<p>
-
-     * @param m rotation matrix
-     * @param threshold convergence threshold for the iterative
-     * orthogonality correction (convergence is reached when the
-     * difference between two steps of the Frobenius norm of the
-     * correction is below this threshold)
-
-     * @exception NotARotationMatrixException if the matrix is not a 3X3
-     * matrix, or if it cannot be transformed into an orthogonal matrix
-     * with the given threshold, or if the determinant of the resulting
-     * orthogonal matrix is negative
-
-     */
-    public FieldRotation(final T[][] m, final double threshold)
-        throws NotARotationMatrixException {
-
-        // dimension check
-        if ((m.length != 3) || (m[0].length != 3) ||
-                (m[1].length != 3) || (m[2].length != 3)) {
-            throw new NotARotationMatrixException(
-                                                  LocalizedFormats.ROTATION_MATRIX_DIMENSIONS,
-                                                  m.length, m[0].length);
-        }
-
-        // compute a "close" orthogonal matrix
-        final T[][] ort = orthogonalizeMatrix(m, threshold);
-
-        // check the sign of the determinant
-        final T d0 = ort[1][1].multiply(ort[2][2]).subtract(ort[2][1].multiply(ort[1][2]));
-        final T d1 = ort[0][1].multiply(ort[2][2]).subtract(ort[2][1].multiply(ort[0][2]));
-        final T d2 = ort[0][1].multiply(ort[1][2]).subtract(ort[1][1].multiply(ort[0][2]));
-        final T det =
-                ort[0][0].multiply(d0).subtract(ort[1][0].multiply(d1)).add(ort[2][0].multiply(d2));
-        if (det.getReal() < 0.0) {
-            throw new NotARotationMatrixException(
-                                                  LocalizedFormats.CLOSEST_ORTHOGONAL_MATRIX_HAS_NEGATIVE_DETERMINANT,
-                                                  det);
-        }
-
-        final T[] quat = mat2quat(ort);
-        q0 = quat[0];
-        q1 = quat[1];
-        q2 = quat[2];
-        q3 = quat[3];
-
-    }
-
-    /** Build the rotation that transforms a pair of vectors into another pair.
-
-     * <p>Except for possible scale factors, if the instance were applied to
-     * the pair (u<sub>1</sub>, u<sub>2</sub>) it will produce the pair
-     * (v<sub>1</sub>, v<sub>2</sub>).</p>
-
-     * <p>If the angular separation between u<sub>1</sub> and u<sub>2</sub> is
-     * not the same as the angular separation between v<sub>1</sub> and
-     * v<sub>2</sub>, then a corrected v'<sub>2</sub> will be used rather than
-     * v<sub>2</sub>, the corrected vector will be in the (&plusmn;v<sub>1</sub>,
-     * +v<sub>2</sub>) half-plane.</p>
-
-     * @param u1 first vector of the origin pair
-     * @param u2 second vector of the origin pair
-     * @param v1 desired image of u1 by the rotation
-     * @param v2 desired image of u2 by the rotation
-     * @exception MathArithmeticException if the norm of one of the vectors is zero,
-     * or if one of the pair is degenerated (i.e. the vectors of the pair are collinear)
-     */
-    public FieldRotation(FieldVector3D<T> u1, FieldVector3D<T> u2, FieldVector3D<T> v1, FieldVector3D<T> v2)
-        throws MathArithmeticException {
-
-        // build orthonormalized base from u1, u2
-        // this fails when vectors are null or collinear, which is forbidden to define a rotation
-        final FieldVector3D<T> u3 = FieldVector3D.crossProduct(u1, u2).normalize();
-        u2 = FieldVector3D.crossProduct(u3, u1).normalize();
-        u1 = u1.normalize();
-
-        // build an orthonormalized base from v1, v2
-        // this fails when vectors are null or collinear, which is forbidden to define a rotation
-        final FieldVector3D<T> v3 = FieldVector3D.crossProduct(v1, v2).normalize();
-        v2 = FieldVector3D.crossProduct(v3, v1).normalize();
-        v1 = v1.normalize();
-
-        // buid a matrix transforming the first base into the second one
-        final T[][] array = MathArrays.buildArray(u1.getX().getField(), 3, 3);
-        array[0][0] = u1.getX().multiply(v1.getX()).add(u2.getX().multiply(v2.getX())).add(u3.getX().multiply(v3.getX()));
-        array[0][1] = u1.getY().multiply(v1.getX()).add(u2.getY().multiply(v2.getX())).add(u3.getY().multiply(v3.getX()));
-        array[0][2] = u1.getZ().multiply(v1.getX()).add(u2.getZ().multiply(v2.getX())).add(u3.getZ().multiply(v3.getX()));
-        array[1][0] = u1.getX().multiply(v1.getY()).add(u2.getX().multiply(v2.getY())).add(u3.getX().multiply(v3.getY()));
-        array[1][1] = u1.getY().multiply(v1.getY()).add(u2.getY().multiply(v2.getY())).add(u3.getY().multiply(v3.getY()));
-        array[1][2] = u1.getZ().multiply(v1.getY()).add(u2.getZ().multiply(v2.getY())).add(u3.getZ().multiply(v3.getY()));
-        array[2][0] = u1.getX().multiply(v1.getZ()).add(u2.getX().multiply(v2.getZ())).add(u3.getX().multiply(v3.getZ()));
-        array[2][1] = u1.getY().multiply(v1.getZ()).add(u2.getY().multiply(v2.getZ())).add(u3.getY().multiply(v3.getZ()));
-        array[2][2] = u1.getZ().multiply(v1.getZ()).add(u2.getZ().multiply(v2.getZ())).add(u3.getZ().multiply(v3.getZ()));
-
-        T[] quat = mat2quat(array);
-        q0 = quat[0];
-        q1 = quat[1];
-        q2 = quat[2];
-        q3 = quat[3];
-
-    }
-
-    /** Build one of the rotations that transform one vector into another one.
-
-     * <p>Except for a possible scale factor, if the instance were
-     * applied to the vector u it will produce the vector v. There is an
-     * infinite number of such rotations, this constructor choose the
-     * one with the smallest associated angle (i.e. the one whose axis
-     * is orthogonal to the (u, v) plane). If u and v are collinear, an
-     * arbitrary rotation axis is chosen.</p>
-
-     * @param u origin vector
-     * @param v desired image of u by the rotation
-     * @exception MathArithmeticException if the norm of one of the vectors is zero
-     */
-    public FieldRotation(final FieldVector3D<T> u, final FieldVector3D<T> v) throws MathArithmeticException {
-
-        final T normProduct = u.getNorm().multiply(v.getNorm());
-        if (normProduct.getReal() == 0) {
-            throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.ZERO_NORM_FOR_ROTATION_DEFINING_VECTOR);
-        }
-
-        final T dot = FieldVector3D.dotProduct(u, v);
-
-        if (dot.getReal() < ((2.0e-15 - 1.0) * normProduct.getReal())) {
-            // special case u = -v: we select a PI angle rotation around
-            // an arbitrary vector orthogonal to u
-            final FieldVector3D<T> w = u.orthogonal();
-            q0 = normProduct.getField().getZero();
-            q1 = w.getX().negate();
-            q2 = w.getY().negate();
-            q3 = w.getZ().negate();
-        } else {
-            // general case: (u, v) defines a plane, we select
-            // the shortest possible rotation: axis orthogonal to this plane
-            q0 = dot.divide(normProduct).add(1.0).multiply(0.5).sqrt();
-            final T coeff = q0.multiply(normProduct).multiply(2.0).reciprocal();
-            final FieldVector3D<T> q = FieldVector3D.crossProduct(v, u);
-            q1 = coeff.multiply(q.getX());
-            q2 = coeff.multiply(q.getY());
-            q3 = coeff.multiply(q.getZ());
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    /** Build a rotation from three Cardan or Euler elementary rotations.
-
-     * <p>Cardan rotations are three successive rotations around the
-     * canonical axes X, Y and Z, each axis being used once. There are
-     * 6 such sets of rotations (XYZ, XZY, YXZ, YZX, ZXY and ZYX). Euler
-     * rotations are three successive rotations around the canonical
-     * axes X, Y and Z, the first and last rotations being around the
-     * same axis. There are 6 such sets of rotations (XYX, XZX, YXY,
-     * YZY, ZXZ and ZYZ), the most popular one being ZXZ.</p>
-     * <p>Beware that many people routinely use the term Euler angles even
-     * for what really are Cardan angles (this confusion is especially
-     * widespread in the aerospace business where Roll, Pitch and Yaw angles
-     * are often wrongly tagged as Euler angles).</p>
-
-     * @param order order of rotations to use
-     * @param alpha1 angle of the first elementary rotation
-     * @param alpha2 angle of the second elementary rotation
-     * @param alpha3 angle of the third elementary rotation
-     * @deprecated as of 3.6, replaced with {@link
-     * #FieldRotation(RotationOrder, RotationConvention,
-     * RealFieldElement, RealFieldElement, RealFieldElement)}
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public FieldRotation(final RotationOrder order, final T alpha1, final T alpha2, final T alpha3) {
-        this(order, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR, alpha1, alpha2, alpha3);
-    }
-
-    /** Build a rotation from three Cardan or Euler elementary rotations.
-
-     * <p>Cardan rotations are three successive rotations around the
-     * canonical axes X, Y and Z, each axis being used once. There are
-     * 6 such sets of rotations (XYZ, XZY, YXZ, YZX, ZXY and ZYX). Euler
-     * rotations are three successive rotations around the canonical
-     * axes X, Y and Z, the first and last rotations being around the
-     * same axis. There are 6 such sets of rotations (XYX, XZX, YXY,
-     * YZY, ZXZ and ZYZ), the most popular one being ZXZ.</p>
-     * <p>Beware that many people routinely use the term Euler angles even
-     * for what really are Cardan angles (this confusion is especially
-     * widespread in the aerospace business where Roll, Pitch and Yaw angles
-     * are often wrongly tagged as Euler angles).</p>
-
-     * @param order order of rotations to compose, from left to right
-     * (i.e. we will use {@code r1.compose(r2.compose(r3, convention), convention)})
-     * @param convention convention to use for the semantics of the angle
-     * @param alpha1 angle of the first elementary rotation
-     * @param alpha2 angle of the second elementary rotation
-     * @param alpha3 angle of the third elementary rotation
-     * @since 3.6
-     */
-    public FieldRotation(final RotationOrder order, final RotationConvention convention,
-                         final T alpha1, final T alpha2, final T alpha3) {
-        final T one = alpha1.getField().getOne();
-        final FieldRotation<T> r1 = new FieldRotation<>(new FieldVector3D<>(one, order.getA1()), alpha1, convention);
-        final FieldRotation<T> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(new FieldVector3D<>(one, order.getA2()), alpha2, convention);
-        final FieldRotation<T> r3 = new FieldRotation<>(new FieldVector3D<>(one, order.getA3()), alpha3, convention);
-        final FieldRotation<T> composed = r1.compose(r2.compose(r3, convention), convention);
-        q0 = composed.q0;
-        q1 = composed.q1;
-        q2 = composed.q2;
-        q3 = composed.q3;
-    }
-
-    /** Convert an orthogonal rotation matrix to a quaternion.
-     * @param ort orthogonal rotation matrix
-     * @return quaternion corresponding to the matrix
-     */
-    private T[] mat2quat(final T[][] ort) {
-
-        final T[] quat = MathArrays.buildArray(ort[0][0].getField(), 4);
-
-        // There are different ways to compute the quaternions elements
-        // from the matrix. They all involve computing one element from
-        // the diagonal of the matrix, and computing the three other ones
-        // using a formula involving a division by the first element,
-        // which unfortunately can be zero. Since the norm of the
-        // quaternion is 1, we know at least one element has an absolute
-        // value greater or equal to 0.5, so it is always possible to
-        // select the right formula and avoid division by zero and even
-        // numerical inaccuracy. Checking the elements in turn and using
-        // the first one greater than 0.45 is safe (this leads to a simple
-        // test since qi = 0.45 implies 4 qi^2 - 1 = -0.19)
-        T s = ort[0][0].add(ort[1][1]).add(ort[2][2]);
-        if (s.getReal() > -0.19) {
-            // compute q0 and deduce q1, q2 and q3
-            quat[0] = s.add(1.0).sqrt().multiply(0.5);
-            T inv = quat[0].reciprocal().multiply(0.25);
-            quat[1] = inv.multiply(ort[1][2].subtract(ort[2][1]));
-            quat[2] = inv.multiply(ort[2][0].subtract(ort[0][2]));
-            quat[3] = inv.multiply(ort[0][1].subtract(ort[1][0]));
-        } else {
-            s = ort[0][0].subtract(ort[1][1]).subtract(ort[2][2]);
-            if (s.getReal() > -0.19) {
-                // compute q1 and deduce q0, q2 and q3
-                quat[1] = s.add(1.0).sqrt().multiply(0.5);
-                T inv = quat[1].reciprocal().multiply(0.25);
-                quat[0] = inv.multiply(ort[1][2].subtract(ort[2][1]));
-                quat[2] = inv.multiply(ort[0][1].add(ort[1][0]));
-                quat[3] = inv.multiply(ort[0][2].add(ort[2][0]));
-            } else {
-                s = ort[1][1].subtract(ort[0][0]).subtract(ort[2][2]);
-                if (s.getReal() > -0.19) {
-                    // compute q2 and deduce q0, q1 and q3
-                    quat[2] = s.add(1.0).sqrt().multiply(0.5);
-                    T inv = quat[2].reciprocal().multiply(0.25);
-                    quat[0] = inv.multiply(ort[2][0].subtract(ort[0][2]));
-                    quat[1] = inv.multiply(ort[0][1].add(ort[1][0]));
-                    quat[3] = inv.multiply(ort[2][1].add(ort[1][2]));
-                } else {
-                    // compute q3 and deduce q0, q1 and q2
-                    s = ort[2][2].subtract(ort[0][0]).subtract(ort[1][1]);
-                    quat[3] = s.add(1.0).sqrt().multiply(0.5);
-                    T inv = quat[3].reciprocal().multiply(0.25);
-                    quat[0] = inv.multiply(ort[0][1].subtract(ort[1][0]));
-                    quat[1] = inv.multiply(ort[0][2].add(ort[2][0]));
-                    quat[2] = inv.multiply(ort[2][1].add(ort[1][2]));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return quat;
-
-    }
-
-    /** Revert a rotation.
-     * Build a rotation which reverse the effect of another
-     * rotation. This means that if r(u) = v, then r.revert(v) = u. The
-     * instance is not changed.
-     * @return a new rotation whose effect is the reverse of the effect
-     * of the instance
-     */
-    public FieldRotation<T> revert() {
-        return new FieldRotation<>(q0.negate(), q1, q2, q3, false);
-    }
-
-    /** Get the scalar coordinate of the quaternion.
-     * @return scalar coordinate of the quaternion
-     */
-    public T getQ0() {
-        return q0;
-    }
-
-    /** Get the first coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion.
-     * @return first coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
-     */
-    public T getQ1() {
-        return q1;
-    }
-
-    /** Get the second coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion.
-     * @return second coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
-     */
-    public T getQ2() {
-        return q2;
-    }
-
-    /** Get the third coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion.
-     * @return third coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
-     */
-    public T getQ3() {
-        return q3;
-    }
-
-    /** Get the normalized axis of the rotation.
-     * @return normalized axis of the rotation
-     * @see #FieldRotation(FieldVector3D, RealFieldElement)
-     * @deprecated as of 3.6, replaced with {@link #getAxis(RotationConvention)}
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public FieldVector3D<T> getAxis() {
-        return getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-    }
-
-    /** Get the normalized axis of the rotation.
-     * <p>
-     * Note that as {@link #getAngle()} always returns an angle
-     * between 0 and &pi;, changing the convention changes the
-     * direction of the axis, not the sign of the angle.
-     * </p>
-     * @param convention convention to use for the semantics of the angle
-     * @return normalized axis of the rotation
-     * @see #FieldRotation(FieldVector3D, RealFieldElement)
-     * @since 3.6
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> getAxis(final RotationConvention convention) {
-        final T squaredSine = q1.multiply(q1).add(q2.multiply(q2)).add(q3.multiply(q3));
-        if (squaredSine.getReal() == 0) {
-            final Field<T> field = squaredSine.getField();
-            return new FieldVector3D<>(convention == RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR ? field.getOne(): field.getOne().negate(),
-                                        field.getZero(),
-                                        field.getZero());
-        } else {
-            final double sgn = convention == RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR ? +1 : -1;
-            if (q0.getReal() < 0) {
-                T inverse = squaredSine.sqrt().reciprocal().multiply(sgn);
-                return new FieldVector3D<>(q1.multiply(inverse), q2.multiply(inverse), q3.multiply(inverse));
-            }
-            final T inverse = squaredSine.sqrt().reciprocal().negate().multiply(sgn);
-            return new FieldVector3D<>(q1.multiply(inverse), q2.multiply(inverse), q3.multiply(inverse));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Get the angle of the rotation.
-     * @return angle of the rotation (between 0 and &pi;)
-     * @see #FieldRotation(FieldVector3D, RealFieldElement)
-     */
-    public T getAngle() {
-        if ((q0.getReal() < -0.1) || (q0.getReal() > 0.1)) {
-            return q1.multiply(q1).add(q2.multiply(q2)).add(q3.multiply(q3)).sqrt().asin().multiply(2);
-        } else if (q0.getReal() < 0) {
-            return q0.negate().acos().multiply(2);
-        }
-        return q0.acos().multiply(2);
-    }
-
-    /** Get the Cardan or Euler angles corresponding to the instance.
-
-     * <p>The equations show that each rotation can be defined by two
-     * different values of the Cardan or Euler angles set. For example
-     * if Cardan angles are used, the rotation defined by the angles
-     * a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub> and a<sub>3</sub> is the same as
-     * the rotation defined by the angles &pi; + a<sub>1</sub>, &pi;
-     * - a<sub>2</sub> and &pi; + a<sub>3</sub>. This method implements
-     * the following arbitrary choices:</p>
-     * <ul>
-     *   <li>for Cardan angles, the chosen set is the one for which the
-     *   second angle is between -&pi;/2 and &pi;/2 (i.e its cosine is
-     *   positive),</li>
-     *   <li>for Euler angles, the chosen set is the one for which the
-     *   second angle is between 0 and &pi; (i.e its sine is positive).</li>
-     * </ul>
-
-     * <p>Cardan and Euler angle have a very disappointing drawback: all
-     * of them have singularities. This means that if the instance is
-     * too close to the singularities corresponding to the given
-     * rotation order, it will be impossible to retrieve the angles. For
-     * Cardan angles, this is often called gimbal lock. There is
-     * <em>nothing</em> to do to prevent this, it is an intrinsic problem
-     * with Cardan and Euler representation (but not a problem with the
-     * rotation itself, which is perfectly well defined). For Cardan
-     * angles, singularities occur when the second angle is close to
-     * -&pi;/2 or +&pi;/2, for Euler angle singularities occur when the
-     * second angle is close to 0 or &pi;, this implies that the identity
-     * rotation is always singular for Euler angles!</p>
-
-     * @param order rotation order to use
-     * @return an array of three angles, in the order specified by the set
-     * @exception CardanEulerSingularityException if the rotation is
-     * singular with respect to the angles set specified
-     * @deprecated as of 3.6, replaced with {@link #getAngles(RotationOrder, RotationConvention)}
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public T[] getAngles(final RotationOrder order)
-        throws CardanEulerSingularityException {
-        return getAngles(order, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-    }
-
-    /** Get the Cardan or Euler angles corresponding to the instance.
-
-     * <p>The equations show that each rotation can be defined by two
-     * different values of the Cardan or Euler angles set. For example
-     * if Cardan angles are used, the rotation defined by the angles
-     * a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub> and a<sub>3</sub> is the same as
-     * the rotation defined by the angles &pi; + a<sub>1</sub>, &pi;
-     * - a<sub>2</sub> and &pi; + a<sub>3</sub>. This method implements
-     * the following arbitrary choices:</p>
-     * <ul>
-     *   <li>for Cardan angles, the chosen set is the one for which the
-     *   second angle is between -&pi;/2 and &pi;/2 (i.e its cosine is
-     *   positive),</li>
-     *   <li>for Euler angles, the chosen set is the one for which the
-     *   second angle is between 0 and &pi; (i.e its sine is positive).</li>
-     * </ul>
-
-     * <p>Cardan and Euler angle have a very disappointing drawback: all
-     * of them have singularities. This means that if the instance is
-     * too close to the singularities corresponding to the given
-     * rotation order, it will be impossible to retrieve the angles. For
-     * Cardan angles, this is often called gimbal lock. There is
-     * <em>nothing</em> to do to prevent this, it is an intrinsic problem
-     * with Cardan and Euler representation (but not a problem with the
-     * rotation itself, which is perfectly well defined). For Cardan
-     * angles, singularities occur when the second angle is close to
-     * -&pi;/2 or +&pi;/2, for Euler angle singularities occur when the
-     * second angle is close to 0 or &pi;, this implies that the identity
-     * rotation is always singular for Euler angles!</p>
-
-     * @param order rotation order to use
-     * @param convention convention to use for the semantics of the angle
-     * @return an array of three angles, in the order specified by the set
-     * @exception CardanEulerSingularityException if the rotation is
-     * singular with respect to the angles set specified
-     * @since 3.6
-     */
-    public T[] getAngles(final RotationOrder order, RotationConvention convention)
-        throws CardanEulerSingularityException {
-
-        if (convention == RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR) {
-            if (order == RotationOrder.XYZ) {
-
-                // r (+K) coordinates are :
-                //  sin (theta), -cos (theta) sin (phi), cos (theta) cos (phi)
-                // (-r) (+I) coordinates are :
-                // cos (psi) cos (theta), -sin (psi) cos (theta), sin (theta)
-                final // and we can choose to have theta in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(0, 0, 1));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(1, 0, 0));
-                if  ((v2.getZ().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getZ().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getY().negate().atan2(v1.getZ()),
-                                  v2.getZ().asin(),
-                                  v2.getY().negate().atan2(v2.getX()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.XZY) {
-
-                // r (+J) coordinates are :
-                // -sin (psi), cos (psi) cos (phi), cos (psi) sin (phi)
-                // (-r) (+I) coordinates are :
-                // cos (theta) cos (psi), -sin (psi), sin (theta) cos (psi)
-                // and we can choose to have psi in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(0, 1, 0));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(1, 0, 0));
-                if ((v2.getY().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getY().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getZ().atan2(v1.getY()),
-                                  v2.getY().asin().negate(),
-                                  v2.getZ().atan2(v2.getX()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.YXZ) {
-
-                // r (+K) coordinates are :
-                //  cos (phi) sin (theta), -sin (phi), cos (phi) cos (theta)
-                // (-r) (+J) coordinates are :
-                // sin (psi) cos (phi), cos (psi) cos (phi), -sin (phi)
-                // and we can choose to have phi in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(0, 0, 1));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(0, 1, 0));
-                if ((v2.getZ().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getZ().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getX().atan2(v1.getZ()),
-                                  v2.getZ().asin().negate(),
-                                  v2.getX().atan2(v2.getY()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.YZX) {
-
-                // r (+I) coordinates are :
-                // cos (psi) cos (theta), sin (psi), -cos (psi) sin (theta)
-                // (-r) (+J) coordinates are :
-                // sin (psi), cos (phi) cos (psi), -sin (phi) cos (psi)
-                // and we can choose to have psi in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(1, 0, 0));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(0, 1, 0));
-                if ((v2.getX().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getX().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getZ().negate().atan2(v1.getX()),
-                                  v2.getX().asin(),
-                                  v2.getZ().negate().atan2(v2.getY()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.ZXY) {
-
-                // r (+J) coordinates are :
-                // -cos (phi) sin (psi), cos (phi) cos (psi), sin (phi)
-                // (-r) (+K) coordinates are :
-                // -sin (theta) cos (phi), sin (phi), cos (theta) cos (phi)
-                // and we can choose to have phi in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(0, 1, 0));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(0, 0, 1));
-                if ((v2.getY().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getY().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getX().negate().atan2(v1.getY()),
-                                  v2.getY().asin(),
-                                  v2.getX().negate().atan2(v2.getZ()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.ZYX) {
-
-                // r (+I) coordinates are :
-                //  cos (theta) cos (psi), cos (theta) sin (psi), -sin (theta)
-                // (-r) (+K) coordinates are :
-                // -sin (theta), sin (phi) cos (theta), cos (phi) cos (theta)
-                // and we can choose to have theta in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(1, 0, 0));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(0, 0, 1));
-                if ((v2.getX().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getX().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getY().atan2(v1.getX()),
-                                  v2.getX().asin().negate(),
-                                  v2.getY().atan2(v2.getZ()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.XYX) {
-
-                // r (+I) coordinates are :
-                //  cos (theta), sin (phi1) sin (theta), -cos (phi1) sin (theta)
-                // (-r) (+I) coordinates are :
-                // cos (theta), sin (theta) sin (phi2), sin (theta) cos (phi2)
-                // and we can choose to have theta in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(1, 0, 0));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(1, 0, 0));
-                if ((v2.getX().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getX().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getY().atan2(v1.getZ().negate()),
-                                  v2.getX().acos(),
-                                  v2.getY().atan2(v2.getZ()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.XZX) {
-
-                // r (+I) coordinates are :
-                //  cos (psi), cos (phi1) sin (psi), sin (phi1) sin (psi)
-                // (-r) (+I) coordinates are :
-                // cos (psi), -sin (psi) cos (phi2), sin (psi) sin (phi2)
-                // and we can choose to have psi in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(1, 0, 0));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(1, 0, 0));
-                if ((v2.getX().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getX().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getZ().atan2(v1.getY()),
-                                  v2.getX().acos(),
-                                  v2.getZ().atan2(v2.getY().negate()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.YXY) {
-
-                // r (+J) coordinates are :
-                //  sin (theta1) sin (phi), cos (phi), cos (theta1) sin (phi)
-                // (-r) (+J) coordinates are :
-                // sin (phi) sin (theta2), cos (phi), -sin (phi) cos (theta2)
-                // and we can choose to have phi in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(0, 1, 0));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(0, 1, 0));
-                if ((v2.getY().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getY().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getX().atan2(v1.getZ()),
-                                  v2.getY().acos(),
-                                  v2.getX().atan2(v2.getZ().negate()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.YZY) {
-
-                // r (+J) coordinates are :
-                //  -cos (theta1) sin (psi), cos (psi), sin (theta1) sin (psi)
-                // (-r) (+J) coordinates are :
-                // sin (psi) cos (theta2), cos (psi), sin (psi) sin (theta2)
-                // and we can choose to have psi in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(0, 1, 0));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(0, 1, 0));
-                if ((v2.getY().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getY().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getZ().atan2(v1.getX().negate()),
-                                  v2.getY().acos(),
-                                  v2.getZ().atan2(v2.getX()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.ZXZ) {
-
-                // r (+K) coordinates are :
-                //  sin (psi1) sin (phi), -cos (psi1) sin (phi), cos (phi)
-                // (-r) (+K) coordinates are :
-                // sin (phi) sin (psi2), sin (phi) cos (psi2), cos (phi)
-                // and we can choose to have phi in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(0, 0, 1));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(0, 0, 1));
-                if ((v2.getZ().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getZ().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getX().atan2(v1.getY().negate()),
-                                  v2.getZ().acos(),
-                                  v2.getX().atan2(v2.getY()));
-
-            } else { // last possibility is ZYZ
-
-                // r (+K) coordinates are :
-                //  cos (psi1) sin (theta), sin (psi1) sin (theta), cos (theta)
-                // (-r) (+K) coordinates are :
-                // -sin (theta) cos (psi2), sin (theta) sin (psi2), cos (theta)
-                // and we can choose to have theta in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(vector(0, 0, 1));
-                final FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(vector(0, 0, 1));
-                if ((v2.getZ().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getZ().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v1.getY().atan2(v1.getX()),
-                                  v2.getZ().acos(),
-                                  v2.getY().atan2(v2.getX().negate()));
-
-            }
-        } else {
-            if (order == RotationOrder.XYZ) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusI) coordinates are :
-                //  cos (theta) cos (psi), -cos (theta) sin (psi), sin (theta)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusK) coordinates are :
-                // sin (theta), -sin (phi) cos (theta), cos (phi) cos (theta)
-                // and we can choose to have theta in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-                if ((v2.getX().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getX().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getY().negate().atan2(v2.getZ()),
-                                  v2.getX().asin(),
-                                  v1.getY().negate().atan2(v1.getX()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.XZY) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusI) coordinates are :
-                // cos (psi) cos (theta), -sin (psi), cos (psi) sin (theta)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusJ) coordinates are :
-                // -sin (psi), cos (phi) cos (psi), sin (phi) cos (psi)
-                // and we can choose to have psi in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-                if ((v2.getX().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getX().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getZ().atan2(v2.getY()),
-                                  v2.getX().asin().negate(),
-                                  v1.getZ().atan2(v1.getX()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.YXZ) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusJ) coordinates are :
-                // cos (phi) sin (psi), cos (phi) cos (psi), -sin (phi)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusK) coordinates are :
-                // sin (theta) cos (phi), -sin (phi), cos (theta) cos (phi)
-                // and we can choose to have phi in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-                if ((v2.getY().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getY().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getX().atan2(v2.getZ()),
-                                  v2.getY().asin().negate(),
-                                  v1.getX().atan2(v1.getY()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.YZX) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusJ) coordinates are :
-                // sin (psi), cos (psi) cos (phi), -cos (psi) sin (phi)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusI) coordinates are :
-                // cos (theta) cos (psi), sin (psi), -sin (theta) cos (psi)
-                // and we can choose to have psi in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-                if ((v2.getY().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getY().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getZ().negate().atan2(v2.getX()),
-                                  v2.getY().asin(),
-                                  v1.getZ().negate().atan2(v1.getY()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.ZXY) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusK) coordinates are :
-                //  -cos (phi) sin (theta), sin (phi), cos (phi) cos (theta)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusJ) coordinates are :
-                // -sin (psi) cos (phi), cos (psi) cos (phi), sin (phi)
-                // and we can choose to have phi in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-                if ((v2.getZ().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getZ().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getX().negate().atan2(v2.getY()),
-                                  v2.getZ().asin(),
-                                  v1.getX().negate().atan2(v1.getZ()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.ZYX) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusK) coordinates are :
-                //  -sin (theta), cos (theta) sin (phi), cos (theta) cos (phi)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusI) coordinates are :
-                // cos (psi) cos (theta), sin (psi) cos (theta), -sin (theta)
-                // and we can choose to have theta in the interval [-PI/2 ; +PI/2]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-                if  ((v2.getZ().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getZ().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(true);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getY().atan2(v2.getX()),
-                                  v2.getZ().asin().negate(),
-                                  v1.getY().atan2(v1.getZ()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.XYX) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusI) coordinates are :
-                //  cos (theta), sin (phi2) sin (theta), cos (phi2) sin (theta)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusI) coordinates are :
-                // cos (theta), sin (theta) sin (phi1), -sin (theta) cos (phi1)
-                // and we can choose to have theta in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-                if ((v2.getX().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getX().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getY().atan2(v2.getZ().negate()),
-                                  v2.getX().acos(),
-                                  v1.getY().atan2(v1.getZ()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.XZX) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusI) coordinates are :
-                //  cos (psi), -cos (phi2) sin (psi), sin (phi2) sin (psi)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusI) coordinates are :
-                // cos (psi), sin (psi) cos (phi1), sin (psi) sin (phi1)
-                // and we can choose to have psi in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-                if ((v2.getX().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getX().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getZ().atan2(v2.getY()),
-                                  v2.getX().acos(),
-                                  v1.getZ().atan2(v1.getY().negate()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.YXY) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusJ) coordinates are :
-                // sin (phi) sin (theta2), cos (phi), -sin (phi) cos (theta2)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusJ) coordinates are :
-                //  sin (theta1) sin (phi), cos (phi), cos (theta1) sin (phi)
-                // and we can choose to have phi in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-                if ((v2.getY().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getY().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getX().atan2(v2.getZ()),
-                                  v2.getY().acos(),
-                                  v1.getX().atan2(v1.getZ().negate()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.YZY) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusJ) coordinates are :
-                // sin (psi) cos (theta2), cos (psi), sin (psi) sin (theta2)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusJ) coordinates are :
-                //  -cos (theta1) sin (psi), cos (psi), sin (theta1) sin (psi)
-                // and we can choose to have psi in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-                if ((v2.getY().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getY().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getZ().atan2(v2.getX().negate()),
-                                  v2.getY().acos(),
-                                  v1.getZ().atan2(v1.getX()));
-
-            } else if (order == RotationOrder.ZXZ) {
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusK) coordinates are :
-                // sin (phi) sin (psi2), sin (phi) cos (psi2), cos (phi)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusK) coordinates are :
-                //  sin (psi1) sin (phi), -cos (psi1) sin (phi), cos (phi)
-                // and we can choose to have phi in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-                if ((v2.getZ().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getZ().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getX().atan2(v2.getY().negate()),
-                                  v2.getZ().acos(),
-                                  v1.getX().atan2(v1.getY()));
-
-            } else { // last possibility is ZYZ
-
-                // r (Cartesian3D.plusK) coordinates are :
-                // -sin (theta) cos (psi2), sin (theta) sin (psi2), cos (theta)
-                // (-r) (Cartesian3D.plusK) coordinates are :
-                //  cos (psi1) sin (theta), sin (psi1) sin (theta), cos (theta)
-                // and we can choose to have theta in the interval [0 ; PI]
-                FieldVector3D<T> v1 = applyTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-                FieldVector3D<T> v2 = applyInverseTo(Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-                if ((v2.getZ().getReal() < -0.9999999999) || (v2.getZ().getReal() > 0.9999999999)) {
-                    throw new CardanEulerSingularityException(false);
-                }
-                return buildArray(v2.getY().atan2(v2.getX()),
-                                  v2.getZ().acos(),
-                                  v1.getY().atan2(v1.getX().negate()));
-
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    /** Create a dimension 3 array.
-     * @param a0 first array element
-     * @param a1 second array element
-     * @param a2 third array element
-     * @return new array
-     */
-    private T[] buildArray(final T a0, final T a1, final T a2) {
-        final T[] array = MathArrays.buildArray(a0.getField(), 3);
-        array[0] = a0;
-        array[1] = a1;
-        array[2] = a2;
-        return array;
-    }
-
-    /** Create a constant vector.
-     * @param x abscissa
-     * @param y ordinate
-     * @param z height
-     * @return a constant vector
-     */
-    private FieldVector3D<T> vector(final double x, final double y, final double z) {
-        final T zero = q0.getField().getZero();
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(zero.add(x), zero.add(y), zero.add(z));
-    }
-
-    /** Get the 3X3 matrix corresponding to the instance
-     * @return the matrix corresponding to the instance
-     */
-    public T[][] getMatrix() {
-
-        // products
-        final T q0q0  = q0.multiply(q0);
-        final T q0q1  = q0.multiply(q1);
-        final T q0q2  = q0.multiply(q2);
-        final T q0q3  = q0.multiply(q3);
-        final T q1q1  = q1.multiply(q1);
-        final T q1q2  = q1.multiply(q2);
-        final T q1q3  = q1.multiply(q3);
-        final T q2q2  = q2.multiply(q2);
-        final T q2q3  = q2.multiply(q3);
-        final T q3q3  = q3.multiply(q3);
-
-        // create the matrix
-        final T[][] m = MathArrays.buildArray(q0.getField(), 3, 3);
-
-        m [0][0] = q0q0.add(q1q1).multiply(2).subtract(1);
-        m [1][0] = q1q2.subtract(q0q3).multiply(2);
-        m [2][0] = q1q3.add(q0q2).multiply(2);
-
-        m [0][1] = q1q2.add(q0q3).multiply(2);
-        m [1][1] = q0q0.add(q2q2).multiply(2).subtract(1);
-        m [2][1] = q2q3.subtract(q0q1).multiply(2);
-
-        m [0][2] = q1q3.subtract(q0q2).multiply(2);
-        m [1][2] = q2q3.add(q0q1).multiply(2);
-        m [2][2] = q0q0.add(q3q3).multiply(2).subtract(1);
-
-        return m;
-
-    }
-
-    /** Convert to a constant vector without derivatives.
-     * @return a constant vector
-     */
-    public QuaternionRotation toRotation() {
-        return QuaternionRotation.of(q0.getReal(), q1.getReal(), q2.getReal(), q3.getReal());
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the rotation to a vector.
-     * @param u vector to apply the rotation to
-     * @return a new vector which is the image of u by the rotation
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> applyTo(final FieldVector3D<T> u) {
-
-        final T x = u.getX();
-        final T y = u.getY();
-        final T z = u.getZ();
-
-        final T s = q1.multiply(x).add(q2.multiply(y)).add(q3.multiply(z));
-
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(q0.multiply(x.multiply(q0).subtract(q2.multiply(z).subtract(q3.multiply(y)))).add(s.multiply(q1)).multiply(2).subtract(x),
-                                    q0.multiply(y.multiply(q0).subtract(q3.multiply(x).subtract(q1.multiply(z)))).add(s.multiply(q2)).multiply(2).subtract(y),
-                                    q0.multiply(z.multiply(q0).subtract(q1.multiply(y).subtract(q2.multiply(x)))).add(s.multiply(q3)).multiply(2).subtract(z));
-
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the rotation to a vector.
-     * @param u vector to apply the rotation to
-     * @return a new vector which is the image of u by the rotation
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> applyTo(final Vector3D u) {
-
-        final double x = u.getX();
-        final double y = u.getY();
-        final double z = u.getZ();
-
-        final T s = q1.multiply(x).add(q2.multiply(y)).add(q3.multiply(z));
-
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(q0.multiply(q0.multiply(x).subtract(q2.multiply(z).subtract(q3.multiply(y)))).add(s.multiply(q1)).multiply(2).subtract(x),
-                                    q0.multiply(q0.multiply(y).subtract(q3.multiply(x).subtract(q1.multiply(z)))).add(s.multiply(q2)).multiply(2).subtract(y),
-                                    q0.multiply(q0.multiply(z).subtract(q1.multiply(y).subtract(q2.multiply(x)))).add(s.multiply(q3)).multiply(2).subtract(z));
-
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the rotation to a vector stored in an array.
-     * @param in an array with three items which stores vector to rotate
-     * @param out an array with three items to put result to (it can be the same
-     * array as in)
-     */
-    public void applyTo(final T[] in, final T[] out) {
-
-        final T x = in[0];
-        final T y = in[1];
-        final T z = in[2];
-
-        final T s = q1.multiply(x).add(q2.multiply(y)).add(q3.multiply(z));
-
-        out[0] = q0.multiply(x.multiply(q0).subtract(q2.multiply(z).subtract(q3.multiply(y)))).add(s.multiply(q1)).multiply(2).subtract(x);
-        out[1] = q0.multiply(y.multiply(q0).subtract(q3.multiply(x).subtract(q1.multiply(z)))).add(s.multiply(q2)).multiply(2).subtract(y);
-        out[2] = q0.multiply(z.multiply(q0).subtract(q1.multiply(y).subtract(q2.multiply(x)))).add(s.multiply(q3)).multiply(2).subtract(z);
-
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the rotation to a vector stored in an array.
-     * @param in an array with three items which stores vector to rotate
-     * @param out an array with three items to put result to
-     */
-    public void applyTo(final double[] in, final T[] out) {
-
-        final double x = in[0];
-        final double y = in[1];
-        final double z = in[2];
-
-        final T s = q1.multiply(x).add(q2.multiply(y)).add(q3.multiply(z));
-
-        out[0] = q0.multiply(q0.multiply(x).subtract(q2.multiply(z).subtract(q3.multiply(y)))).add(s.multiply(q1)).multiply(2).subtract(x);
-        out[1] = q0.multiply(q0.multiply(y).subtract(q3.multiply(x).subtract(q1.multiply(z)))).add(s.multiply(q2)).multiply(2).subtract(y);
-        out[2] = q0.multiply(q0.multiply(z).subtract(q1.multiply(y).subtract(q2.multiply(x)))).add(s.multiply(q3)).multiply(2).subtract(z);
-
-    }
-
-    /** Apply a rotation to a vector.
-     * @param rot rotation to apply
-     * @param u vector to apply the rotation to
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return a new vector which is the image of u by the rotation
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> FieldVector3D<T> applyTo(final QuaternionRotation rot, final FieldVector3D<T> u) {
-        final Quaternion r = rot.getQuaternion();
-        final T x = u.getX();
-        final T y = u.getY();
-        final T z = u.getZ();
-
-        final T s = x.multiply(r.getX()).add(y.multiply(r.getY())).add(z.multiply(r.getZ()));
-
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.multiply(r.getW()).subtract(z.multiply(r.getY()).subtract(y.multiply(r.getZ()))).multiply(r.getW()).add(s.multiply(r.getX())).multiply(2).subtract(x),
-                                    y.multiply(r.getW()).subtract(x.multiply(r.getZ()).subtract(z.multiply(r.getX()))).multiply(r.getW()).add(s.multiply(r.getY())).multiply(2).subtract(y),
-                                    z.multiply(r.getW()).subtract(y.multiply(r.getX()).subtract(x.multiply(r.getY()))).multiply(r.getW()).add(s.multiply(r.getZ())).multiply(2).subtract(z));
-
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the inverse of the rotation to a vector.
-     * @param u vector to apply the inverse of the rotation to
-     * @return a new vector which such that u is its image by the rotation
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> applyInverseTo(final FieldVector3D<T> u) {
-
-        final T x = u.getX();
-        final T y = u.getY();
-        final T z = u.getZ();
-
-        final T s  = q1.multiply(x).add(q2.multiply(y)).add(q3.multiply(z));
-        final T m0 = q0.negate();
-
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(m0.multiply(x.multiply(m0).subtract(q2.multiply(z).subtract(q3.multiply(y)))).add(s.multiply(q1)).multiply(2).subtract(x),
-                                    m0.multiply(y.multiply(m0).subtract(q3.multiply(x).subtract(q1.multiply(z)))).add(s.multiply(q2)).multiply(2).subtract(y),
-                                    m0.multiply(z.multiply(m0).subtract(q1.multiply(y).subtract(q2.multiply(x)))).add(s.multiply(q3)).multiply(2).subtract(z));
-
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the inverse of the rotation to a vector.
-     * @param u vector to apply the inverse of the rotation to
-     * @return a new vector which such that u is its image by the rotation
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> applyInverseTo(final Vector3D u) {
-
-        final double x = u.getX();
-        final double y = u.getY();
-        final double z = u.getZ();
-
-        final T s  = q1.multiply(x).add(q2.multiply(y)).add(q3.multiply(z));
-        final T m0 = q0.negate();
-
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(m0.multiply(m0.multiply(x).subtract(q2.multiply(z).subtract(q3.multiply(y)))).add(s.multiply(q1)).multiply(2).subtract(x),
-                                    m0.multiply(m0.multiply(y).subtract(q3.multiply(x).subtract(q1.multiply(z)))).add(s.multiply(q2)).multiply(2).subtract(y),
-                                    m0.multiply(m0.multiply(z).subtract(q1.multiply(y).subtract(q2.multiply(x)))).add(s.multiply(q3)).multiply(2).subtract(z));
-
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the inverse of the rotation to a vector stored in an array.
-     * @param in an array with three items which stores vector to rotate
-     * @param out an array with three items to put result to (it can be the same
-     * array as in)
-     */
-    public void applyInverseTo(final T[] in, final T[] out) {
-
-        final T x = in[0];
-        final T y = in[1];
-        final T z = in[2];
-
-        final T s = q1.multiply(x).add(q2.multiply(y)).add(q3.multiply(z));
-        final T m0 = q0.negate();
-
-        out[0] = m0.multiply(x.multiply(m0).subtract(q2.multiply(z).subtract(q3.multiply(y)))).add(s.multiply(q1)).multiply(2).subtract(x);
-        out[1] = m0.multiply(y.multiply(m0).subtract(q3.multiply(x).subtract(q1.multiply(z)))).add(s.multiply(q2)).multiply(2).subtract(y);
-        out[2] = m0.multiply(z.multiply(m0).subtract(q1.multiply(y).subtract(q2.multiply(x)))).add(s.multiply(q3)).multiply(2).subtract(z);
-
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the inverse of the rotation to a vector stored in an array.
-     * @param in an array with three items which stores vector to rotate
-     * @param out an array with three items to put result to
-     */
-    public void applyInverseTo(final double[] in, final T[] out) {
-
-        final double x = in[0];
-        final double y = in[1];
-        final double z = in[2];
-
-        final T s = q1.multiply(x).add(q2.multiply(y)).add(q3.multiply(z));
-        final T m0 = q0.negate();
-
-        out[0] = m0.multiply(m0.multiply(x).subtract(q2.multiply(z).subtract(q3.multiply(y)))).add(s.multiply(q1)).multiply(2).subtract(x);
-        out[1] = m0.multiply(m0.multiply(y).subtract(q3.multiply(x).subtract(q1.multiply(z)))).add(s.multiply(q2)).multiply(2).subtract(y);
-        out[2] = m0.multiply(m0.multiply(z).subtract(q1.multiply(y).subtract(q2.multiply(x)))).add(s.multiply(q3)).multiply(2).subtract(z);
-
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the inverse of a rotation to a vector.
-     * @param rot rotation to apply
-     * @param u vector to apply the inverse of the rotation to
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return a new vector which such that u is its image by the rotation
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> FieldVector3D<T> applyInverseTo(final QuaternionRotation rot, final FieldVector3D<T> u) {
-        final Quaternion r = rot.getQuaternion();
-        final T x = u.getX();
-        final T y = u.getY();
-        final T z = u.getZ();
-
-        final T s  = x.multiply(r.getX()).add(y.multiply(r.getY())).add(z.multiply(r.getZ()));
-        final double m0 = -r.getW();
-
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.multiply(m0).subtract(z.multiply(r.getY()).subtract(y.multiply(r.getZ()))).multiply(m0).add(s.multiply(r.getX())).multiply(2).subtract(x),
-                                    y.multiply(m0).subtract(x.multiply(r.getZ()).subtract(z.multiply(r.getX()))).multiply(m0).add(s.multiply(r.getY())).multiply(2).subtract(y),
-                                    z.multiply(m0).subtract(y.multiply(r.getX()).subtract(x.multiply(r.getY()))).multiply(m0).add(s.multiply(r.getZ())).multiply(2).subtract(z));
-
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the instance to another rotation.
-     * <p>
-     * Calling this method is equivalent to call
-     * {@link #compose(FieldRotation, RotationConvention)
-     * compose(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)}.
-     * </p>
-     * @param r rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
-     */
-    public FieldRotation<T> applyTo(final FieldRotation<T> r) {
-        return compose(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-    }
-
-    /** Compose the instance with another rotation.
-     * <p>
-     * If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a
-     * {@link RotationConvention#VECTOR_OPERATOR vector operator} convention,
-     * applying the instance to a rotation is computing the composition
-     * in an order compliant with the following rule : let {@code u} be any
-     * vector and {@code v} its image by {@code r1} (i.e.
-     * {@code r1.applyTo(u) = v}). Let {@code w} be the image of {@code v} by
-     * rotation {@code r2} (i.e. {@code r2.applyTo(v) = w}). Then
-     * {@code w = comp.applyTo(u)}, where
-     * {@code comp = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)}.
-     * </p>
-     * <p>
-     * If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a
-     * {@link RotationConvention#FRAME_TRANSFORM frame transform} convention,
-     * the application order will be reversed. So keeping the exact same
-     * meaning of all {@code r1}, {@code r2}, {@code u}, {@code v}, {@code w}
-     * and  {@code comp} as above, {@code comp} could also be computed as
-     * {@code comp = r1.compose(r2, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM)}.
-     * </p>
-     * @param r rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @param convention convention to use for the semantics of the angle
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
-     */
-    public FieldRotation<T> compose(final FieldRotation<T> r, final RotationConvention convention) {
-        return convention == RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR ?
-                             composeInternal(r) : r.composeInternal(this);
-    }
-
-    /** Compose the instance with another rotation using vector operator convention.
-     * @param r rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
-     * using vector operator convention
-     */
-    private FieldRotation<T> composeInternal(final FieldRotation<T> r) {
-        return new FieldRotation<>(r.q0.multiply(q0).subtract(r.q1.multiply(q1).add(r.q2.multiply(q2)).add(r.q3.multiply(q3))),
-                                    r.q1.multiply(q0).add(r.q0.multiply(q1)).add(r.q2.multiply(q3).subtract(r.q3.multiply(q2))),
-                                    r.q2.multiply(q0).add(r.q0.multiply(q2)).add(r.q3.multiply(q1).subtract(r.q1.multiply(q3))),
-                                    r.q3.multiply(q0).add(r.q0.multiply(q3)).add(r.q1.multiply(q2).subtract(r.q2.multiply(q1))),
-                                    false);
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the instance to another rotation.
-     * <p>
-     * Calling this method is equivalent to call
-     * {@link #compose(QuaternionRotation, RotationConvention)
-     * compose(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)}.
-     * </p>
-     * @param r rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
-     */
-    public FieldRotation<T> applyTo(final QuaternionRotation r) {
-        return compose(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-    }
-
-    /** Compose the instance with another rotation.
-     * <p>
-     * If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a
-     * {@link RotationConvention#VECTOR_OPERATOR vector operator} convention,
-     * applying the instance to a rotation is computing the composition
-     * in an order compliant with the following rule : let {@code u} be any
-     * vector and {@code v} its image by {@code r1} (i.e.
-     * {@code r1.applyTo(u) = v}). Let {@code w} be the image of {@code v} by
-     * rotation {@code r2} (i.e. {@code r2.applyTo(v) = w}). Then
-     * {@code w = comp.applyTo(u)}, where
-     * {@code comp = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)}.
-     * </p>
-     * <p>
-     * If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a
-     * {@link RotationConvention#FRAME_TRANSFORM frame transform} convention,
-     * the application order will be reversed. So keeping the exact same
-     * meaning of all {@code r1}, {@code r2}, {@code u}, {@code v}, {@code w}
-     * and  {@code comp} as above, {@code comp} could also be computed as
-     * {@code comp = r1.compose(r2, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM)}.
-     * </p>
-     * @param r rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @param convention convention to use for the semantics of the angle
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
-     */
-    public FieldRotation<T> compose(final QuaternionRotation r, final RotationConvention convention) {
-        return convention == RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR ?
-                             composeInternal(r) : applyTo(r, this);
-    }
-
-    /** Compose the instance with another rotation using vector operator convention.
-     * @param rot rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
-     * using vector operator convention
-     */
-    private FieldRotation<T> composeInternal(final QuaternionRotation rot) {
-        final Quaternion r = rot.getQuaternion();
-        return new FieldRotation<>(q0.multiply(r.getW()).subtract(q1.multiply(r.getX()).add(q2.multiply(r.getY())).add(q3.multiply(r.getZ()))),
-                        q0.multiply(r.getX()).add(q1.multiply(r.getW())).add(q3.multiply(r.getY()).subtract(q2.multiply(r.getZ()))),
-                        q0.multiply(r.getY()).add(q2.multiply(r.getW())).add(q1.multiply(r.getZ()).subtract(q3.multiply(r.getX()))),
-                        q0.multiply(r.getZ()).add(q3.multiply(r.getW())).add(q2.multiply(r.getX()).subtract(q1.multiply(r.getY()))),
-                        false);
-    }
-
-    /** Apply a rotation to another rotation.
-     * Applying a rotation to another rotation is computing the composition
-     * in an order compliant with the following rule : let u be any
-     * vector and v its image by rInner (i.e. rInner.applyTo(u) = v), let w be the image
-     * of v by rOuter (i.e. rOuter.applyTo(v) = w), then w = comp.applyTo(u),
-     * where comp = applyTo(rOuter, rInner).
-     * @param rot1 rotation to apply
-     * @param rInner rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> FieldRotation<T> applyTo(final QuaternionRotation rot1, final FieldRotation<T> rInner) {
-        final Quaternion r1 = rot1.getQuaternion();
-        return new FieldRotation<>(rInner.q0.multiply(r1.getW()).subtract(rInner.q1.multiply(r1.getX()).add(rInner.q2.multiply(r1.getY())).add(rInner.q3.multiply(r1.getZ()))),
-                                    rInner.q1.multiply(r1.getW()).add(rInner.q0.multiply(r1.getX())).add(rInner.q2.multiply(r1.getZ()).subtract(rInner.q3.multiply(r1.getY()))),
-                                    rInner.q2.multiply(r1.getW()).add(rInner.q0.multiply(r1.getY())).add(rInner.q3.multiply(r1.getX()).subtract(rInner.q1.multiply(r1.getZ()))),
-                                    rInner.q3.multiply(r1.getW()).add(rInner.q0.multiply(r1.getZ())).add(rInner.q1.multiply(r1.getY()).subtract(rInner.q2.multiply(r1.getX()))),
-                                    false);
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the inverse of the instance to another rotation.
-     * <p>
-     * Calling this method is equivalent to call
-     * {@link #composeInverse(FieldRotation, RotationConvention)
-     * composeInverse(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)}.
-     * </p>
-     * @param r rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse
-     * of the instance
-     */
-    public FieldRotation<T> applyInverseTo(final FieldRotation<T> r) {
-        return composeInverse(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-    }
-
-    /** Compose the inverse of the instance with another rotation.
-     * <p>
-     * If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a
-     * {@link RotationConvention#VECTOR_OPERATOR vector operator} convention,
-     * applying the inverse of the instance to a rotation is computing
-     * the composition in an order compliant with the following rule :
-     * let {@code u} be any vector and {@code v} its image by {@code r1}
-     * (i.e. {@code r1.applyTo(u) = v}). Let {@code w} be the inverse image
-     * of {@code v} by {@code r2} (i.e. {@code r2.applyInverseTo(v) = w}).
-     * Then {@code w = comp.applyTo(u)}, where
-     * {@code comp = r2.composeInverse(r1)}.
-     * </p>
-     * <p>
-     * If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a
-     * {@link RotationConvention#FRAME_TRANSFORM frame transform} convention,
-     * the application order will be reversed, which means it is the
-     * <em>innermost</em> rotation that will be reversed. So keeping the exact same
-     * meaning of all {@code r1}, {@code r2}, {@code u}, {@code v}, {@code w}
-     * and  {@code comp} as above, {@code comp} could also be computed as
-     * {@code comp = r1.revert().composeInverse(r2.revert(), RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM)}.
-     * </p>
-     * @param r rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @param convention convention to use for the semantics of the angle
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse
-     * of the instance
-     */
-    public FieldRotation<T> composeInverse(final FieldRotation<T> r, final RotationConvention convention) {
-        return convention == RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR ?
-                             composeInverseInternal(r) : r.composeInternal(revert());
-    }
-
-    /** Compose the inverse of the instance with another rotation
-     * using vector operator convention.
-     * @param r rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse
-     * of the instance using vector operator convention
-     */
-    private FieldRotation<T> composeInverseInternal(FieldRotation<T> r) {
-        return new FieldRotation<>(r.q0.multiply(q0).add(r.q1.multiply(q1).add(r.q2.multiply(q2)).add(r.q3.multiply(q3))).negate(),
-                                    r.q0.multiply(q1).add(r.q2.multiply(q3).subtract(r.q3.multiply(q2))).subtract(r.q1.multiply(q0)),
-                                    r.q0.multiply(q2).add(r.q3.multiply(q1).subtract(r.q1.multiply(q3))).subtract(r.q2.multiply(q0)),
-                                    r.q0.multiply(q3).add(r.q1.multiply(q2).subtract(r.q2.multiply(q1))).subtract(r.q3.multiply(q0)),
-                                    false);
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the inverse of the instance to another rotation.
-     * <p>
-     * Calling this method is equivalent to call
-     * {@link #composeInverse(QuaternionRotation, RotationConvention)
-     * composeInverse(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)}.
-     * </p>
-     * @param r rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse
-     * of the instance
-     */
-    public FieldRotation<T> applyInverseTo(final QuaternionRotation r) {
-        return composeInverse(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-    }
-
-    /** Compose the inverse of the instance with another rotation.
-     * <p>
-     * If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a
-     * {@link RotationConvention#VECTOR_OPERATOR vector operator} convention,
-     * applying the inverse of the instance to a rotation is computing
-     * the composition in an order compliant with the following rule :
-     * let {@code u} be any vector and {@code v} its image by {@code r1}
-     * (i.e. {@code r1.applyTo(u) = v}). Let {@code w} be the inverse image
-     * of {@code v} by {@code r2} (i.e. {@code r2.applyInverseTo(v) = w}).
-     * Then {@code w = comp.applyTo(u)}, where
-     * {@code comp = r2.composeInverse(r1)}.
-     * </p>
-     * <p>
-     * If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a
-     * {@link RotationConvention#FRAME_TRANSFORM frame transform} convention,
-     * the application order will be reversed, which means it is the
-     * <em>innermost</em> rotation that will be reversed. So keeping the exact same
-     * meaning of all {@code r1}, {@code r2}, {@code u}, {@code v}, {@code w}
-     * and  {@code comp} as above, {@code comp} could also be computed as
-     * {@code comp = r1.revert().composeInverse(r2.revert(), RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM)}.
-     * </p>
-     * @param r rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @param convention convention to use for the semantics of the angle
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse
-     * of the instance
-     */
-    public FieldRotation<T> composeInverse(final QuaternionRotation r, final RotationConvention convention) {
-        return convention == RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR ?
-                             composeInverseInternal(r) : applyTo(r, revert());
-    }
-
-    /** Compose the inverse of the instance with another rotation
-     * using vector operator convention.
-     * @param rot rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse
-     * of the instance using vector operator convention
-     */
-    private FieldRotation<T> composeInverseInternal(QuaternionRotation rot) {
-        final Quaternion r = rot.getQuaternion();
-        return new FieldRotation<>(q0.multiply(r.getW()).add(q1.multiply(r.getX()).add(q2.multiply(r.getY())).add(q3.multiply(r.getZ()))).negate(),
-                                    q1.multiply(r.getW()).add(q3.multiply(r.getY()).subtract(q2.multiply(r.getZ()))).subtract(q0.multiply(r.getX())),
-                                    q2.multiply(r.getW()).add(q1.multiply(r.getZ()).subtract(q3.multiply(r.getX()))).subtract(q0.multiply(r.getY())),
-                                    q3.multiply(r.getW()).add(q2.multiply(r.getX()).subtract(q1.multiply(r.getY()))).subtract(q0.multiply(r.getZ())),
-                                    false);
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the inverse of a rotation to another rotation.
-     * Applying the inverse of a rotation to another rotation is computing
-     * the composition in an order compliant with the following rule :
-     * let u be any vector and v its image by rInner (i.e. rInner.applyTo(u) = v),
-     * let w be the inverse image of v by rOuter
-     * (i.e. rOuter.applyInverseTo(v) = w), then w = comp.applyTo(u), where
-     * comp = applyInverseTo(rOuter, rInner).
-     * @param rotOuter rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @param rInner rotation to apply the rotation to
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse
-     * of the instance
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> FieldRotation<T> applyInverseTo(final QuaternionRotation rotOuter, final FieldRotation<T> rInner) {
-        final Quaternion rOuter = rotOuter.getQuaternion();
-        return new FieldRotation<>(rInner.q0.multiply(rOuter.getW()).add(rInner.q1.multiply(rOuter.getX()).add(rInner.q2.multiply(rOuter.getY())).add(rInner.q3.multiply(rOuter.getZ()))).negate(),
-                                    rInner.q0.multiply(rOuter.getX()).add(rInner.q2.multiply(rOuter.getZ()).subtract(rInner.q3.multiply(rOuter.getY()))).subtract(rInner.q1.multiply(rOuter.getW())),
-                                    rInner.q0.multiply(rOuter.getY()).add(rInner.q3.multiply(rOuter.getX()).subtract(rInner.q1.multiply(rOuter.getZ()))).subtract(rInner.q2.multiply(rOuter.getW())),
-                                    rInner.q0.multiply(rOuter.getZ()).add(rInner.q1.multiply(rOuter.getY()).subtract(rInner.q2.multiply(rOuter.getX()))).subtract(rInner.q3.multiply(rOuter.getW())),
-                                    false);
-    }
-
-    /** Perfect orthogonality on a 3X3 matrix.
-     * @param m initial matrix (not exactly orthogonal)
-     * @param threshold convergence threshold for the iterative
-     * orthogonality correction (convergence is reached when the
-     * difference between two steps of the Frobenius norm of the
-     * correction is below this threshold)
-     * @return an orthogonal matrix close to m
-     * @exception NotARotationMatrixException if the matrix cannot be
-     * orthogonalized with the given threshold after 10 iterations
-     */
-    private T[][] orthogonalizeMatrix(final T[][] m, final double threshold)
-        throws NotARotationMatrixException {
-
-        T x00 = m[0][0];
-        T x01 = m[0][1];
-        T x02 = m[0][2];
-        T x10 = m[1][0];
-        T x11 = m[1][1];
-        T x12 = m[1][2];
-        T x20 = m[2][0];
-        T x21 = m[2][1];
-        T x22 = m[2][2];
-        double fn = 0;
-        double fn1;
-
-        final T[][] o = MathArrays.buildArray(m[0][0].getField(), 3, 3);
-
-        // iterative correction: Xn+1 = Xn - 0.5 * (Xn.Mt.Xn - M)
-        int i = 0;
-        while (++i < 11) {
-
-            // Mt.Xn
-            final T mx00 = m[0][0].multiply(x00).add(m[1][0].multiply(x10)).add(m[2][0].multiply(x20));
-            final T mx10 = m[0][1].multiply(x00).add(m[1][1].multiply(x10)).add(m[2][1].multiply(x20));
-            final T mx20 = m[0][2].multiply(x00).add(m[1][2].multiply(x10)).add(m[2][2].multiply(x20));
-            final T mx01 = m[0][0].multiply(x01).add(m[1][0].multiply(x11)).add(m[2][0].multiply(x21));
-            final T mx11 = m[0][1].multiply(x01).add(m[1][1].multiply(x11)).add(m[2][1].multiply(x21));
-            final T mx21 = m[0][2].multiply(x01).add(m[1][2].multiply(x11)).add(m[2][2].multiply(x21));
-            final T mx02 = m[0][0].multiply(x02).add(m[1][0].multiply(x12)).add(m[2][0].multiply(x22));
-            final T mx12 = m[0][1].multiply(x02).add(m[1][1].multiply(x12)).add(m[2][1].multiply(x22));
-            final T mx22 = m[0][2].multiply(x02).add(m[1][2].multiply(x12)).add(m[2][2].multiply(x22));
-
-            // Xn+1
-            o[0][0] = x00.subtract(x00.multiply(mx00).add(x01.multiply(mx10)).add(x02.multiply(mx20)).subtract(m[0][0]).multiply(0.5));
-            o[0][1] = x01.subtract(x00.multiply(mx01).add(x01.multiply(mx11)).add(x02.multiply(mx21)).subtract(m[0][1]).multiply(0.5));
-            o[0][2] = x02.subtract(x00.multiply(mx02).add(x01.multiply(mx12)).add(x02.multiply(mx22)).subtract(m[0][2]).multiply(0.5));
-            o[1][0] = x10.subtract(x10.multiply(mx00).add(x11.multiply(mx10)).add(x12.multiply(mx20)).subtract(m[1][0]).multiply(0.5));
-            o[1][1] = x11.subtract(x10.multiply(mx01).add(x11.multiply(mx11)).add(x12.multiply(mx21)).subtract(m[1][1]).multiply(0.5));
-            o[1][2] = x12.subtract(x10.multiply(mx02).add(x11.multiply(mx12)).add(x12.multiply(mx22)).subtract(m[1][2]).multiply(0.5));
-            o[2][0] = x20.subtract(x20.multiply(mx00).add(x21.multiply(mx10)).add(x22.multiply(mx20)).subtract(m[2][0]).multiply(0.5));
-            o[2][1] = x21.subtract(x20.multiply(mx01).add(x21.multiply(mx11)).add(x22.multiply(mx21)).subtract(m[2][1]).multiply(0.5));
-            o[2][2] = x22.subtract(x20.multiply(mx02).add(x21.multiply(mx12)).add(x22.multiply(mx22)).subtract(m[2][2]).multiply(0.5));
-
-            // correction on each elements
-            final double corr00 = o[0][0].getReal() - m[0][0].getReal();
-            final double corr01 = o[0][1].getReal() - m[0][1].getReal();
-            final double corr02 = o[0][2].getReal() - m[0][2].getReal();
-            final double corr10 = o[1][0].getReal() - m[1][0].getReal();
-            final double corr11 = o[1][1].getReal() - m[1][1].getReal();
-            final double corr12 = o[1][2].getReal() - m[1][2].getReal();
-            final double corr20 = o[2][0].getReal() - m[2][0].getReal();
-            final double corr21 = o[2][1].getReal() - m[2][1].getReal();
-            final double corr22 = o[2][2].getReal() - m[2][2].getReal();
-
-            // Frobenius norm of the correction
-            fn1 = corr00 * corr00 + corr01 * corr01 + corr02 * corr02 +
-                  corr10 * corr10 + corr11 * corr11 + corr12 * corr12 +
-                  corr20 * corr20 + corr21 * corr21 + corr22 * corr22;
-
-            // convergence test
-            if (FastMath.abs(fn1 - fn) <= threshold) {
-                return o;
-            }
-
-            // prepare next iteration
-            x00 = o[0][0];
-            x01 = o[0][1];
-            x02 = o[0][2];
-            x10 = o[1][0];
-            x11 = o[1][1];
-            x12 = o[1][2];
-            x20 = o[2][0];
-            x21 = o[2][1];
-            x22 = o[2][2];
-            fn  = fn1;
-
-        }
-
-        // the algorithm did not converge after 10 iterations
-        throw new NotARotationMatrixException(LocalizedFormats.UNABLE_TO_ORTHOGONOLIZE_MATRIX,
-                                              i - 1);
-
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the <i>distance</i> between two rotations.
-     * <p>The <i>distance</i> is intended here as a way to check if two
-     * rotations are almost similar (i.e. they transform vectors the same way)
-     * or very different. It is mathematically defined as the angle of
-     * the rotation r that prepended to one of the rotations gives the other
-     * one:</p>
-     * <div style="white-space: pre"><code>
-     *        r<sub>1</sub>(r) = r<sub>2</sub>
-     * </code></div>
-     * <p>This distance is an angle between 0 and &pi;. Its value is the smallest
-     * possible upper bound of the angle in radians between r<sub>1</sub>(v)
-     * and r<sub>2</sub>(v) for all possible vectors v. This upper bound is
-     * reached for some v. The distance is equal to 0 if and only if the two
-     * rotations are identical.</p>
-     * <p>Comparing two rotations should always be done using this value rather
-     * than for example comparing the components of the quaternions. It is much
-     * more stable, and has a geometric meaning. Also comparing quaternions
-     * components is error prone since for example quaternions (0.36, 0.48, -0.48, -0.64)
-     * and (-0.36, -0.48, 0.48, 0.64) represent exactly the same rotation despite
-     * their components are different (they are exact opposites).</p>
-     * @param r1 first rotation
-     * @param r2 second rotation
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return <i>distance</i> between r1 and r2
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distance(final FieldRotation<T> r1, final FieldRotation<T> r2) {
-        return r1.composeInverseInternal(r2).getAngle();
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldVector3D.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldVector3D.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 5942ef5..0000000
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldVector3D.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1176 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed;
-
-import java.io.Serializable;
-
-import org.apache.commons.geometry.euclidean.threed.Vector3D;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.RealFieldElement;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.DimensionMismatchException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.MathArithmeticException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.util.LocalizedFormats;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.util.FastMath;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.util.MathArrays;
-
-/**
- * This class is a re-implementation of {@link Vector3D} using {@link RealFieldElement}.
- * <p>Instance of this class are guaranteed to be immutable.</p>
- * @param <T> the type of the field elements
- * @since 3.2
- */
-public class FieldVector3D<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> implements Serializable {
-
-    /** Serializable version identifier. */
-    private static final long serialVersionUID = 20130224L;
-
-    /** Abscissa. */
-    private final T x;
-
-    /** Ordinate. */
-    private final T y;
-
-    /** Height. */
-    private final T z;
-
-    /** Simple constructor.
-     * Build a vector from its coordinates
-     * @param x abscissa
-     * @param y ordinate
-     * @param z height
-     * @see #getX()
-     * @see #getY()
-     * @see #getZ()
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T x, final T y, final T z) {
-        this.x = x;
-        this.y = y;
-        this.z = z;
-    }
-
-    /** Simple constructor.
-     * Build a vector from its coordinates
-     * @param v coordinates array
-     * @exception DimensionMismatchException if array does not have 3 elements
-     * @see #toArray()
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T[] v) throws DimensionMismatchException {
-        if (v.length != 3) {
-            throw new DimensionMismatchException(v.length, 3);
-        }
-        this.x = v[0];
-        this.y = v[1];
-        this.z = v[2];
-    }
-
-    /** Simple constructor.
-     * Build a vector from its azimuthal coordinates
-     * @param alpha azimuth (&alpha;) around Z
-     *              (0 is +X, &pi;/2 is +Y, &pi; is -X and 3&pi;/2 is -Y)
-     * @param delta elevation (&delta;) above (XY) plane, from -&pi;/2 to +&pi;/2
-     * @see #getAlpha()
-     * @see #getDelta()
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T alpha, final T delta) {
-        T cosDelta = delta.cos();
-        this.x = alpha.cos().multiply(cosDelta);
-        this.y = alpha.sin().multiply(cosDelta);
-        this.z = delta.sin();
-    }
-
-    /** Multiplicative constructor
-     * Build a vector from another one and a scale factor.
-     * The vector built will be a * u
-     * @param a scale factor
-     * @param u base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T a, final FieldVector3D<T>u) {
-        this.x = a.multiply(u.x);
-        this.y = a.multiply(u.y);
-        this.z = a.multiply(u.z);
-    }
-
-    /** Multiplicative constructor
-     * Build a vector from another one and a scale factor.
-     * The vector built will be a * u
-     * @param a scale factor
-     * @param u base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T a, final Vector3D u) {
-        this.x = a.multiply(u.getX());
-        this.y = a.multiply(u.getY());
-        this.z = a.multiply(u.getZ());
-    }
-
-    /** Multiplicative constructor
-     * Build a vector from another one and a scale factor.
-     * The vector built will be a * u
-     * @param a scale factor
-     * @param u base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final double a, final FieldVector3D<T> u) {
-        this.x = u.x.multiply(a);
-        this.y = u.y.multiply(a);
-        this.z = u.z.multiply(a);
-    }
-
-    /** Linear constructor
-     * Build a vector from two other ones and corresponding scale factors.
-     * The vector built will be a1 * u1 + a2 * u2
-     * @param a1 first scale factor
-     * @param u1 first base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a2 second scale factor
-     * @param u2 second base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T a1, final FieldVector3D<T> u1,
-                         final T a2, final FieldVector3D<T> u2) {
-        final T prototype = a1;
-        this.x = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getX(), a2, u2.getX());
-        this.y = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getY(), a2, u2.getY());
-        this.z = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getZ(), a2, u2.getZ());
-    }
-
-    /** Linear constructor
-     * Build a vector from two other ones and corresponding scale factors.
-     * The vector built will be a1 * u1 + a2 * u2
-     * @param a1 first scale factor
-     * @param u1 first base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a2 second scale factor
-     * @param u2 second base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T a1, final Vector3D u1,
-                         final T a2, final Vector3D u2) {
-        final T prototype = a1;
-        this.x = prototype.linearCombination(u1.getX(), a1, u2.getX(), a2);
-        this.y = prototype.linearCombination(u1.getY(), a1, u2.getY(), a2);
-        this.z = prototype.linearCombination(u1.getZ(), a1, u2.getZ(), a2);
-    }
-
-    /** Linear constructor
-     * Build a vector from two other ones and corresponding scale factors.
-     * The vector built will be a1 * u1 + a2 * u2
-     * @param a1 first scale factor
-     * @param u1 first base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a2 second scale factor
-     * @param u2 second base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final double a1, final FieldVector3D<T> u1,
-                         final double a2, final FieldVector3D<T> u2) {
-        final T prototype = u1.getX();
-        this.x = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getX(), a2, u2.getX());
-        this.y = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getY(), a2, u2.getY());
-        this.z = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getZ(), a2, u2.getZ());
-    }
-
-    /** Linear constructor
-     * Build a vector from three other ones and corresponding scale factors.
-     * The vector built will be a1 * u1 + a2 * u2 + a3 * u3
-     * @param a1 first scale factor
-     * @param u1 first base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a2 second scale factor
-     * @param u2 second base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a3 third scale factor
-     * @param u3 third base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T a1, final FieldVector3D<T> u1,
-                         final T a2, final FieldVector3D<T> u2,
-                         final T a3, final FieldVector3D<T> u3) {
-        final T prototype = a1;
-        this.x = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getX(), a2, u2.getX(), a3, u3.getX());
-        this.y = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getY(), a2, u2.getY(), a3, u3.getY());
-        this.z = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getZ(), a2, u2.getZ(), a3, u3.getZ());
-    }
-
-    /** Linear constructor
-     * Build a vector from three other ones and corresponding scale factors.
-     * The vector built will be a1 * u1 + a2 * u2 + a3 * u3
-     * @param a1 first scale factor
-     * @param u1 first base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a2 second scale factor
-     * @param u2 second base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a3 third scale factor
-     * @param u3 third base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T a1, final Vector3D u1,
-                         final T a2, final Vector3D u2,
-                         final T a3, final Vector3D u3) {
-        final T prototype = a1;
-        this.x = prototype.linearCombination(u1.getX(), a1, u2.getX(), a2, u3.getX(), a3);
-        this.y = prototype.linearCombination(u1.getY(), a1, u2.getY(), a2, u3.getY(), a3);
-        this.z = prototype.linearCombination(u1.getZ(), a1, u2.getZ(), a2, u3.getZ(), a3);
-    }
-
-    /** Linear constructor
-     * Build a vector from three other ones and corresponding scale factors.
-     * The vector built will be a1 * u1 + a2 * u2 + a3 * u3
-     * @param a1 first scale factor
-     * @param u1 first base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a2 second scale factor
-     * @param u2 second base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a3 third scale factor
-     * @param u3 third base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final double a1, final FieldVector3D<T> u1,
-                         final double a2, final FieldVector3D<T> u2,
-                         final double a3, final FieldVector3D<T> u3) {
-        final T prototype = u1.getX();
-        this.x = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getX(), a2, u2.getX(), a3, u3.getX());
-        this.y = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getY(), a2, u2.getY(), a3, u3.getY());
-        this.z = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getZ(), a2, u2.getZ(), a3, u3.getZ());
-    }
-
-    /** Linear constructor
-     * Build a vector from four other ones and corresponding scale factors.
-     * The vector built will be a1 * u1 + a2 * u2 + a3 * u3 + a4 * u4
-     * @param a1 first scale factor
-     * @param u1 first base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a2 second scale factor
-     * @param u2 second base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a3 third scale factor
-     * @param u3 third base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a4 fourth scale factor
-     * @param u4 fourth base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T a1, final FieldVector3D<T> u1,
-                         final T a2, final FieldVector3D<T> u2,
-                         final T a3, final FieldVector3D<T> u3,
-                         final T a4, final FieldVector3D<T> u4) {
-        final T prototype = a1;
-        this.x = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getX(), a2, u2.getX(), a3, u3.getX(), a4, u4.getX());
-        this.y = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getY(), a2, u2.getY(), a3, u3.getY(), a4, u4.getY());
-        this.z = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getZ(), a2, u2.getZ(), a3, u3.getZ(), a4, u4.getZ());
-    }
-
-    /** Linear constructor
-     * Build a vector from four other ones and corresponding scale factors.
-     * The vector built will be a1 * u1 + a2 * u2 + a3 * u3 + a4 * u4
-     * @param a1 first scale factor
-     * @param u1 first base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a2 second scale factor
-     * @param u2 second base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a3 third scale factor
-     * @param u3 third base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a4 fourth scale factor
-     * @param u4 fourth base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final T a1, final Vector3D u1,
-                         final T a2, final Vector3D u2,
-                         final T a3, final Vector3D u3,
-                         final T a4, final Vector3D u4) {
-        final T prototype = a1;
-        this.x = prototype.linearCombination(u1.getX(), a1, u2.getX(), a2, u3.getX(), a3, u4.getX(), a4);
-        this.y = prototype.linearCombination(u1.getY(), a1, u2.getY(), a2, u3.getY(), a3, u4.getY(), a4);
-        this.z = prototype.linearCombination(u1.getZ(), a1, u2.getZ(), a2, u3.getZ(), a3, u4.getZ(), a4);
-    }
-
-    /** Linear constructor
-     * Build a vector from four other ones and corresponding scale factors.
-     * The vector built will be a1 * u1 + a2 * u2 + a3 * u3 + a4 * u4
-     * @param a1 first scale factor
-     * @param u1 first base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a2 second scale factor
-     * @param u2 second base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a3 third scale factor
-     * @param u3 third base (unscaled) vector
-     * @param a4 fourth scale factor
-     * @param u4 fourth base (unscaled) vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D(final double a1, final FieldVector3D<T> u1,
-                         final double a2, final FieldVector3D<T> u2,
-                         final double a3, final FieldVector3D<T> u3,
-                         final double a4, final FieldVector3D<T> u4) {
-        final T prototype = u1.getX();
-        this.x = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getX(), a2, u2.getX(), a3, u3.getX(), a4, u4.getX());
-        this.y = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getY(), a2, u2.getY(), a3, u3.getY(), a4, u4.getY());
-        this.z = prototype.linearCombination(a1, u1.getZ(), a2, u2.getZ(), a3, u3.getZ(), a4, u4.getZ());
-    }
-
-    /** Get the abscissa of the vector.
-     * @return abscissa of the vector
-     * @see #FieldVector3D(RealFieldElement, RealFieldElement, RealFieldElement)
-     */
-    public T getX() {
-        return x;
-    }
-
-    /** Get the ordinate of the vector.
-     * @return ordinate of the vector
-     * @see #FieldVector3D(RealFieldElement, RealFieldElement, RealFieldElement)
-     */
-    public T getY() {
-        return y;
-    }
-
-    /** Get the height of the vector.
-     * @return height of the vector
-     * @see #FieldVector3D(RealFieldElement, RealFieldElement, RealFieldElement)
-     */
-    public T getZ() {
-        return z;
-    }
-
-    /** Get the vector coordinates as a dimension 3 array.
-     * @return vector coordinates
-     * @see #FieldVector3D(RealFieldElement[])
-     */
-    public T[] toArray() {
-        final T[] array = MathArrays.buildArray(x.getField(), 3);
-        array[0] = x;
-        array[1] = y;
-        array[2] = z;
-        return array;
-    }
-
-    /** Convert to a constant vector without derivatives.
-     * @return a constant vector
-     */
-    public Vector3D toVector3D() {
-        return Vector3D.of(x.getReal(), y.getReal(), z.getReal());
-    }
-
-    /** Get the L<sub>1</sub> norm for the vector.
-     * @return L<sub>1</sub> norm for the vector
-     */
-    public T getNorm1() {
-        return x.abs().add(y.abs()).add(z.abs());
-    }
-
-    /** Get the L<sub>2</sub> norm for the vector.
-     * @return Euclidean norm for the vector
-     */
-    public T getNorm() {
-        // there are no cancellation problems here, so we use the straightforward formula
-        return x.multiply(x).add(y.multiply(y)).add(z.multiply(z)).sqrt();
-    }
-
-    /** Get the square of the norm for the vector.
-     * @return square of the Euclidean norm for the vector
-     */
-    public T getNormSq() {
-        // there are no cancellation problems here, so we use the straightforward formula
-        return x.multiply(x).add(y.multiply(y)).add(z.multiply(z));
-    }
-
-    /** Get the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm for the vector.
-     * @return L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm for the vector
-     */
-    public T getNormInf() {
-        final T xAbs = x.abs();
-        final T yAbs = y.abs();
-        final T zAbs = z.abs();
-        if (xAbs.getReal() <= yAbs.getReal()) {
-            if (yAbs.getReal() <= zAbs.getReal()) {
-                return zAbs;
-            } else {
-                return yAbs;
-            }
-        } else {
-            if (xAbs.getReal() <= zAbs.getReal()) {
-                return zAbs;
-            } else {
-                return xAbs;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Get the azimuth of the vector.
-     * @return azimuth (&alpha;) of the vector, between -&pi; and +&pi;
-     * @see #FieldVector3D(RealFieldElement, RealFieldElement)
-     */
-    public T getAlpha() {
-        return y.atan2(x);
-    }
-
-    /** Get the elevation of the vector.
-     * @return elevation (&delta;) of the vector, between -&pi;/2 and +&pi;/2
-     * @see #FieldVector3D(RealFieldElement, RealFieldElement)
-     */
-    public T getDelta() {
-        return z.divide(getNorm()).asin();
-    }
-
-    /** Add a vector to the instance.
-     * @param v vector to add
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> add(final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.add(v.x), y.add(v.y), z.add(v.z));
-    }
-
-    /** Add a vector to the instance.
-     * @param v vector to add
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> add(final Vector3D v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.add(v.getX()), y.add(v.getY()), z.add(v.getZ()));
-    }
-
-    /** Add a scaled vector to the instance.
-     * @param factor scale factor to apply to v before adding it
-     * @param v vector to add
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> add(final T factor, final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.getField().getOne(), this, factor, v);
-    }
-
-    /** Add a scaled vector to the instance.
-     * @param factor scale factor to apply to v before adding it
-     * @param v vector to add
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> add(final T factor, final Vector3D v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.add(factor.multiply(v.getX())),
-                                    y.add(factor.multiply(v.getY())),
-                                    z.add(factor.multiply(v.getZ())));
-    }
-
-    /** Add a scaled vector to the instance.
-     * @param factor scale factor to apply to v before adding it
-     * @param v vector to add
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> add(final double factor, final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(1.0, this, factor, v);
-    }
-
-    /** Add a scaled vector to the instance.
-     * @param factor scale factor to apply to v before adding it
-     * @param v vector to add
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> add(final double factor, final Vector3D v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.add(factor * v.getX()),
-                                    y.add(factor * v.getY()),
-                                    z.add(factor * v.getZ()));
-    }
-
-    /** Subtract a vector from the instance.
-     * @param v vector to subtract
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> subtract(final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.subtract(v.x), y.subtract(v.y), z.subtract(v.z));
-    }
-
-    /** Subtract a vector from the instance.
-     * @param v vector to subtract
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> subtract(final Vector3D v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.subtract(v.getX()), y.subtract(v.getY()), z.subtract(v.getZ()));
-    }
-
-    /** Subtract a scaled vector from the instance.
-     * @param factor scale factor to apply to v before subtracting it
-     * @param v vector to subtract
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> subtract(final T factor, final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.getField().getOne(), this, factor.negate(), v);
-    }
-
-    /** Subtract a scaled vector from the instance.
-     * @param factor scale factor to apply to v before subtracting it
-     * @param v vector to subtract
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> subtract(final T factor, final Vector3D v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.subtract(factor.multiply(v.getX())),
-                                    y.subtract(factor.multiply(v.getY())),
-                                    z.subtract(factor.multiply(v.getZ())));
-    }
-
-    /** Subtract a scaled vector from the instance.
-     * @param factor scale factor to apply to v before subtracting it
-     * @param v vector to subtract
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> subtract(final double factor, final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(1.0, this, -factor, v);
-    }
-
-    /** Subtract a scaled vector from the instance.
-     * @param factor scale factor to apply to v before subtracting it
-     * @param v vector to subtract
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> subtract(final double factor, final Vector3D v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.subtract(factor * v.getX()),
-                                    y.subtract(factor * v.getY()),
-                                    z.subtract(factor * v.getZ()));
-    }
-
-    /** Get a normalized vector aligned with the instance.
-     * @return a new normalized vector
-     * @exception MathArithmeticException if the norm is zero
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> normalize() throws MathArithmeticException {
-        final T s = getNorm();
-        if (s.getReal() == 0) {
-            throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.CANNOT_NORMALIZE_A_ZERO_NORM_VECTOR);
-        }
-        return scalarMultiply(s.reciprocal());
-    }
-
-    /** Get a vector orthogonal to the instance.
-     * <p>There are an infinite number of normalized vectors orthogonal
-     * to the instance. This method picks up one of them almost
-     * arbitrarily. It is useful when one needs to compute a reference
-     * frame with one of the axes in a predefined direction. The
-     * following example shows how to build a frame having the k axis
-     * aligned with the known vector u :
-     * <pre><code>
-     *   Vector3D k = u.normalize();
-     *   Vector3D i = k.orthogonal();
-     *   Vector3D j = Vector3D.crossProduct(k, i);
-     * </code></pre>
-     * @return a new normalized vector orthogonal to the instance
-     * @exception MathArithmeticException if the norm of the instance is null
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> orthogonal() throws MathArithmeticException {
-
-        final double threshold = 0.6 * getNorm().getReal();
-        if (threshold == 0) {
-            throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.ZERO_NORM);
-        }
-
-        if (FastMath.abs(x.getReal()) <= threshold) {
-            final T inverse  = y.multiply(y).add(z.multiply(z)).sqrt().reciprocal();
-            return new FieldVector3D<>(inverse.getField().getZero(), inverse.multiply(z), inverse.multiply(y).negate());
-        } else if (FastMath.abs(y.getReal()) <= threshold) {
-            final T inverse  = x.multiply(x).add(z.multiply(z)).sqrt().reciprocal();
-            return new FieldVector3D<>(inverse.multiply(z).negate(), inverse.getField().getZero(), inverse.multiply(x));
-        } else {
-            final T inverse  = x.multiply(x).add(y.multiply(y)).sqrt().reciprocal();
-            return new FieldVector3D<>(inverse.multiply(y), inverse.multiply(x).negate(), inverse.getField().getZero());
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the angular separation between two vectors.
-     * <p>This method computes the angular separation between two
-     * vectors using the dot product for well separated vectors and the
-     * cross product for almost aligned vectors. This allows to have a
-     * good accuracy in all cases, even for vectors very close to each
-     * other.</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return angular separation between v1 and v2
-     * @exception MathArithmeticException if either vector has a null norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T angle(final FieldVector3D<T> v1, final FieldVector3D<T> v2)
-        throws MathArithmeticException {
-
-        final T normProduct = v1.getNorm().multiply(v2.getNorm());
-        if (normProduct.getReal() == 0) {
-            throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.ZERO_NORM);
-        }
-
-        final T dot = dotProduct(v1, v2);
-        final double threshold = normProduct.getReal() * 0.9999;
-        if ((dot.getReal() < -threshold) || (dot.getReal() > threshold)) {
-            // the vectors are almost aligned, compute using the sine
-            FieldVector3D<T> v3 = crossProduct(v1, v2);
-            if (dot.getReal() >= 0) {
-                return v3.getNorm().divide(normProduct).asin();
-            }
-            return v3.getNorm().divide(normProduct).asin().subtract(FastMath.PI).negate();
-        }
-
-        // the vectors are sufficiently separated to use the cosine
-        return dot.divide(normProduct).acos();
-
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the angular separation between two vectors.
-     * <p>This method computes the angular separation between two
-     * vectors using the dot product for well separated vectors and the
-     * cross product for almost aligned vectors. This allows to have a
-     * good accuracy in all cases, even for vectors very close to each
-     * other.</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return angular separation between v1 and v2
-     * @exception MathArithmeticException if either vector has a null norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T angle(final FieldVector3D<T> v1, final Vector3D v2)
-        throws MathArithmeticException {
-
-        final T normProduct = v1.getNorm().multiply(v2.norm());
-        if (normProduct.getReal() == 0) {
-            throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.ZERO_NORM);
-        }
-
-        final T dot = dotProduct(v1, v2);
-        final double threshold = normProduct.getReal() * 0.9999;
-        if ((dot.getReal() < -threshold) || (dot.getReal() > threshold)) {
-            // the vectors are almost aligned, compute using the sine
-            FieldVector3D<T> v3 = crossProduct(v1, v2);
-            if (dot.getReal() >= 0) {
-                return v3.getNorm().divide(normProduct).asin();
-            }
-            return v3.getNorm().divide(normProduct).asin().subtract(FastMath.PI).negate();
-        }
-
-        // the vectors are sufficiently separated to use the cosine
-        return dot.divide(normProduct).acos();
-
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the angular separation between two vectors.
-     * <p>This method computes the angular separation between two
-     * vectors using the dot product for well separated vectors and the
-     * cross product for almost aligned vectors. This allows to have a
-     * good accuracy in all cases, even for vectors very close to each
-     * other.</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return angular separation between v1 and v2
-     * @exception MathArithmeticException if either vector has a null norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T angle(final Vector3D v1, final FieldVector3D<T> v2)
-        throws MathArithmeticException {
-        return angle(v2, v1);
-    }
-
-    /** Get the opposite of the instance.
-     * @return a new vector which is opposite to the instance
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> negate() {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.negate(), y.negate(), z.negate());
-    }
-
-    /** Multiply the instance by a scalar.
-     * @param a scalar
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> scalarMultiply(final T a) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.multiply(a), y.multiply(a), z.multiply(a));
-    }
-
-    /** Multiply the instance by a scalar.
-     * @param a scalar
-     * @return a new vector
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> scalarMultiply(final double a) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.multiply(a), y.multiply(a), z.multiply(a));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns true if any coordinate of this vector is NaN; false otherwise
-     * @return  true if any coordinate of this vector is NaN; false otherwise
-     */
-    public boolean isNaN() {
-        return Double.isNaN(x.getReal()) || Double.isNaN(y.getReal()) || Double.isNaN(z.getReal());
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns true if any coordinate of this vector is infinite and none are NaN;
-     * false otherwise
-     * @return  true if any coordinate of this vector is infinite and none are NaN;
-     * false otherwise
-     */
-    public boolean isInfinite() {
-        return !isNaN() && (Double.isInfinite(x.getReal()) || Double.isInfinite(y.getReal()) || Double.isInfinite(z.getReal()));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Test for the equality of two 3D vectors.
-     * <p>
-     * If all coordinates of two 3D vectors are exactly the same, and none of their
-     * {@link RealFieldElement#getReal() real part} are <code>NaN</code>, the
-     * two 3D vectors are considered to be equal.
-     * </p>
-     * <p>
-     * <code>NaN</code> coordinates are considered to affect globally the vector
-     * and be equals to each other - i.e, if either (or all) real part of the
-     * coordinates of the 3D vector are <code>NaN</code>, the 3D vector is <code>NaN</code>.
-     * </p>
-     *
-     * @param other Object to test for equality to this
-     * @return true if two 3D vector objects are equal, false if
-     *         object is null, not an instance of FieldVector3D, or
-     *         not equal to this FieldVector3D instance
-     *
-     */
-    @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object other) {
-
-        if (this == other) {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        if (other instanceof FieldVector3D) {
-            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-            final FieldVector3D<T> rhs = (FieldVector3D<T>) other;
-            if (rhs.isNaN()) {
-                return this.isNaN();
-            }
-
-            return x.equals(rhs.x) && y.equals(rhs.y) && z.equals(rhs.z);
-
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Get a hashCode for the 3D vector.
-     * <p>
-     * All NaN values have the same hash code.</p>
-     *
-     * @return a hash code value for this object
-     */
-    @Override
-    public int hashCode() {
-        if (isNaN()) {
-            return 409;
-        }
-        return 311 * (107 * x.hashCode() + 83 * y.hashCode() +  z.hashCode());
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the dot-product of the instance and another vector.
-     * <p>
-     * The implementation uses specific multiplication and addition
-     * algorithms to preserve accuracy and reduce cancellation effects.
-     * It should be very accurate even for nearly orthogonal vectors.
-     * </p>
-     *
-     * @param v second vector
-     * @return the dot product this.v
-     */
-    public T dotProduct(final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        return x.linearCombination(x, v.x, y, v.y, z, v.z);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the dot-product of the instance and another vector.
-     * <p>
-     * The implementation uses specific multiplication and addition
-     * algorithms to preserve accuracy and reduce cancellation effects.
-     * It should be very accurate even for nearly orthogonal vectors.
-     * </p>
-     *
-     * @param v second vector
-     * @return the dot product this.v
-     */
-    public T dotProduct(final Vector3D v) {
-        return x.linearCombination(v.getX(), x, v.getY(), y, v.getZ(), z);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the cross-product of the instance with another vector.
-     * @param v other vector
-     * @return the cross product this ^ v as a new FieldVector3D
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> crossProduct(final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.linearCombination(y, v.z, z.negate(), v.y),
-                                    y.linearCombination(z, v.x, x.negate(), v.z),
-                                    z.linearCombination(x, v.y, y.negate(), v.x));
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the cross-product of the instance with another vector.
-     * @param v other vector
-     * @return the cross product this ^ v as a new FieldVector3D
-     */
-    public FieldVector3D<T> crossProduct(final Vector3D v) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(x.linearCombination(v.getZ(), y, -v.getY(), z),
-                                    y.linearCombination(v.getX(), z, -v.getZ(), x),
-                                    z.linearCombination(v.getY(), x, -v.getX(), y));
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between the instance and another vector according to the L<sub>1</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>q.subtract(p).getNorm1()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v second vector
-     * @return the distance between the instance and p according to the L<sub>1</sub> norm
-     */
-    public T distance1(final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        final T dx = v.x.subtract(x).abs();
-        final T dy = v.y.subtract(y).abs();
-        final T dz = v.z.subtract(z).abs();
-        return dx.add(dy).add(dz);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between the instance and another vector according to the L<sub>1</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>q.subtract(p).getNorm1()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v second vector
-     * @return the distance between the instance and p according to the L<sub>1</sub> norm
-     */
-    public T distance1(final Vector3D v) {
-        final T dx = x.subtract(v.getX()).abs();
-        final T dy = y.subtract(v.getY()).abs();
-        final T dz = z.subtract(v.getZ()).abs();
-        return dx.add(dy).add(dz);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between the instance and another vector according to the L<sub>2</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>q.subtract(p).getNorm()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v second vector
-     * @return the distance between the instance and p according to the L<sub>2</sub> norm
-     */
-    public T distance(final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        final T dx = v.x.subtract(x);
-        final T dy = v.y.subtract(y);
-        final T dz = v.z.subtract(z);
-        return dx.multiply(dx).add(dy.multiply(dy)).add(dz.multiply(dz)).sqrt();
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between the instance and another vector according to the L<sub>2</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>q.subtract(p).getNorm()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v second vector
-     * @return the distance between the instance and p according to the L<sub>2</sub> norm
-     */
-    public T distance(final Vector3D v) {
-        final T dx = x.subtract(v.getX());
-        final T dy = y.subtract(v.getY());
-        final T dz = z.subtract(v.getZ());
-        return dx.multiply(dx).add(dy.multiply(dy)).add(dz.multiply(dz)).sqrt();
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between the instance and another vector according to the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>q.subtract(p).getNormInf()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v second vector
-     * @return the distance between the instance and p according to the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm
-     */
-    public T distanceInf(final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        final T dx = v.x.subtract(x).abs();
-        final T dy = v.y.subtract(y).abs();
-        final T dz = v.z.subtract(z).abs();
-        if (dx.getReal() <= dy.getReal()) {
-            if (dy.getReal() <= dz.getReal()) {
-                return dz;
-            } else {
-                return dy;
-            }
-        } else {
-            if (dx.getReal() <= dz.getReal()) {
-                return dz;
-            } else {
-                return dx;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between the instance and another vector according to the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>q.subtract(p).getNormInf()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v second vector
-     * @return the distance between the instance and p according to the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm
-     */
-    public T distanceInf(final Vector3D v) {
-        final T dx = x.subtract(v.getX()).abs();
-        final T dy = y.subtract(v.getY()).abs();
-        final T dz = z.subtract(v.getZ()).abs();
-        if (dx.getReal() <= dy.getReal()) {
-            if (dy.getReal() <= dz.getReal()) {
-                return dz;
-            } else {
-                return dy;
-            }
-        } else {
-            if (dx.getReal() <= dz.getReal()) {
-                return dz;
-            } else {
-                return dx;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the square of the distance between the instance and another vector.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>q.subtract(p).getNormSq()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v second vector
-     * @return the square of the distance between the instance and p
-     */
-    public T distanceSq(final FieldVector3D<T> v) {
-        final T dx = v.x.subtract(x);
-        final T dy = v.y.subtract(y);
-        final T dz = v.z.subtract(z);
-        return dx.multiply(dx).add(dy.multiply(dy)).add(dz.multiply(dz));
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the square of the distance between the instance and another vector.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>q.subtract(p).getNormSq()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v second vector
-     * @return the square of the distance between the instance and p
-     */
-    public T distanceSq(final Vector3D v) {
-        final T dx = x.subtract(v.getX());
-        final T dy = y.subtract(v.getY());
-        final T dz = z.subtract(v.getZ());
-        return dx.multiply(dx).add(dy.multiply(dy)).add(dz.multiply(dz));
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the dot-product of two vectors.
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the dot product v1.v2
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T dotProduct(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                   final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v1.dotProduct(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the dot-product of two vectors.
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the dot product v1.v2
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T dotProduct(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                   final Vector3D v2) {
-        return v1.dotProduct(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the dot-product of two vectors.
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the dot product v1.v2
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T dotProduct(final Vector3D v1,
-                                                                   final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v2.dotProduct(v1);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the cross-product of two vectors.
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the cross product v1 ^ v2 as a new Vector
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> FieldVector3D<T> crossProduct(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                                    final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v1.crossProduct(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the cross-product of two vectors.
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the cross product v1 ^ v2 as a new Vector
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> FieldVector3D<T> crossProduct(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                                    final Vector3D v2) {
-        return v1.crossProduct(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the cross-product of two vectors.
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the cross product v1 ^ v2 as a new Vector
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> FieldVector3D<T> crossProduct(final Vector3D v1,
-                                                                                    final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(v2.x.linearCombination(v1.getY(), v2.z, -v1.getZ(), v2.y),
-                                    v2.y.linearCombination(v1.getZ(), v2.x, -v1.getX(), v2.z),
-                                    v2.z.linearCombination(v1.getX(), v2.y, -v1.getY(), v2.x));
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between two vectors according to the L<sub>1</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNorm1()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the distance between v1 and v2 according to the L<sub>1</sub> norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distance1(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                  final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v1.distance1(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between two vectors according to the L<sub>1</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNorm1()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the distance between v1 and v2 according to the L<sub>1</sub> norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distance1(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                  final Vector3D v2) {
-        return v1.distance1(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between two vectors according to the L<sub>1</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNorm1()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the distance between v1 and v2 according to the L<sub>1</sub> norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distance1(final Vector3D v1,
-                                                                  final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v2.distance1(v1);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between two vectors according to the L<sub>2</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNorm()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the distance between v1 and v2 according to the L<sub>2</sub> norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distance(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                 final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v1.distance(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between two vectors according to the L<sub>2</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNorm()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the distance between v1 and v2 according to the L<sub>2</sub> norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distance(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                 final Vector3D v2) {
-        return v1.distance(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between two vectors according to the L<sub>2</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNorm()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the distance between v1 and v2 according to the L<sub>2</sub> norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distance(final Vector3D v1,
-                                                                 final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v2.distance(v1);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between two vectors according to the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNormInf()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the distance between v1 and v2 according to the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distanceInf(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                    final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v1.distanceInf(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between two vectors according to the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNormInf()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the distance between v1 and v2 according to the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distanceInf(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                    final Vector3D v2) {
-        return v1.distanceInf(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the distance between two vectors according to the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNormInf()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the distance between v1 and v2 according to the L<sub>&infin;</sub> norm
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distanceInf(final Vector3D v1,
-                                                                    final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v2.distanceInf(v1);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the square of the distance between two vectors.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNormSq()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the square of the distance between v1 and v2
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distanceSq(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                   final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v1.distanceSq(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the square of the distance between two vectors.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNormSq()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the square of the distance between v1 and v2
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distanceSq(final FieldVector3D<T> v1,
-                                                                   final Vector3D v2) {
-        return v1.distanceSq(v2);
-    }
-
-    /** Compute the square of the distance between two vectors.
-     * <p>Calling this method is equivalent to calling:
-     * <code>v1.subtract(v2).getNormSq()</code> except that no intermediate
-     * vector is built</p>
-     * @param v1 first vector
-     * @param v2 second vector
-     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
-     * @return the square of the distance between v1 and v2
-     */
-    public static <T extends RealFieldElement<T>> T distanceSq(final Vector3D v1,
-                                                                   final FieldVector3D<T> v2) {
-        return v2.distanceSq(v1);
-    }
-
-    /** Get a string representation of this vector.
-     * @return a string representation of this vector
-     */
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return toVector3D().toString();
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/NotARotationMatrixException.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/NotARotationMatrixException.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 09d00f8..0000000
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/NotARotationMatrixException.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed;
-
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.MathIllegalArgumentException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.util.Localizable;
-
-/**
- * This class represents exceptions thrown while building rotations
- * from matrices.
- *
- * @since 1.2
- */
-
-public class NotARotationMatrixException
-  extends MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-    /** Serializable version identifier */
-    private static final long serialVersionUID = 5647178478658937642L;
-
-    /**
-     * Simple constructor.
-     * Build an exception by translating and formatting a message
-     * @param specifier format specifier (to be translated)
-     * @param parts to insert in the format (no translation)
-     * @since 2.2
-     */
-    public NotARotationMatrixException(Localizable specifier, Object ... parts) {
-        super(specifier, parts);
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/RotationConvention.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/RotationConvention.java
deleted file mode 100644
index a80fe9b..0000000
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/RotationConvention.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed;
-
-import org.apache.commons.geometry.euclidean.threed.Vector3D;
-
-/**
- * This enumerates is used to differentiate the semantics of a rotation.
- * @see FieldRotation
- * @since 3.6
- */
-public enum RotationConvention {
-
-    /** Constant for rotation that have the semantics of a vector operator.
-     * <p>
-     * According to this convention, the rotation moves vectors with respect
-     * to a fixed reference frame.
-     * </p>
-     * <p>
-     * This means that if we define rotation r is a 90 degrees rotation around
-     * the Z axis, the image of vector {@link Vector3D.Unit#PLUS_X} would be
-     * {@link Vector3D.Unit#PLUS_Y}, the image of vector {@link Vector3D.Unit#PLUS_Y}
-     * would be {@link Vector3D.Unit#MINUS_X}, the image of vector {@link Vector3D.Unit#PLUS_Z}
-     * would be {@link Vector3D.Unit#PLUS_Z}, and the image of vector with coordinates (1, 2, 3)
-     * would be vector (-2, 1, 3). This means that the vector rotates counterclockwise.
-     * </p>
-     * <p>
-     * This convention was the only one supported by Apache Commons Math up to version 3.5.
-     * </p>
-     * <p>
-     * The difference with {@link #FRAME_TRANSFORM} is only the semantics of the sign
-     * of the angle. It is always possible to create or use a rotation using either
-     * convention to really represent a rotation that would have been best created or
-     * used with the other convention, by changing accordingly the sign of the
-     * rotation angle. This is how things were done up to version 3.5.
-     * </p>
-     */
-    VECTOR_OPERATOR,
-
-    /** Constant for rotation that have the semantics of a frame conversion.
-     * <p>
-     * According to this convention, the rotation considered vectors to be fixed,
-     * but their coordinates change as they are converted from an initial frame to
-     * a destination frame rotated with respect to the initial frame.
-     * </p>
-     * <p>
-     * This means that if we define rotation r is a 90 degrees rotation around
-     * the Z axis, the image of vector {@link Vector3D.Unit#PLUS_X} would be
-     * {@link Vector3D.Unit#MINUS_Y}, the image of vector {@link Vector3D.Unit#PLUS_Y}
-     * would be {@link Vector3D.Unit#PLUS_X}, the image of vector {@link Vector3D.Unit#PLUS_Z}
-     * would be {@link Vector3D.Unit#PLUS_Z}, and the image of vector with coordinates (1, 2, 3)
-     * would be vector (2, -1, 3). This means that the coordinates of the vector rotates
-     * clockwise, because they are expressed with respect to a destination frame that is rotated
-     * counterclockwise.
-     * </p>
-     * <p>
-     * The difference with {@link #VECTOR_OPERATOR} is only the semantics of the sign
-     * of the angle. It is always possible to create or use a rotation using either
-     * convention to really represent a rotation that would have been best created or
-     * used with the other convention, by changing accordingly the sign of the
-     * rotation angle. This is how things were done up to version 3.5.
-     * </p>
-     */
-    FRAME_TRANSFORM;
-
-}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/RotationOrder.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/RotationOrder.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 8bd19d5..0000000
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/RotationOrder.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,171 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed;
-
-import org.apache.commons.geometry.euclidean.threed.Vector3D;
-
-/**
- * This class is a utility representing a rotation order specification
- * for Cardan or Euler angles specification.
- *
- * @since 1.2
- */
-public final class RotationOrder {
-
-    /** Set of Cardan angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around X, then around Y, then
-     * around Z
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder XYZ =
-      new RotationOrder("XYZ", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-
-    /** Set of Cardan angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around X, then around Z, then
-     * around Y
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder XZY =
-      new RotationOrder("XZY", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-
-    /** Set of Cardan angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around Y, then around X, then
-     * around Z
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder YXZ =
-      new RotationOrder("YXZ", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-
-    /** Set of Cardan angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around Y, then around Z, then
-     * around X
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder YZX =
-      new RotationOrder("YZX", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-
-    /** Set of Cardan angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around Z, then around X, then
-     * around Y
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder ZXY =
-      new RotationOrder("ZXY", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-
-    /** Set of Cardan angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around Z, then around Y, then
-     * around X
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder ZYX =
-      new RotationOrder("ZYX", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-
-    /** Set of Euler angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around X, then around Y, then
-     * around X
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder XYX =
-      new RotationOrder("XYX", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-
-    /** Set of Euler angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around X, then around Z, then
-     * around X
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder XZX =
-      new RotationOrder("XZX", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X);
-
-    /** Set of Euler angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around Y, then around X, then
-     * around Y
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder YXY =
-      new RotationOrder("YXY", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-
-    /** Set of Euler angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around Y, then around Z, then
-     * around Y
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder YZY =
-      new RotationOrder("YZY", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y);
-
-    /** Set of Euler angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around Z, then around X, then
-     * around Z
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder ZXZ =
-      new RotationOrder("ZXZ", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_X, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-
-    /** Set of Euler angles.
-     * this ordered set of rotations is around Z, then around Y, then
-     * around Z
-     */
-    public static final RotationOrder ZYZ =
-      new RotationOrder("ZYZ", Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Y, Vector3D.Unit.PLUS_Z);
-
-    /** Name of the rotations order. */
-    private final String name;
-
-    /** Axis of the first rotation. */
-    private final Vector3D a1;
-
-    /** Axis of the second rotation. */
-    private final Vector3D a2;
-
-    /** Axis of the third rotation. */
-    private final Vector3D a3;
-
-    /** Private constructor.
-     * This is a utility class that cannot be instantiated by the user,
-     * so its only constructor is private.
-     * @param name name of the rotation order
-     * @param a1 axis of the first rotation
-     * @param a2 axis of the second rotation
-     * @param a3 axis of the third rotation
-     */
-    private RotationOrder(final String name,
-                          final Vector3D a1, final Vector3D a2, final Vector3D a3) {
-        this.name = name;
-        this.a1   = a1;
-        this.a2   = a2;
-        this.a3   = a3;
-    }
-
-    /** Get a string representation of the instance.
-     * @return a string representation of the instance (in fact, its name)
-     */
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return name;
-    }
-
-    /** Get the axis of the first rotation.
-     * @return axis of the first rotation
-     */
-    public Vector3D getA1() {
-        return a1;
-    }
-
-    /** Get the axis of the second rotation.
-     * @return axis of the second rotation
-     */
-    public Vector3D getA2() {
-        return a2;
-    }
-
-    /** Get the axis of the second rotation.
-     * @return axis of the second rotation
-     */
-    public Vector3D getA3() {
-        return a3;
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/package-info.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/package-info.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b9bd9d..0000000
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/package-info.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-/**
- *
- * <p>
- * This package is the top level package for geometry. It provides only a few interfaces
- * related to vectorial/affine spaces that are implemented in sub-packages.
- * </p>
- *
- */
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry;
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldRotationDSTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldRotationDSTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 929ee16..0000000
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldRotationDSTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1278 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed;
-
-import org.junit.Assert;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.apache.commons.numbers.angle.PlaneAngleRadians;
-import org.apache.commons.numbers.quaternion.Quaternion;
-import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;
-import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
-import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.UnitSphereSampler;
-import org.apache.commons.geometry.euclidean.threed.Vector3D;
-import org.apache.commons.geometry.euclidean.threed.rotation.QuaternionRotation;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.analysis.differentiation.DerivativeStructure;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.MathArithmeticException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.MathIllegalArgumentException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.CardanEulerSingularityException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.FieldRotation;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.FieldVector3D;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.NotARotationMatrixException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.RotationOrder;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.linear.MatrixUtils;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.linear.RealMatrix;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.util.FastMath;
-
-
-public class FieldRotationDSTest {
-
-    @Test
-    public void testIdentity() {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);
-
-        r = createRotation(-1, 0, 0, 0, false);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);
-
-        r = createRotation(42, 0, 0, 0, true);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    @Deprecated
-    public void testAxisAngleDeprecated() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(10, 10, 10), createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(), createVector(s, s, s));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);
-
-        try {
-            new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 0), createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3));
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
-        }
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 1), createAngle(1.5 * FastMath.PI));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(), createVector(0, 0, -1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 1, 0), createAngle(FastMath.PI));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAxisAngleVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(10, 10, 10),
-                                                                                      createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3) ,
-                                                                                      RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector( s,  s,  s));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(-s, -s, -s));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);
-
-        try {
-            new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 0),
-                                                   createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3),
-                                                   RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
-        }
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 1),
-                                                   createAngle(1.5 * FastMath.PI),
-                                                   RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, 0, -1));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, 0, +1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 1, 0),
-                                                   createAngle(FastMath.PI),
-                                                   RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, +1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, -1, 0));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(+1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(-1, 0, 0));
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAxisAngleFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(10, 10, 10),
-                                                                                      createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3) ,
-                                                                                      RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector( s,  s,  s));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(-s, -s, -s));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);
-
-        try {
-            new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 0),
-                                                   createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3),
-                                                   RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
-        }
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 1),
-                                                   createAngle(1.5 * FastMath.PI),
-                                                   RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, 0, -1));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, 0, +1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 1, 0),
-                                                   createAngle(FastMath.PI),
-                                                   RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, +1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, -1, 0));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(-1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(+1, 0, 0));
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testRevert() {
-        double a = 0.001;
-        double b = 0.36;
-        double c = 0.48;
-        double d = 0.8;
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = createRotation(a, b, c, d, true);
-        double a2 = a * a;
-        double b2 = b * b;
-        double c2 = c * c;
-        double d2 = d * d;
-        double den = (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2) * FastMath.sqrt(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2);
-        Assert.assertEquals((b2 + c2 + d2) / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-a * b / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-a * c / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-a * d / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-b * a / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals((a2 + c2 + d2) / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-b * c / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-b * d / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-c * a / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-c * b / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals((a2 + b2 + d2) / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-c * d / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-d * a / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-d * b / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-d * c / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals((a2 + b2 + c2) / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> reverted = r.revert();
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rrT = r.applyTo(reverted);
-        checkRotationDS(rrT, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rTr = reverted.applyTo(r);
-        checkRotationDS(rTr, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle().getReal(), reverted.getAngle().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1,
-                            FieldVector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR),
-                                                     reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testRevertVectorOperator() {
-        double a = 0.001;
-        double b = 0.36;
-        double c = 0.48;
-        double d = 0.8;
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = createRotation(a, b, c, d, true);
-        double a2 = a * a;
-        double b2 = b * b;
-        double c2 = c * c;
-        double d2 = d * d;
-        double den = (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2) * FastMath.sqrt(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2);
-        Assert.assertEquals((b2 + c2 + d2) / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-a * b / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-a * c / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-a * d / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-b * a / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals((a2 + c2 + d2) / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-b * c / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-b * d / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-c * a / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-c * b / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals((a2 + b2 + d2) / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-c * d / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-d * a / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-d * b / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-d * c / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals((a2 + b2 + c2) / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> reverted = r.revert();
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rrT = r.compose(reverted, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        checkRotationDS(rrT, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rTr = reverted.compose(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        checkRotationDS(rTr, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle().getReal(), reverted.getAngle().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1,
-                            FieldVector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR),
-                                                     reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testRevertFrameTransform() {
-        double a = 0.001;
-        double b = 0.36;
-        double c = 0.48;
-        double d = 0.8;
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = createRotation(a, b, c, d, true);
-        double a2 = a * a;
-        double b2 = b * b;
-        double c2 = c * c;
-        double d2 = d * d;
-        double den = (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2) * FastMath.sqrt(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2);
-        Assert.assertEquals((b2 + c2 + d2) / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-a * b / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-a * c / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-a * d / den, r.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-b * a / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals((a2 + c2 + d2) / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-b * c / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-b * d / den, r.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-c * a / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-c * b / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals((a2 + b2 + d2) / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-c * d / den, r.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-d * a / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-d * b / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-d * c / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals((a2 + b2 + c2) / den, r.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> reverted = r.revert();
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rrT = r.compose(reverted, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        checkRotationDS(rrT, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rrT.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rTr = reverted.compose(r, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        checkRotationDS(rTr, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ0().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ2().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, rTr.getQ3().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle().getReal(), reverted.getAngle().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1,
-                            FieldVector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM),
-                                                     reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testVectorOnePair() throws MathArithmeticException {
-
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(3, 2, 1);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v = createVector(-4, 2, 2);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = new FieldRotation<>(u, v);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(u.scalarMultiply(v.getNorm())), v.scalarMultiply(u.getNorm()));
-
-        checkAngle(new FieldRotation<>(u, u.negate()).getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        try {
-            new FieldRotation<>(u, createVector(0, 0, 0));
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathArithmeticException e) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testVectorTwoPairs() throws MathArithmeticException {
-
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u1 = createVector(3, 0, 0);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u2 = createVector(0, 5, 0);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(0, 0, 2);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(-2, 0, 2);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, v1, v2);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(-1, 0, 0));
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, u1.negate(), u2.negate());
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> axis = r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        if (FieldVector3D.dotProduct(axis, createVector(0, 0, 1)).getReal() > 0) {
-            checkVector(axis, createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        } else {
-            checkVector(axis, createVector(0, 0, -1));
-        }
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        double sqrt = FastMath.sqrt(2) / 2;
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(1, 0, 0),  createVector(0, 1, 0),
-                           createVector(0.5, 0.5,  sqrt),
-                           createVector(0.5, 0.5, -sqrt));
-        checkRotationDS(r, sqrt, 0.5, 0.5, 0);
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, u1, FieldVector3D.crossProduct(u1, u2));
-        checkRotationDS(r, sqrt, -sqrt, 0, 0);
-
-        checkRotationDS(new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, u1, u2), 1, 0, 0, 0);
-
-        try {
-            new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, createVector(0, 0, 0), v2);
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathArithmeticException e) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testMatrix()
-            throws NotARotationMatrixException {
-
-        try {
-            createRotation(new double[][] {
-                { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
-                { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 }
-            }, 1.0e-7);
-            Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
-        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-
-        try {
-            createRotation(new double[][] {
-                {  0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
-                {  0.821760, -0.184320,  0.539200 },
-                { -0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 }
-            }, 1.0e-7);
-            Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
-        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-
-        try {
-            createRotation(new double[][] {
-                {  0.4,  0.8, -0.4 },
-                { -0.4,  0.6,  0.7 },
-                {  0.8, -0.2,  0.5 }
-            }, 1.0e-15);
-            Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
-        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-
-        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
-            {  0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
-            { -0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 },
-            {  0.821760, -0.184320,  0.539200 }
-        }, 1.0e-10),
-        0.8, 0.288, 0.384, 0.36);
-
-        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
-            {  0.539200,  0.737280,  0.407040 },
-            {  0.184320, -0.574912,  0.797184 },
-            {  0.821760, -0.354816, -0.445888 }
-        }, 1.0e-10),
-        0.36, 0.8, 0.288, 0.384);
-
-        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
-            { -0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
-            {  0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 },
-            {  0.821760,  0.184320, -0.539200 }
-        }, 1.0e-10),
-        0.384, 0.36, 0.8, 0.288);
-
-        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
-            { -0.539200,  0.737280,  0.407040 },
-            { -0.184320, -0.574912,  0.797184 },
-            {  0.821760,  0.354816,  0.445888 }
-        }, 1.0e-10),
-        0.288, 0.384, 0.36, 0.8);
-
-        double[][] m1 = { { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
-            { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 },
-            { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 } };
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = createRotation(m1, 1.0e-7);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-
-        double[][] m2 = { { 0.83203, -0.55012, -0.07139 },
-            { 0.48293,  0.78164, -0.39474 },
-            { 0.27296,  0.29396,  0.91602 } };
-        r = createRotation(m2, 1.0e-12);
-
-        DerivativeStructure[][] m3 = r.getMatrix();
-        double d00 = m2[0][0] - m3[0][0].getReal();
-        double d01 = m2[0][1] - m3[0][1].getReal();
-        double d02 = m2[0][2] - m3[0][2].getReal();
-        double d10 = m2[1][0] - m3[1][0].getReal();
-        double d11 = m2[1][1] - m3[1][1].getReal();
-        double d12 = m2[1][2] - m3[1][2].getReal();
-        double d20 = m2[2][0] - m3[2][0].getReal();
-        double d21 = m2[2][1] - m3[2][1].getReal();
-        double d22 = m2[2][2] - m3[2][2].getReal();
-
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d00) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d01) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d02) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d10) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d11) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d12) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d20) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d21) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d22) < 6.0e-6);
-
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d00) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d01) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d02) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d10) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d11) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d12) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d20) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d21) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d22) > 4.0e-7);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-            for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
-                double m3tm3 = m3[i][0].getReal() * m3[j][0].getReal() +
-                               m3[i][1].getReal() * m3[j][1].getReal() +
-                               m3[i][2].getReal() * m3[j][2].getReal();
-                if (i == j) {
-                    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(m3tm3 - 1.0) < 1.0e-10);
-                } else {
-                    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(m3tm3) < 1.0e-10);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)),
-                    new FieldVector3D<>(m3[0][0], m3[1][0], m3[2][0]));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)),
-                    new FieldVector3D<>(m3[0][1], m3[1][1], m3[2][1]));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)),
-                    new FieldVector3D<>(m3[0][2], m3[1][2], m3[2][2]));
-
-        double[][] m4 = { { 1.0,  0.0,  0.0 },
-            { 0.0, -1.0,  0.0 },
-            { 0.0,  0.0, -1.0 } };
-        r = createRotation(m4, 1.0e-7);
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        try {
-            double[][] m5 = { { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 },
-                { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
-                { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 } };
-            r = createRotation(m5, 1.0e-7);
-            Assert.fail("got " + r + ", should have caught an exception");
-        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException e) {
-            // expected
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    @Deprecated
-    public void testAnglesDeprecated()
-            throws CardanEulerSingularityException {
-
-        RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
-            RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
-            RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
-        };
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
-            for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 0.3) {
-                for (double alpha2 = -1.55; alpha2 < 1.55; alpha2 += 0.3) {
-                    for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 0.3) {
-                        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = new FieldRotation<>(CardanOrders[i],
-                                                      new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, alpha1),
-                                                      new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1, alpha2),
-                                                      new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, alpha3));
-                        DerivativeStructure[] angles = r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i]);
-                        checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
-                        checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
-                        checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
-            RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
-            RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
-        };
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
-            for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 0.3) {
-                for (double alpha2 = 0.05; alpha2 < 3.1; alpha2 += 0.3) {
-                    for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 0.3) {
-                        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = new FieldRotation<>(EulerOrders[i],
-                                                      new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, alpha1),
-                                                      new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1, alpha2),
-                                                      new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, alpha3));
-                        DerivativeStructure[] angles = r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i]);
-                        checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
-                        checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
-                        checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAngles()
-        throws CardanEulerSingularityException {
-
-        for (RotationConvention convention : RotationConvention.values()) {
-            RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
-                RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
-                RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
-            };
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
-                for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 0.3) {
-                    for (double alpha2 = -1.55; alpha2 < 1.55; alpha2 += 0.3) {
-                        for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 0.3) {
-                            FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r =
-                                            new FieldRotation<>(CardanOrders[i],
-                                                                                   convention,
-                                                                                   new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, alpha1),
-                                                                                   new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1, alpha2),
-                                                                                   new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, alpha3));
-                            DerivativeStructure[] angles = r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i], convention);
-                            checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
-                            checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
-                            checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
-                RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
-                RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
-            };
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
-                for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 0.3) {
-                    for (double alpha2 = 0.05; alpha2 < 3.1; alpha2 += 0.3) {
-                        for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 0.3) {
-                            FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r =
-                                            new FieldRotation<>(EulerOrders[i],
-                                                                                   convention,
-                                                                                   new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, alpha1),
-                                                                                   new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1, alpha2),
-                                                                                   new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, alpha3));
-                            DerivativeStructure[] angles = r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i], convention);
-                            checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
-                            checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
-                            checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testSingularities() {
-
-        for (RotationConvention convention : RotationConvention.values()) {
-            RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
-                RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
-                RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
-            };
-
-            double[] singularCardanAngle = { FastMath.PI / 2, -FastMath.PI / 2 };
-            for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
-                for (int j = 0; j < singularCardanAngle.length; ++j) {
-                    FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r =
-                                    new FieldRotation<>(CardanOrders[i],
-                                                                           convention,
-                                                                           new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, 0.1),
-                                                                           new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1, singularCardanAngle[j]),
-                                                                           new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, 0.3));
-                    try {
-                        r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i], convention);
-                        Assert.fail("an exception should have been caught");
-                    } catch (CardanEulerSingularityException cese) {
-                        // expected behavior
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
-                RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
-                RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
-            };
-
-            double[] singularEulerAngle = { 0, FastMath.PI };
-            for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
-                for (int j = 0; j < singularEulerAngle.length; ++j) {
-                    FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r =
-                                    new FieldRotation<>(EulerOrders[i],
-                                                                           convention,
-                                                                           new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, 0.1),
-                                                                           new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1, singularEulerAngle[j]),
-                                                                           new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, 0.3));
-                    try {
-                        r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i], convention);
-                        Assert.fail("an exception should have been caught");
-                    } catch (CardanEulerSingularityException cese) {
-                        // expected behavior
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testQuaternion() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r1 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                                                       createAngle(1.7),
-                                                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        double n = 23.5;
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(r1.getQ0().multiply(n), r1.getQ1().multiply(n),
-                                       r1.getQ2().multiply(n), r1.getQ3().multiply(n),
-                                       true);
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(u), r1.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        r1 = createRotation(0.288,  0.384,  0.36,  0.8, false);
-        checkRotationDS(r1,
-                        -r1.getQ0().getReal(), -r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                        -r1.getQ2().getReal(), -r1.getQ3().getReal());
-        final Quaternion r1Quat = r1.toRotation().getQuaternion();
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.288, r1Quat.getW(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.384, r1Quat.getX(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.36,  r1Quat.getY(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.8,   r1Quat.getZ(), 1.0e-15);
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testApplyToRotation() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r1       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                                                             createAngle(1.7),
-                                                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r2       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                                                             createAngle(0.3),
-                                                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3       = r2.applyTo(r1);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3Double = r2.applyTo(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                                       r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                                       r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                                       r1.getQ3().getReal()));
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testComposeVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r1       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                                                             createAngle(1.7),
-                                                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r2       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                                                             createAngle(0.3),
-                                                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3       = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3Double = r2.compose(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                                       r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                                       r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                                       r1.getQ3().getReal()),
-                                                                 RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testComposeFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r1       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                                                             createAngle(1.7),
-                                                                                             RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r2       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                                                             createAngle(0.3),
-                                                                                             RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3       = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3Double = r2.compose(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                                       r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                                       r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                                       r1.getQ3().getReal()),
-                                                                 RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testApplyInverseToRotation() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r1 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                                                       createAngle(1.7),
-                                                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                                                       createAngle(0.3),
-                                                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3 = r2.applyInverseTo(r1);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3Double = r2.applyInverseTo(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                                              r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                                              r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                                              r1.getQ3().getReal()));
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testComposeInverseVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r1 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                                                       createAngle(1.7),
-                                                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                                                       createAngle(0.3),
-                                                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3 = r2.composeInverse(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3Double = r2.composeInverse(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                                              r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                                              r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                                              r1.getQ3().getReal()),
-                                                                        RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testComposeInverseframeTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r1 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                                                       createAngle(1.7),
-                                                                                       RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                                                       createAngle(0.3),
-                                                                                       RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3 = r2.composeInverse(r1, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r3Double = r2.composeInverse(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                                              r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                                              r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                                              r1.getQ3().getReal()),
-                                                                        RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyInverseTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyInverseTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDoubleVectors() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-        UniformRandomProvider random = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.WELL_1024_A,
-                                                           0x180b41cfeeffaf67l);
-        UnitSphereSampler g = new UnitSphereSampler(3, random);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
-            double[] unit = g.nextVector();
-            FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(unit[0], unit[1], unit[2]),
-                                                                                          createAngle(random.nextDouble()),
-                                                                                          RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-            for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-                for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                    for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> uds   = createVector(x, y, z);
-                        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> ruds  = r.applyTo(uds);
-                        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> rIuds = r.applyInverseTo(uds);
-                        Vector3D u = Vector3D.of(x, y, z);
-                        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> ru    = r.applyTo(u);
-                        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> rIu   = r.applyInverseTo(u);
-                        DerivativeStructure[] ruArray = new DerivativeStructure[3];
-                        r.applyTo(new double[] { x, y, z}, ruArray);
-                        DerivativeStructure[] rIuArray = new DerivativeStructure[3];
-                        r.applyInverseTo(new double[] { x, y, z}, rIuArray);
-                        checkVector(ruds, ru);
-                        checkVector(ruds, new FieldVector3D<>(ruArray));
-                        checkVector(rIuds, rIu);
-                        checkVector(rIuds, new FieldVector3D<>(rIuArray));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDoubleRotations() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-        UniformRandomProvider random = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.WELL_1024_A,
-                                                           0x180b41cfeeffaf67l);
-        UnitSphereSampler g = new UnitSphereSampler(3, random);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
-            double[] unit1 = g.nextVector();
-            QuaternionRotation r1 = QuaternionRotation.of(random.nextDouble(),
-                                                          unit1[0], unit1[1], unit1[2]);
-            final Quaternion r1Quat = r1.getQuaternion();
-            FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r1Prime = new FieldRotation<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 0, r1Quat.getW()),
-                                                new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 1, r1Quat.getX()),
-                                                new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 2, r1Quat.getY()),
-                                                new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, r1Quat.getZ()),
-                                                false);
-            double[] unit2 = g.nextVector();
-            FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(unit2[0], unit2[1], unit2[2]),
-                                                                                           createAngle(random.nextDouble()),
-                                                                                           RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-            FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rA = FieldRotation.applyTo(r1, r2);
-            FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rB = r1Prime.compose(r2, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-            FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rC = FieldRotation.applyInverseTo(r1, r2);
-            FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rD = r1Prime.composeInverse(r2, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-            for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-                for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                    for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-
-                        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> uds   = createVector(x, y, z);
-                        checkVector(r1Prime.applyTo(uds), FieldRotation.applyTo(r1, uds));
-                        checkVector(r1Prime.applyInverseTo(uds), FieldRotation.applyInverseTo(r1, uds));
-                        checkVector(rA.applyTo(uds), rB.applyTo(uds));
-                        checkVector(rA.applyInverseTo(uds), rB.applyInverseTo(uds));
-                        checkVector(rC.applyTo(uds), rD.applyTo(uds));
-                        checkVector(rC.applyInverseTo(uds), rD.applyInverseTo(uds));
-
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDerivatives() {
-
-        double eps      = 5.0e-16;
-        double kx       = 2;
-        double ky       = -3;
-        double kz       = 5;
-        double n2       = kx * kx + ky * ky + kz * kz;
-        double n        = FastMath.sqrt(n2);
-        double theta    = 1.7;
-        double cosTheta = FastMath.cos(theta);
-        double sinTheta = FastMath.sin(theta);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r    = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(kx, ky, kz),
-                                                                                         createAngle(theta),
-                                                                                         RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        Vector3D a      = Vector3D.of(kx / n, ky / n, kz / n);
-
-        // Jacobian of the normalized rotation axis a with respect to the Cartesian vector k
-        RealMatrix dadk = MatrixUtils.createRealMatrix(new double[][] {
-            { (ky * ky + kz * kz) / ( n * n2),            -kx * ky / ( n * n2),            -kx * kz / ( n * n2) },
-            {            -kx * ky / ( n * n2), (kx * kx + kz * kz) / ( n * n2),            -ky * kz / ( n * n2) },
-            {            -kx * kz / ( n * n2),            -ky * kz / ( n * n2), (kx * kx + ky * ky) / ( n * n2) }
-        });
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    Vector3D   u = Vector3D.of(x, y, z);
-                    FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v = r.applyTo(createVector(x, y, z));
-
-                    // explicit formula for rotation of vector u around axis a with angle theta
-                    double dot     = u.dot(a);
-                    Vector3D cross = a.cross(u);
-                    double c1      = 1 - cosTheta;
-                    double c2      = c1 * dot;
-                    Vector3D rt    = Vector3D.linearCombination(cosTheta, u, c2, a, sinTheta, cross);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(rt.getX(), v.getX().getReal(), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(rt.getY(), v.getY().getReal(), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(rt.getZ(), v.getZ().getReal(), eps);
-
-                    // Jacobian of the image v = r(u) with respect to rotation axis a
-                    // (analytical differentiation of the explicit formula)
-                    RealMatrix dvda = MatrixUtils.createRealMatrix(new double[][] {
-                        { c1 * x * a.getX() + c2,           c1 * y * a.getX() + sinTheta * z, c1 * z * a.getX() - sinTheta * y },
-                        { c1 * x * a.getY() - sinTheta * z, c1 * y * a.getY() + c2,           c1 * z * a.getY() + sinTheta * x },
-                        { c1 * x * a.getZ() + sinTheta * y, c1 * y * a.getZ() - sinTheta * x, c1 * z * a.getZ() + c2           }
-                    });
-
-                    // compose Jacobians
-                    RealMatrix dvdk = dvda.multiply(dadk);
-
-                    // derivatives with respect to un-normalized axis
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdk.getEntry(0, 0), v.getX().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdk.getEntry(0, 1), v.getX().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdk.getEntry(0, 2), v.getX().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdk.getEntry(1, 0), v.getY().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdk.getEntry(1, 1), v.getY().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdk.getEntry(1, 2), v.getY().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdk.getEntry(2, 0), v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdk.getEntry(2, 1), v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdk.getEntry(2, 2), v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), eps);
-
-                    // derivative with respect to rotation angle
-                    // (analytical differentiation of the explicit formula)
-                    Vector3D dvdTheta =
-                        Vector3D.linearCombination(-sinTheta, u, sinTheta * dot, a, cosTheta, cross);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdTheta.getX(), v.getX().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdTheta.getY(), v.getY().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), eps);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(dvdTheta.getZ(), v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), eps);
-
-                }
-            }
-        }
-     }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testArray() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(2, -3, 5),
-                                                                                      createAngle(1.7),
-                                                                                      RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v = r.applyTo(u);
-                    DerivativeStructure[] out = new DerivativeStructure[3];
-                    r.applyTo(new DerivativeStructure[] { u.getX(), u.getY(), u.getZ() }, out);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(v.getX().getReal(), out[0].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(v.getY().getReal(), out[1].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(v.getZ().getReal(), out[2].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                    r.applyInverseTo(out, out);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(u.getX().getReal(), out[0].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(u.getY().getReal(), out[1].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(u.getZ().getReal(), out[2].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testApplyInverseTo() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        DerivativeStructure[] in      = new DerivativeStructure[3];
-        DerivativeStructure[] out     = new DerivativeStructure[3];
-        DerivativeStructure[] rebuilt = new DerivativeStructure[3];
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                                                      createAngle(1.7),
-                                                                                      RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
-            for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
-                FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(phi));
-                r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
-                in[0] = u.getX();
-                in[1] = u.getY();
-                in[2] = u.getZ();
-                r.applyTo(in, out);
-                r.applyInverseTo(out, rebuilt);
-                Assert.assertEquals(in[0].getReal(), rebuilt[0].getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-                Assert.assertEquals(in[1].getReal(), rebuilt[1].getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-                Assert.assertEquals(in[2].getReal(), rebuilt[2].getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-            }
-        }
-
-        r = createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false);
-        for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
-            for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
-                FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(phi));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
-            }
-        }
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(0, 0, 1),
-                                                   createAngle(FastMath.PI),
-                                                   RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
-            for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
-                FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(phi));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testIssue639() throws MathArithmeticException{
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u1 = createVector(-1321008684645961.0 /  268435456.0,
-                                   -5774608829631843.0 /  268435456.0,
-                                   -3822921525525679.0 / 4294967296.0);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u2 =createVector( -5712344449280879.0 /    2097152.0,
-                                   -2275058564560979.0 /    1048576.0,
-                                   4423475992255071.0 /      65536.0);
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rot = new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, createVector(1, 0, 0),createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.6228370359608200639829222, rot.getQ0().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0257707621456498790029987, rot.getQ1().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-0.0000000002503012255839931, rot.getQ2().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-0.7819270390861109450724902, rot.getQ3().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testIssue801() throws MathArithmeticException {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u1 = createVector(0.9999988431610581, -0.0015210774290851095, 0.0);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u2 = createVector(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(0.9999999999999999, 0.0, 0.0);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
-
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> quat = new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, v1, v2);
-        double q2 = quat.getQ0().getReal() * quat.getQ0().getReal() +
-                    quat.getQ1().getReal() * quat.getQ1().getReal() +
-                    quat.getQ2().getReal() * quat.getQ2().getReal() +
-                    quat.getQ3().getReal() * quat.getQ3().getReal();
-        Assert.assertEquals(1.0, q2, 1.0e-14);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.angle(v1, quat.applyTo(u1)).getReal(), 1.0e-14);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.angle(v2, quat.applyTo(u2)).getReal(), 1.0e-14);
-
-    }
-
-    private void checkAngle(DerivativeStructure a1, double a2) {
-        Assert.assertEquals(a1.getReal(), PlaneAngleRadians.normalize(a2, a1.getReal()), 1.0e-10);
-    }
-
-    private void checkRotationDS(FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> r, double q0, double q1, double q2, double q3) {
-        FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> rPrime = createRotation(q0, q1, q2, q3, false);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, FieldRotation.distance(r, rPrime).getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-    }
-
-    private FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> createRotation(double q0, double q1, double q2, double q3,
-                                      boolean needsNormalization) {
-        return new FieldRotation<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 0, q0),
-                              new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 1, q1),
-                              new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 2, q2),
-                              new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, q3),
-                              needsNormalization);
-    }
-
-    private FieldRotation<DerivativeStructure> createRotation(double[][] m, double threshold) {
-        DerivativeStructure[][] mds = new DerivativeStructure[m.length][m[0].length];
-        int index = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < m.length; ++i) {
-            for (int j = 0; j < m[i].length; ++j) {
-                mds[i][j] = new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, index, m[i][j]);
-                index = (index + 1) % 4;
-            }
-        }
-        return new FieldRotation<>(mds, threshold);
-    }
-
-    private FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> createVector(double x, double y, double z) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, x),
-                              new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, y),
-                              new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, z));
-    }
-
-    private FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> createAxis(double x, double y, double z) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 0, x),
-                              new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 1, y),
-                              new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 2, z));
-    }
-
-    private DerivativeStructure createAngle(double alpha) {
-        return new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, alpha);
-    }
-
-    private void checkVector(FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u, FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v) {
-        Assert.assertEquals(u.getX().getReal(), v.getX().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(u.getY().getReal(), v.getY().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(u.getZ().getReal(), v.getZ().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldRotationDfpTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldRotationDfpTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 3bda1c4..0000000
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldRotationDfpTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1038 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed;
-
-import org.junit.Assert;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.apache.commons.numbers.angle.PlaneAngleRadians;
-import org.apache.commons.numbers.quaternion.Quaternion;
-import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;
-import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
-import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.UnitSphereSampler;
-import org.apache.commons.geometry.euclidean.threed.Vector3D;
-import org.apache.commons.geometry.euclidean.threed.rotation.QuaternionRotation;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.dfp.Dfp;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.dfp.DfpField;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.MathArithmeticException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.MathIllegalArgumentException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.CardanEulerSingularityException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.FieldRotation;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.FieldVector3D;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.NotARotationMatrixException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.RotationOrder;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.util.FastMath;
-
-public class FieldRotationDfpTest {
-
-    @Test
-    public void testIdentity() {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);
-
-        r = createRotation(-1, 0, 0, 0, false);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);
-
-        r = createRotation(42, 0, 0, 0, true);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    @Deprecated
-    public void testAxisAngleDeprecated() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(10, 10, 10), createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(), createVector(s, s, s));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);
-
-        try {
-            new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 0), createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3));
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
-        }
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 1), createAngle(1.5 * FastMath.PI));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(), createVector(0, 0, -1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 1, 0), createAngle(FastMath.PI));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAxisAngleVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(10, 10, 10),
-                                                      createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3) ,
-                                                      RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector( s,  s,  s));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(-s, -s, -s));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);
-
-        try {
-            new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 0),
-                                   createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3),
-                                   RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
-        }
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 1),
-                                   createAngle(1.5 * FastMath.PI),
-                                   RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, 0, -1));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, 0, +1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 1, 0),
-                                   createAngle(FastMath.PI),
-                                   RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, +1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, -1, 0));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(+1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(-1, 0, 0));
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAxisAngleFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(10, 10, 10),
-                                                      createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3) ,
-                                                      RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-        double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector( s,  s,  s));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(-s, -s, -s));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);
-
-        try {
-            new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 0),
-                                   createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3),
-                                   RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
-        }
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 0, 1),
-                                   createAngle(1.5 * FastMath.PI),
-                                   RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, 0, -1));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, 0, +1));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(0, 1, 0),
-                                   createAngle(FastMath.PI),
-                                   RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, +1, 0));
-        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, -1, 0));
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(-1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(+1, 0, 0));
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testRevert() {
-        double a = 0.001;
-        double b = 0.36;
-        double c = 0.48;
-        double d = 0.8;
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = createRotation(a, b, c, d, true);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> reverted = r.revert();
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> rrT = r.applyTo(reverted);
-        checkRotationDS(rrT, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> rTr = reverted.applyTo(r);
-        checkRotationDS(rTr, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle().getReal(), reverted.getAngle().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1,
-                            FieldVector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR),
-                                                     reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testRevertVectorOperator() {
-        double a = 0.001;
-        double b = 0.36;
-        double c = 0.48;
-        double d = 0.8;
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = createRotation(a, b, c, d, true);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> reverted = r.revert();
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> rrT = r.compose(reverted, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        checkRotationDS(rrT, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> rTr = reverted.compose(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        checkRotationDS(rTr, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle().getReal(), reverted.getAngle().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1,
-                            FieldVector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR),
-                                                     reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testRevertFrameTransform() {
-        double a = 0.001;
-        double b = 0.36;
-        double c = 0.48;
-        double d = 0.8;
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = createRotation(a, b, c, d, true);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> reverted = r.revert();
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> rrT = r.compose(reverted, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        checkRotationDS(rrT, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> rTr = reverted.compose(r, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        checkRotationDS(rTr, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle().getReal(), reverted.getAngle().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1,
-                            FieldVector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM),
-                                                     reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testVectorOnePair() throws MathArithmeticException {
-
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(3, 2, 1);
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> v = createVector(-4, 2, 2);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(u, v);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(u.scalarMultiply(v.getNorm())), v.scalarMultiply(u.getNorm()));
-
-        checkAngle(new FieldRotation<>(u, u.negate()).getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        try {
-            new FieldRotation<>(u, createVector(0, 0, 0));
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathArithmeticException e) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testVectorTwoPairs() throws MathArithmeticException {
-
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u1 = createVector(3, 0, 0);
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u2 = createVector(0, 5, 0);
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> v1 = createVector(0, 0, 2);
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> v2 = createVector(-2, 0, 2);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, v1, v2);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(-1, 0, 0));
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, u1.negate(), u2.negate());
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> axis = r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        if (FieldVector3D.dotProduct(axis, createVector(0, 0, 1)).getReal() > 0) {
-            checkVector(axis, createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        } else {
-            checkVector(axis, createVector(0, 0, -1));
-        }
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        double sqrt = FastMath.sqrt(2) / 2;
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(1, 0, 0),  createVector(0, 1, 0),
-                           createVector(0.5, 0.5,  sqrt),
-                           createVector(0.5, 0.5, -sqrt));
-        checkRotationDS(r, sqrt, 0.5, 0.5, 0);
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, u1, FieldVector3D.crossProduct(u1, u2));
-        checkRotationDS(r, sqrt, -sqrt, 0, 0);
-
-        checkRotationDS(new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, u1, u2), 1, 0, 0, 0);
-
-        try {
-            new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, createVector(0, 0, 0), v2);
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathArithmeticException e) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testMatrix()
-            throws NotARotationMatrixException {
-
-        try {
-            createRotation(new double[][] {
-                { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
-                { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 }
-            }, 1.0e-7);
-            Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
-        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-
-        try {
-            createRotation(new double[][] {
-                {  0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
-                {  0.821760, -0.184320,  0.539200 },
-                { -0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 }
-            }, 1.0e-7);
-            Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
-        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-
-        try {
-            createRotation(new double[][] {
-                {  0.4,  0.8, -0.4 },
-                { -0.4,  0.6,  0.7 },
-                {  0.8, -0.2,  0.5 }
-            }, 1.0e-15);
-            Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
-        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-
-        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
-            {  0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
-            { -0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 },
-            {  0.821760, -0.184320,  0.539200 }
-        }, 1.0e-10),
-        0.8, 0.288, 0.384, 0.36);
-
-        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
-            {  0.539200,  0.737280,  0.407040 },
-            {  0.184320, -0.574912,  0.797184 },
-            {  0.821760, -0.354816, -0.445888 }
-        }, 1.0e-10),
-        0.36, 0.8, 0.288, 0.384);
-
-        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
-            { -0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
-            {  0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 },
-            {  0.821760,  0.184320, -0.539200 }
-        }, 1.0e-10),
-        0.384, 0.36, 0.8, 0.288);
-
-        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
-            { -0.539200,  0.737280,  0.407040 },
-            { -0.184320, -0.574912,  0.797184 },
-            {  0.821760,  0.354816,  0.445888 }
-        }, 1.0e-10),
-        0.288, 0.384, 0.36, 0.8);
-
-        double[][] m1 = { { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
-            { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 },
-            { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 } };
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = createRotation(m1, 1.0e-7);
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
-
-        double[][] m2 = { { 0.83203, -0.55012, -0.07139 },
-            { 0.48293,  0.78164, -0.39474 },
-            { 0.27296,  0.29396,  0.91602 } };
-        r = createRotation(m2, 1.0e-12);
-
-        Dfp[][] m3 = r.getMatrix();
-        double d00 = m2[0][0] - m3[0][0].getReal();
-        double d01 = m2[0][1] - m3[0][1].getReal();
-        double d02 = m2[0][2] - m3[0][2].getReal();
-        double d10 = m2[1][0] - m3[1][0].getReal();
-        double d11 = m2[1][1] - m3[1][1].getReal();
-        double d12 = m2[1][2] - m3[1][2].getReal();
-        double d20 = m2[2][0] - m3[2][0].getReal();
-        double d21 = m2[2][1] - m3[2][1].getReal();
-        double d22 = m2[2][2] - m3[2][2].getReal();
-
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d00) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d01) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d02) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d10) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d11) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d12) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d20) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d21) < 6.0e-6);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d22) < 6.0e-6);
-
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d00) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d01) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d02) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d10) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d11) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d12) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d20) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d21) > 4.0e-7);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d22) > 4.0e-7);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-            for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
-                double m3tm3 = m3[i][0].getReal() * m3[j][0].getReal() +
-                               m3[i][1].getReal() * m3[j][1].getReal() +
-                               m3[i][2].getReal() * m3[j][2].getReal();
-                if (i == j) {
-                    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(m3tm3 - 1.0) < 1.0e-10);
-                } else {
-                    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(m3tm3) < 1.0e-10);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)),
-                    new FieldVector3D<>(m3[0][0], m3[1][0], m3[2][0]));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)),
-                    new FieldVector3D<>(m3[0][1], m3[1][1], m3[2][1]));
-        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)),
-                    new FieldVector3D<>(m3[0][2], m3[1][2], m3[2][2]));
-
-        double[][] m4 = { { 1.0,  0.0,  0.0 },
-            { 0.0, -1.0,  0.0 },
-            { 0.0,  0.0, -1.0 } };
-        r = createRotation(m4, 1.0e-7);
-        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);
-
-        try {
-            double[][] m5 = { { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 },
-                { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
-                { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 } };
-            r = createRotation(m5, 1.0e-7);
-            Assert.fail("got " + r + ", should have caught an exception");
-        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException e) {
-            // expected
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    @Deprecated
-    public void testAnglesDeprecated()
-            throws CardanEulerSingularityException {
-
-        DfpField field = new DfpField(15);
-
-        RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
-            RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
-            RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
-        };
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
-            for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 2.0) {
-                for (double alpha2 = -1.55; alpha2 < 1.55; alpha2 += 0.8) {
-                    for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 2.0) {
-                        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(CardanOrders[i],
-                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha1),
-                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha2),
-                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha3));
-                        Dfp[] angles = r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i]);
-                        checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
-                        checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
-                        checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
-            RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
-            RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
-        };
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
-            for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 2.0) {
-                for (double alpha2 = 0.05; alpha2 < 3.1; alpha2 += 0.8) {
-                    for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 2.0) {
-                        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(EulerOrders[i],
-                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha1),
-                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha2),
-                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha3));
-                        Dfp[] angles = r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i]);
-                        checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
-                        checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
-                        checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAngles()
-        throws CardanEulerSingularityException {
-
-        DfpField field = new DfpField(15);
-
-        for (RotationConvention convention : RotationConvention.values()) {
-            RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
-                RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
-                RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
-            };
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
-                for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 2.0) {
-                    for (double alpha2 = -1.55; alpha2 < 1.55; alpha2 += 0.8) {
-                        for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 2.0) {
-                            FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(CardanOrders[i],
-                                                                          convention,
-                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha1),
-                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha2),
-                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha3));
-                            Dfp[] angles = r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i], convention);
-                            checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
-                            checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
-                            checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
-                RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
-                RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
-            };
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
-                for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 2.0) {
-                    for (double alpha2 = 0.05; alpha2 < 3.1; alpha2 += 0.8) {
-                        for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 2.0) {
-                            FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(EulerOrders[i],
-                                                                          convention,
-                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha1),
-                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha2),
-                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha3));
-                            Dfp[] angles = r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i], convention);
-                            checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
-                            checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
-                            checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testSingularities() {
-
-        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
-        for (RotationConvention convention : RotationConvention.values()) {
-            RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
-                RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
-                RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
-            };
-
-            double[] singularCardanAngle = { FastMath.PI / 2, -FastMath.PI / 2 };
-            for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
-                for (int j = 0; j < singularCardanAngle.length; ++j) {
-                    FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(CardanOrders[i],
-                                                                  convention,
-                                                                  field.newDfp(0.1),
-                                                                  field.newDfp(singularCardanAngle[j]),
-                                                                  field.newDfp(0.3));
-                    try {
-                        r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i], convention);
-                        Assert.fail("an exception should have been caught");
-                    } catch (CardanEulerSingularityException cese) {
-                        // expected behavior
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
-                RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
-                RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
-            };
-
-            double[] singularEulerAngle = { 0, FastMath.PI };
-            for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
-                for (int j = 0; j < singularEulerAngle.length; ++j) {
-                    FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(EulerOrders[i],
-                                                                  convention,
-                                                                  field.newDfp(0.1),
-                                                                  field.newDfp(singularEulerAngle[j]),
-                                                                  field.newDfp(0.3));
-                    try {
-                        r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i], convention);
-                        Assert.fail("an exception should have been caught");
-                    } catch (CardanEulerSingularityException cese) {
-                        // expected behavior
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testQuaternion() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                       createAngle(1.7),
-                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        double n = 23.5;
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(r1.getQ0().multiply(n), r1.getQ1().multiply(n),
-                                                       r1.getQ2().multiply(n), r1.getQ3().multiply(n),
-                                                       true);
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(u), r1.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        r1 = createRotation(0.288,  0.384,  0.36,  0.8, false);
-        checkRotationDS(r1,
-                        -r1.getQ0().getReal(), -r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                        -r1.getQ2().getReal(), -r1.getQ3().getReal());
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testApplyToRotation() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                             createAngle(1.7),
-                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                             createAngle(0.3),
-                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3       = r2.applyTo(r1);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.applyTo(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                       r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                       r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                       r1.getQ3().getReal()));
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testComposeVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                             createAngle(1.7),
-                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                             createAngle(0.3),
-                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3       = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.compose(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                       r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                       r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                       r1.getQ3().getReal()),
-                                                 RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testComposeFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                             createAngle(1.7),
-                                                             RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2       = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                             createAngle(0.3),
-                                                             RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3       = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.compose(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                       r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                       r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                       r1.getQ3().getReal()),
-                                                 RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r4 = r1.compose(r2, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldRotation.distance(r3, r4).getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testApplyInverseToRotation() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                       createAngle(1.7),
-                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                       createAngle(0.3),
-                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3 = r2.applyInverseTo(r1);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.applyInverseTo(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                              r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                              r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                              r1.getQ3().getReal()));
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testComposeInverseVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                       createAngle(1.7),
-                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                       createAngle(0.3),
-                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3 = r2.composeInverse(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.composeInverse(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                              r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                              r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                              r1.getQ3().getReal()),
-                                                        RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testComposeInverseFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                       createAngle(1.7),
-                                                       RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
-                                                       createAngle(0.3),
-                                                       RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3 = r2.composeInverse(r1, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.composeInverse(QuaternionRotation.of(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
-                                                                              r1.getQ1().getReal(),
-                                                                              r1.getQ2().getReal(),
-                                                                              r1.getQ3().getReal()),
-                                                        RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r4 = r1.revert().composeInverse(r2.revert(), RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldRotation.distance(r3, r4).getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyInverseTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
-                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyInverseTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDoubleVectors() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-        UniformRandomProvider random = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.WELL_1024_A,
-                                                           0x180b41cfeeffaf67l);
-        UnitSphereSampler g = new UnitSphereSampler(3, random);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
-            double[] unit = g.nextVector();
-            FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(unit[0], unit[1], unit[2]),
-                                                          createAngle(random.nextDouble()),
-                                                          RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-            for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.4) {
-                for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.4) {
-                    for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.4) {
-                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> uds   = createVector(x, y, z);
-                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> ruds  = r.applyTo(uds);
-                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> rIuds = r.applyInverseTo(uds);
-                        Vector3D u = Vector3D.of(x, y, z);
-                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> ru    = r.applyTo(u);
-                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> rIu   = r.applyInverseTo(u);
-                        Dfp[] ruArray = new Dfp[3];
-                        r.applyTo(new double[] { x, y, z}, ruArray);
-                        Dfp[] rIuArray = new Dfp[3];
-                        r.applyInverseTo(new double[] { x, y, z}, rIuArray);
-                        checkVector(ruds, ru);
-                        checkVector(ruds, new FieldVector3D<>(ruArray));
-                        checkVector(rIuds, rIu);
-                        checkVector(rIuds, new FieldVector3D<>(rIuArray));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDoubleRotations() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-        UniformRandomProvider random = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.WELL_1024_A,
-                                                           0x180b41cfeeffaf67l);
-        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
-        UnitSphereSampler g = new UnitSphereSampler(3, random);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
-            double[] unit1 = g.nextVector();
-            QuaternionRotation r1 = QuaternionRotation.of(random.nextDouble(),
-                                                          unit1[0], unit1[1], unit1[2]);
-            final Quaternion r1Quat = r1.getQuaternion();
-            FieldRotation<Dfp> r1Prime = new FieldRotation<>(field.newDfp(r1Quat.getW()),
-                                                             field.newDfp(r1Quat.getX()),
-                                                             field.newDfp(r1Quat.getY()),
-                                                             field.newDfp(r1Quat.getZ()),
-                                                             false);
-            double[] unit2 = g.nextVector();
-            FieldRotation<Dfp> r2 = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(unit2[0], unit2[1], unit2[2]),
-                                                           createAngle(random.nextDouble()),
-                                                           RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-            FieldRotation<Dfp> rA = FieldRotation.applyTo(r1, r2);
-            FieldRotation<Dfp> rB = r1Prime.compose(r2, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-            FieldRotation<Dfp> rC = FieldRotation.applyInverseTo(r1, r2);
-            FieldRotation<Dfp> rD = r1Prime.composeInverse(r2, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-            for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.4) {
-                for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.4) {
-                    for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.4) {
-
-                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> uds   = createVector(x, y, z);
-                        checkVector(r1Prime.applyTo(uds), FieldRotation.applyTo(r1, uds));
-                        checkVector(r1Prime.applyInverseTo(uds), FieldRotation.applyInverseTo(r1, uds));
-                        checkVector(rA.applyTo(uds), rB.applyTo(uds));
-                        checkVector(rA.applyInverseTo(uds), rB.applyInverseTo(uds));
-                        checkVector(rC.applyTo(uds), rD.applyTo(uds));
-                        checkVector(rC.applyInverseTo(uds), rD.applyInverseTo(uds));
-
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testArray() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(createAxis(2, -3, 5),
-                                                      createAngle(1.7),
-                                                      RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-
-        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
-            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
-                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
-                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
-                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> v = r.applyTo(u);
-                    Dfp[] out = new Dfp[3];
-                    r.applyTo(new Dfp[] { u.getX(), u.getY(), u.getZ() }, out);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(v.getX().getReal(), out[0].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(v.getY().getReal(), out[1].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(v.getZ().getReal(), out[2].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                    r.applyInverseTo(out, out);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(u.getX().getReal(), out[0].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(u.getY().getReal(), out[1].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                    Assert.assertEquals(u.getZ().getReal(), out[2].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testApplyInverseTo() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
-
-        Dfp[] in      = new Dfp[3];
-        Dfp[] out     = new Dfp[3];
-        Dfp[] rebuilt = new Dfp[3];
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(2, -3, 5),
-                                                      createAngle(1.7),
-                                                      RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
-            for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
-                FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(phi));
-                r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
-                in[0] = u.getX();
-                in[1] = u.getY();
-                in[2] = u.getZ();
-                r.applyTo(in, out);
-                r.applyInverseTo(out, rebuilt);
-                Assert.assertEquals(in[0].getReal(), rebuilt[0].getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-                Assert.assertEquals(in[1].getReal(), rebuilt[1].getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-                Assert.assertEquals(in[2].getReal(), rebuilt[2].getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-            }
-        }
-
-        r = createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false);
-        for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
-            for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
-                FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(phi));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
-            }
-        }
-
-        r = new FieldRotation<>(createVector(0, 0, 1), createAngle(FastMath.PI), RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
-        for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
-            for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
-                FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
-                                          FastMath.sin(phi));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
-                checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
-            }
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testIssue639() throws MathArithmeticException{
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u1 = createVector(-1321008684645961.0 /  268435456.0,
-                                   -5774608829631843.0 /  268435456.0,
-                                   -3822921525525679.0 / 4294967296.0);
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u2 =createVector( -5712344449280879.0 /    2097152.0,
-                                   -2275058564560979.0 /    1048576.0,
-                                   4423475992255071.0 /      65536.0);
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> rot = new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, createVector(1, 0, 0),createVector(0, 0, 1));
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.6228370359608200639829222, rot.getQ0().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0257707621456498790029987, rot.getQ1().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-0.0000000002503012255839931, rot.getQ2().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-0.7819270390861109450724902, rot.getQ3().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testIssue801() throws MathArithmeticException {
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u1 = createVector(0.9999988431610581, -0.0015210774290851095, 0.0);
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u2 = createVector(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> v1 = createVector(0.9999999999999999, 0.0, 0.0);
-        FieldVector3D<Dfp> v2 = createVector(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
-
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> quat = new FieldRotation<>(u1, u2, v1, v2);
-        double q2 = quat.getQ0().getReal() * quat.getQ0().getReal() +
-                    quat.getQ1().getReal() * quat.getQ1().getReal() +
-                    quat.getQ2().getReal() * quat.getQ2().getReal() +
-                    quat.getQ3().getReal() * quat.getQ3().getReal();
-        Assert.assertEquals(1.0, q2, 1.0e-14);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.angle(v1, quat.applyTo(u1)).getReal(), 1.0e-14);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.angle(v2, quat.applyTo(u2)).getReal(), 1.0e-14);
-
-    }
-
-    private void checkAngle(Dfp a1, double a2) {
-        Assert.assertEquals(a1.getReal(), PlaneAngleRadians.normalize(a2, a1.getReal()), 1.0e-10);
-    }
-
-    private void checkRotationDS(FieldRotation<Dfp> r, double q0, double q1, double q2, double q3) {
-        FieldRotation<Dfp> rPrime = createRotation(q0, q1, q2, q3, false);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, FieldRotation.distance(r, rPrime).getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-    }
-
-    private FieldRotation<Dfp> createRotation(double q0, double q1, double q2, double q3,
-                                      boolean needsNormalization) {
-        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
-        return new FieldRotation<>(field.newDfp(q0),
-                                      field.newDfp(q1),
-                                      field.newDfp(q2),
-                                      field.newDfp(q3),
-                                      needsNormalization);
-    }
-
-    private FieldRotation<Dfp> createRotation(double[][] m, double threshold) {
-        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
-        Dfp[][] mds = new Dfp[m.length][m[0].length];
-        for (int i = 0; i < m.length; ++i) {
-            for (int j = 0; j < m[i].length; ++j) {
-                mds[i][j] = field.newDfp(m[i][j]);
-            }
-        }
-        return new FieldRotation<>(mds, threshold);
-    }
-
-    private FieldVector3D<Dfp> createVector(double x, double y, double z) {
-        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(field.newDfp(x), field.newDfp(y), field.newDfp(z));
-    }
-
-    private FieldVector3D<Dfp> createAxis(double x, double y, double z) {
-        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(field.newDfp(x), field.newDfp(y), field.newDfp(z));
-    }
-
-    private Dfp createAngle(double alpha) {
-        return new DfpField(20).newDfp(alpha);
-    }
-
-    private void checkVector(FieldVector3D<Dfp> u, FieldVector3D<Dfp> v) {
-        Assert.assertEquals(u.getX().getReal(), v.getX().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(u.getY().getReal(), v.getY().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(u.getZ().getReal(), v.getZ().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldVector3DTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldVector3DTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 283cc9e..0000000
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/FieldVector3DTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,726 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed;
-
-import org.apache.commons.geometry.euclidean.threed.Vector3D;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.analysis.differentiation.DerivativeStructure;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.DimensionMismatchException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.exception.MathArithmeticException;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.FieldVector3D;
-import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;
-import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
-import org.apache.commons.math4.util.FastMath;
-import org.apache.commons.numbers.core.Precision;
-import org.junit.Assert;
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-public class FieldVector3DTest {
-
-    @Test
-    public void testConstructors() throws DimensionMismatchException {
-        double cosAlpha = 1 / 2.0;
-        double sinAlpha = FastMath.sqrt(3) / 2.0;
-        double cosDelta = FastMath.sqrt(2) / 2.0;
-        double sinDelta = -FastMath.sqrt(2) / 2.0;
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = new FieldVector3D<>(2,
-                new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(2, 1, 0,  FastMath.PI / 3),
-                        new DerivativeStructure(2, 1, 1, -FastMath.PI / 4)));
-        checkVector(u, 2 * cosAlpha * cosDelta, 2 * sinAlpha * cosDelta, 2 * sinDelta);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-2 * sinAlpha * cosDelta, u.getX().getPartialDerivative(1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(+2 * cosAlpha * cosDelta, u.getY().getPartialDerivative(1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0,                        u.getZ().getPartialDerivative(1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-2 * cosAlpha * sinDelta, u.getX().getPartialDerivative(0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-2 * sinAlpha * sinDelta, u.getY().getPartialDerivative(0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(2 * cosDelta,             u.getZ().getPartialDerivative(0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(2, createVector(1, 0,  0, 3)),
-                                   2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2);
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  2.0),
-                                   createVector(1, 0,  0, 4)),
-                                   2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0);
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  2.0),
-                                   Vector3D.of(1, 0,  0)),
-                                   2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(2, createVector(1, 0,  0, 3),
-                                   -3, createVector(0, 0, -1, 3)),
-                                   2, 0, 3, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1);
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  2.0),
-                                   createVector(1, 0,  0, 4),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, -3.0),
-                                   createVector(0, 0, -1, 4)),
-                                   2, 0, 3, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, -1);
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  2.0),
-                                   Vector3D.of(1, 0,  0),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, -3.0),
-                                   Vector3D.of(0, 0, -1)),
-                                   2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1);
-
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(2, createVector(1, 0, 0, 3),
-                                   5, createVector(0, 1, 0, 3),
-                                   -3, createVector(0, 0, -1, 3)),
-                                   2, 5, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4);
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  2.0),
-                                   createVector(1, 0,  0, 4),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  5.0),
-                                   createVector(0, 1,  0, 4),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, -3.0),
-                                   createVector(0, 0, -1, 4)),
-                                   2, 5, 3, 4, 0, 0, 1, 0, 4, 0, 1, 0, 0, 4, -1);
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  2.0),
-                                   Vector3D.of(1, 0,  0),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  5.0),
-                                   Vector3D.of(0, 1,  0),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, -3.0),
-                                   Vector3D.of(0, 0, -1)),
-                                   2, 5, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1);
-
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(2, createVector(1, 0, 0, 3),
-                                   5, createVector(0, 1, 0, 3),
-                                   5, createVector(0, -1, 0, 3),
-                                   -3, createVector(0, 0, -1, 3)),
-                                   2, 0, 3, 9, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 9);
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  2.0),
-                                   createVector(1, 0,  0, 4),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  5.0),
-                                   createVector(0, 1,  0, 4),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  5.0),
-                                   createVector(0, -1,  0, 4),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, -3.0),
-                                   createVector(0, 0, -1, 4)),
-                                   2, 0, 3, 9, 0, 0, 1, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, -1);
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  2.0),
-                                   Vector3D.of(1, 0,  0),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  5.0),
-                                   Vector3D.of(0, 1,  0),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3,  5.0),
-                                   Vector3D.of(0, -1,  0),
-                                   new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, -3.0),
-                                   Vector3D.of(0, 0, -1)),
-                                   2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1);
-
-        checkVector(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure[] {
-            new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2,  2),
-            new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1,  5),
-            new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, -3)
-        }),
-        2, 5, -3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0);
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testEquals() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u1 = createVector(1, 2, 3, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v  = createVector(1, 2, 3 + 10 * Precision.EPSILON, 3);
-        Assert.assertTrue(u1.equals(u1));
-        Assert.assertTrue(u1.equals(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, 1.0),
-                                                   new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1, 2.0),
-                                                   new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, 3.0))));
-        Assert.assertFalse(u1.equals(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1.0),
-                                                    new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1, 2.0),
-                                                    new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, 3.0))));
-        Assert.assertFalse(u1.equals(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, 1.0),
-                                                    new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2.0),
-                                                    new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, 3.0))));
-        Assert.assertFalse(u1.equals(new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, 1.0),
-                                                    new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 1, 2.0),
-                                                    new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 3.0))));
-        Assert.assertFalse(u1.equals(v));
-        Assert.assertFalse(u1.equals(u1.toVector3D()));
-        Assert.assertTrue(createVector(0, Double.NaN, 0, 3).equals(createVector(0, 0, Double.NaN, 3)));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testHash() {
-        Assert.assertEquals(createVector(0, Double.NaN, 0, 3).hashCode(), createVector(0, 0, Double.NaN, 3).hashCode());
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(1, 2, 3, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v = createVector(1, 2, 3 + 10 * Precision.EPSILON, 3);
-        Assert.assertTrue(u.hashCode() != v.hashCode());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testInfinite() {
-        Assert.assertTrue(createVector(1, 1, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, 3).isInfinite());
-        Assert.assertTrue(createVector(1, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, 1, 3).isInfinite());
-        Assert.assertTrue(createVector(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, 1, 1, 3).isInfinite());
-        Assert.assertFalse(createVector(1, 1, 2, 3).isInfinite());
-        Assert.assertFalse(createVector(1, Double.NaN, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, 3).isInfinite());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNaN() {
-        Assert.assertTrue(createVector(1, 1, Double.NaN, 3).isNaN());
-        Assert.assertTrue(createVector(1, Double.NaN, 1, 3).isNaN());
-        Assert.assertTrue(createVector(Double.NaN, 1, 1, 3).isNaN());
-        Assert.assertFalse(createVector(1, 1, 2, 3).isNaN());
-        Assert.assertFalse(createVector(1, 1, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, 3).isNaN());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testToString() {
-        Assert.assertEquals(Vector3D.of(3, 2, 1).toString(),
-                            createVector(3, 2, 1, 3).toString());
-    }
-
-    @Test(expected=DimensionMismatchException.class)
-    public void testWrongDimension() throws DimensionMismatchException {
-        new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure[] {
-            new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, 2),
-            new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 0, 5)
-        });
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testCoordinates() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v = createVector(1, 2, 3, 3);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(v.getX().getReal() - 1) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(v.getY().getReal() - 2) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(v.getZ().getReal() - 3) < 1.0e-12);
-        DerivativeStructure[] coordinates = v.toArray();
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(coordinates[0].getReal() - 1) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(coordinates[1].getReal() - 2) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(coordinates[2].getReal() - 3) < 1.0e-12);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNorm1() {
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(0, 0, 0, 3).getNorm1().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 6.0, createVector(1, -2, 3, 3).getNorm1().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1.0, createVector(1, -2, 3, 3).getNorm1().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1.0, createVector(1, -2, 3, 3).getNorm1().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1.0, createVector(1, -2, 3, 3).getNorm1().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 0);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNorm() {
-        double r = FastMath.sqrt(14);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, createVector(0, 0, 0, 3).getNorm().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(r, createVector(1, 2, 3, 3).getNorm().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1.0 / r, createVector(1, 2, 3, 3).getNorm().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 2.0 / r, createVector(1, 2, 3, 3).getNorm().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 3.0 / r, createVector(1, 2, 3, 3).getNorm().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 0);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNormSq() {
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, createVector(0, 0, 0, 3).getNormSq().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(14, createVector(1, 2, 3, 3).getNormSq().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 2, createVector(1, 2, 3, 3).getNormSq().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 4, createVector(1, 2, 3, 3).getNormSq().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 6, createVector(1, 2, 3, 3).getNormSq().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 0);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNormInf() {
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(0, 0, 0, 3).getNormInf().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 3.0, createVector(1, -2, 3, 3).getNormInf().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(1, -2, 3, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(1, -2, 3, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1.0, createVector(1, -2, 3, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 3.0, createVector(2, -1, 3, 3).getNormInf().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(2, -1, 3, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(2, -1, 3, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1.0, createVector(2, -1, 3, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 3.0, createVector(1, -3, 2, 3).getNormInf().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(1, -3, 2, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1.0, createVector(1, -3, 2, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(1, -3, 2, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 3.0, createVector(2, -3, 1, 3).getNormInf().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(2, -3, 1, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1.0, createVector(2, -3, 1, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(2, -3, 1, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 3.0, createVector(3, -1, 2, 3).getNormInf().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1.0, createVector(3, -1, 2, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(3, -1, 2, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(3, -1, 2, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 3.0, createVector(3, -2, 1, 3).getNormInf().getReal(), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1.0, createVector(3, -2, 1, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(3, -2, 1, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0, createVector(3, -2, 1, 3).getNormInf().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 0);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDistance1() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(1, -2, 3, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(-4, 2, 0, 3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.distance1(createVector(-1, 0, 0, 3), createVector(-1, 0, 0, 3)).getReal(), 0);
-        DerivativeStructure distance = FieldVector3D.distance1(v1, v2);
-        Assert.assertEquals(12.0, distance.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        distance = FieldVector3D.distance1(v1, Vector3D.of(-4, 2, 0));
-        Assert.assertEquals(12.0, distance.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1, distance.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        distance = FieldVector3D.distance1(Vector3D.of(-4, 2, 0), v1);
-        Assert.assertEquals(12.0, distance.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1, distance.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 1, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDistance() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(1, -2, 3, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(-4, 2, 0, 3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.distance(createVector(-1, 0, 0, 3), createVector(-1, 0, 0, 3)).getReal(), 0);
-        DerivativeStructure distance = FieldVector3D.distance(v1, v2);
-        Assert.assertEquals(FastMath.sqrt(50), distance.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        distance = FieldVector3D.distance(v1, Vector3D.of(-4, 2, 0));
-        Assert.assertEquals(FastMath.sqrt(50), distance.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 5 / FastMath.sqrt(50), distance.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-4 / FastMath.sqrt(50), distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 3 / FastMath.sqrt(50), distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        distance = FieldVector3D.distance(Vector3D.of(-4, 2, 0), v1);
-        Assert.assertEquals(FastMath.sqrt(50), distance.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 5 / FastMath.sqrt(50), distance.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-4 / FastMath.sqrt(50), distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 3 / FastMath.sqrt(50), distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDistanceSq() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(1, -2, 3, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(-4, 2, 0, 3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.distanceSq(createVector(-1, 0, 0, 3), createVector(-1, 0, 0, 3)).getReal(), 0);
-        DerivativeStructure distanceSq = FieldVector3D.distanceSq(v1, v2);
-        Assert.assertEquals(50.0, distanceSq.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distanceSq.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distanceSq.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distanceSq.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        distanceSq = FieldVector3D.distanceSq(v1, Vector3D.of(-4, 2, 0));
-        Assert.assertEquals(50.0, distanceSq.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(10, distanceSq.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-8, distanceSq.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 6, distanceSq.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        distanceSq = FieldVector3D.distanceSq(Vector3D.of(-4, 2, 0), v1);
-        Assert.assertEquals(50.0, distanceSq.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(10, distanceSq.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-8, distanceSq.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals( 6, distanceSq.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-  }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDistanceInf() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(1, -2, 3, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(-4, 2, 0, 3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector(-1, 0, 0, 3), createVector(-1, 0, 0, 3)).getReal(), 0);
-        DerivativeStructure distance = FieldVector3D.distanceInf(v1, v2);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0, distance.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        distance = FieldVector3D.distanceInf(v1, Vector3D.of(-4, 2, 0));
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0, distance.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(1, distance.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        distance = FieldVector3D.distanceInf(Vector3D.of(-4, 2, 0), v1);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0, distance.getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(1, distance.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0, distance.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(v1.subtract(v2).getNormInf().getReal(), FieldVector3D.distanceInf(v1, v2).getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector( 1, -2, 3, 3), createVector(-4,  2, 0, 3)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector( 1, 3, -2, 3), createVector(-4, 0,  2, 3)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector(-2,  1, 3, 3), createVector( 2, -4, 0, 3)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector(-2, 3,  1, 3), createVector( 2, 0, -4, 3)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector(3, -2,  1, 3), createVector(0,  2, -4, 3)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector(3,  1, -2, 3), createVector(0, -4,  2, 3)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector( 1, -2, 3, 3), Vector3D.of(-4,  2, 0)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector( 1, 3, -2, 3), Vector3D.of(-4, 0,  2)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector(-2,  1, 3, 3), Vector3D.of( 2, -4, 0)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector(-2, 3,  1, 3), Vector3D.of( 2, 0, -4)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector(3, -2,  1, 3), Vector3D.of(0,  2, -4)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(5.0,
-                            FieldVector3D.distanceInf(createVector(3,  1, -2, 3), Vector3D.of(0, -4,  2)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testSubtract() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(1, 2, 3, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(-3, -2, -1, 3);
-        v1 = v1.subtract(v2);
-        checkVector(v1, 4, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-
-        checkVector(v2.subtract(v1), -7, -6, -5, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1);
-        checkVector(v2.subtract(Vector3D.of(4, 4, 4)), -7, -6, -5, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1);
-        checkVector(v2.subtract(3, v1), -15, -14, -13, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1);
-        checkVector(v2.subtract(3, Vector3D.of(4, 4, 4)), -15, -14, -13, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1);
-        checkVector(v2.subtract(new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, 3), Vector3D.of(4, 4, 4)),
-                    -15, -14, -13, 1, 0, -4, 0, 1, -4, 0, 0, -3);
-
-        checkVector(createVector(1, 2, 3, 4).subtract(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, 5.0),
-                                                      createVector(3, -2, 1, 4)),
-                    -14, 12, -2,
-                     -4,  0,  0, -3,
-                      0, -4,  0,  2,
-                      0,  0, -4, -1);
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAdd() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(1, 2, 3, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(-3, -2, -1, 3);
-        v1 = v1.add(v2);
-        checkVector(v1, -2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2);
-
-        checkVector(v2.add(v1), -5, -2, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 3);
-        checkVector(v2.add(Vector3D.of(-2, 0, 2)), -5, -2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1);
-        checkVector(v2.add(3, v1), -9, -2, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 7);
-        checkVector(v2.add(3, Vector3D.of(-2, 0, 2)), -9, -2, 5, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1);
-        checkVector(v2.add(new DerivativeStructure(3, 1, 2, 3), Vector3D.of(-2, 0, 2)),
-                    -9, -2, 5, 1, 0, -2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3);
-
-        checkVector(createVector(1, 2, 3, 4).add(new DerivativeStructure(4, 1, 3, 5.0),
-                                                 createVector(3, -2, 1, 4)),
-                    16, -8,  8,
-                     6,  0,  0,  3,
-                     0,  6,  0, -2,
-                     0,  0,  6,  1);
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testScalarProduct() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v = createVector(1, 2, 3, 3);
-        v = v.scalarMultiply(3);
-        checkVector(v, 3, 6, 9);
-
-        checkVector(v.scalarMultiply(0.5), 1.5, 3, 4.5);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testVectorialProducts() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(2, 1, -4, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(3, 1, -1, 3);
-
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v1, v2).getReal() - 11) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v1, v2.toVector3D()).getReal() - 11) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v1.toVector3D(), v2).getReal() - 11) < 1.0e-12);
-
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v3 = FieldVector3D.crossProduct(v1, v2);
-        checkVector(v3, 3, -10, -1);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v1, v3).getReal()) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v2, v3).getReal()) < 1.0e-12);
-
-        v3 = FieldVector3D.crossProduct(v1, v2.toVector3D());
-        checkVector(v3, 3, -10, -1);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v1, v3).getReal()) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v2, v3).getReal()) < 1.0e-12);
-
-        v3 = FieldVector3D.crossProduct(v1.toVector3D(), v2);
-        checkVector(v3, 3, -10, -1);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v1, v3).getReal()) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v2, v3).getReal()) < 1.0e-12);
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testCrossProductCancellation() {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(9070467121.0, 4535233560.0, 1, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(9070467123.0, 4535233561.0, 1, 3);
-        checkVector(FieldVector3D.crossProduct(v1, v2), -1, 2, 1);
-
-        double scale    = FastMath.scalb(1.0, 100);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> big1   = new FieldVector3D<>(scale, v1);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> small2 = new FieldVector3D<>(1 / scale, v2);
-        checkVector(FieldVector3D.crossProduct(big1, small2), -1, 2, 1);
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAngular() {
-        Assert.assertEquals(0,           createVector(1, 0, 0, 3).getAlpha().getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0,           createVector(1, 0, 0, 3).getDelta().getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(FastMath.PI / 2, createVector(0, 1, 0, 3).getAlpha().getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0,           createVector(0, 1, 0, 3).getDelta().getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(FastMath.PI / 2, createVector(0, 0, 1, 3).getDelta().getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u = createVector(-1, 1, -1, 3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(3 * FastMath.PI /4, u.getAlpha().getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1.0 / FastMath.sqrt(3), u.getDelta().sin().getReal(), 1.0e-10);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAngularSeparation() throws MathArithmeticException {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(2, -1, 4, 3);
-
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure>  k = v1.normalize();
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure>  i = k.orthogonal();
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = k.scalarMultiply(FastMath.cos(1.2)).add(i.scalarMultiply(FastMath.sin(1.2)));
-
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.angle(v1, v2).getReal() - 1.2) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.angle(v1, v2.toVector3D()).getReal() - 1.2) < 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(FieldVector3D.angle(v1.toVector3D(), v2).getReal() - 1.2) < 1.0e-12);
-
-        try {
-            FieldVector3D.angle(v1, Vector3D.ZERO);
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathArithmeticException mae) {
-            // expected
-        }
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.angle(v1, v1.toVector3D()).getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(FastMath.PI, FieldVector3D.angle(v1, v1.negate().toVector3D()).getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNormalize() throws MathArithmeticException {
-        Assert.assertEquals(1.0, createVector(5, -4, 2, 3).normalize().getNorm().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        try {
-            createVector(0, 0, 0, 3).normalize();
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathArithmeticException ae) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNegate() {
-        checkVector(createVector(0.1, 2.5, 1.3, 3).negate(),
-                    -0.1, -2.5, -1.3, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testOrthogonal() throws MathArithmeticException {
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v1 = createVector(0.1, 2.5, 1.3, 3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v1, v1.orthogonal()).getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v2 = createVector(2.3, -0.003, 7.6, 3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v2, v2.orthogonal()).getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v3 = createVector(-1.7, 1.4, 0.2, 3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v3, v3.orthogonal()).getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v4 = createVector(4.2, 0.1, -1.8, 3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.dotProduct(v4, v4.orthogonal()).getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        try {
-            createVector(0, 0, 0, 3).orthogonal();
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathArithmeticException ae) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAngle() throws MathArithmeticException {
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.22572612855273393616,
-                            FieldVector3D.angle(createVector(1, 2, 3, 3), createVector(4, 5, 6, 3)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(7.98595620686106654517199e-8,
-                            FieldVector3D.angle(createVector(1, 2, 3, 3), createVector(2, 4, 6.000001, 3)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(3.14159257373023116985197793156,
-                            FieldVector3D.angle(createVector(1, 2, 3, 3), createVector(-2, -4, -6.000001, 3)).getReal(),
-                            1.0e-12);
-        try {
-            FieldVector3D.angle(createVector(0, 0, 0, 3), createVector(1, 0, 0, 3));
-            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
-        } catch (MathArithmeticException ae) {
-            // expected behavior
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAccurateDotProduct() {
-        // the following two vectors are nearly but not exactly orthogonal
-        // naive dot product (i.e. computing u1.x * u2.x + u1.y * u2.y + u1.z * u2.z
-        // leads to a result of 0.0, instead of the correct -1.855129...
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u1 = createVector(-1321008684645961.0 /  268435456.0,
-                                   -5774608829631843.0 /  268435456.0,
-                                   -7645843051051357.0 / 8589934592.0, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u2 = createVector(-5712344449280879.0 /    2097152.0,
-                                   -4550117129121957.0 /    2097152.0,
-                                    8846951984510141.0 /     131072.0, 3);
-        DerivativeStructure sNaive = u1.getX().multiply(u2.getX()).add(u1.getY().multiply(u2.getY())).add(u1.getZ().multiply(u2.getZ()));
-        DerivativeStructure sAccurate = FieldVector3D.dotProduct(u1, u2);
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, sNaive.getReal(), 1.0e-30);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-2088690039198397.0 / 1125899906842624.0, sAccurate.getReal(), 1.0e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDotProduct() {
-        // we compare accurate versus naive dot product implementations
-        // on regular vectors (i.e. not extreme cases like in the previous test)
-        UniformRandomProvider random = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.WELL_1024_A, 553267312521321237l);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; ++i) {
-            double ux = 10000 * random.nextDouble();
-            double uy = 10000 * random.nextDouble();
-            double uz = 10000 * random.nextDouble();
-            double vx = 10000 * random.nextDouble();
-            double vy = 10000 * random.nextDouble();
-            double vz = 10000 * random.nextDouble();
-            double sNaive = ux * vx + uy * vy + uz * vz;
-
-            FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> uds = createVector(ux, uy, uz, 3);
-            FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> vds = createVector(vx, vy, vz, 3);
-            Vector3D v = Vector3D.of(vx, vy, vz);
-
-            DerivativeStructure sAccurate = FieldVector3D.dotProduct(uds, vds);
-            Assert.assertEquals(sNaive, sAccurate.getReal(), 2.5e-16 * sNaive);
-            Assert.assertEquals(ux + vx, sAccurate.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 2.5e-16 * sNaive);
-            Assert.assertEquals(uy + vy, sAccurate.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 2.5e-16 * sNaive);
-            Assert.assertEquals(uz + vz, sAccurate.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 2.5e-16 * sNaive);
-
-            sAccurate = FieldVector3D.dotProduct(uds, v);
-            Assert.assertEquals(sNaive, sAccurate.getReal(), 2.5e-16 * sNaive);
-            Assert.assertEquals(vx, sAccurate.getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 2.5e-16 * sNaive);
-            Assert.assertEquals(vy, sAccurate.getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 2.5e-16 * sNaive);
-            Assert.assertEquals(vz, sAccurate.getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 2.5e-16 * sNaive);
-
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAccurateCrossProduct() {
-        // the vectors u1 and u2 are nearly but not exactly anti-parallel
-        // (7.31e-16 degrees from 180 degrees) naive cross product (i.e.
-        // computing u1.x * u2.x + u1.y * u2.y + u1.z * u2.z
-        // leads to a result of   [0.0009765, -0.0001220, -0.0039062],
-        // instead of the correct [0.0006913, -0.0001254, -0.0007909]
-        final FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u1 = createVector(-1321008684645961.0 /   268435456.0,
-                                         -5774608829631843.0 /   268435456.0,
-                                         -7645843051051357.0 /  8589934592.0, 3);
-        final FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u2 = createVector( 1796571811118507.0 /  2147483648.0,
-                                          7853468008299307.0 /  2147483648.0,
-                                          2599586637357461.0 / 17179869184.0, 3);
-        final FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> u3 = createVector(12753243807587107.0 / 18446744073709551616.0,
-                                         -2313766922703915.0 / 18446744073709551616.0,
-                                          -227970081415313.0 /   288230376151711744.0, 3);
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> cNaive = new FieldVector3D<>(u1.getY().multiply(u2.getZ()).subtract(u1.getZ().multiply(u2.getY())),
-                                       u1.getZ().multiply(u2.getX()).subtract(u1.getX().multiply(u2.getZ())),
-                                       u1.getX().multiply(u2.getY()).subtract(u1.getY().multiply(u2.getX())));
-        FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> cAccurate = FieldVector3D.crossProduct(u1, u2);
-        Assert.assertTrue(FieldVector3D.distance(u3, cNaive).getReal() > 2.9 * u3.getNorm().getReal());
-        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.distance(u3, cAccurate).getReal(), 1.0e-30 * cAccurate.getNorm().getReal());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testCrossProduct() {
-        // we compare accurate versus naive cross product implementations
-        // on regular vectors (i.e. not extreme cases like in the previous test)
-        UniformRandomProvider random = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.WELL_1024_A, 885362227452043214l);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; ++i) {
-            double ux = random.nextDouble();
-            double uy = random.nextDouble();
-            double uz = random.nextDouble();
-            double vx = random.nextDouble();
-            double vy = random.nextDouble();
-            double vz = random.nextDouble();
-            Vector3D cNaive = Vector3D.of(uy * vz - uz * vy, uz * vx - ux * vz, ux * vy - uy * vx);
-
-            FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> uds = createVector(ux, uy, uz, 3);
-            FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> vds = createVector(vx, vy, vz, 3);
-            Vector3D v = Vector3D.of(vx, vy, vz);
-
-            checkVector(FieldVector3D.crossProduct(uds, vds),
-                        cNaive.getX(), cNaive.getY(), cNaive.getZ(),
-                        0, vz - uz, uy - vy,
-                        uz - vz, 0, vx - ux,
-                        vy - uy, ux - vx, 0);
-
-            checkVector(FieldVector3D.crossProduct(uds, v),
-                        cNaive.getX(), cNaive.getY(), cNaive.getZ(),
-                          0,  vz, -vy,
-                        -vz,   0,  vx,
-                         vy, -vx,   0);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> createVector(double x, double y, double z, int params) {
-        return new FieldVector3D<>(new DerivativeStructure(params, 1, 0, x),
-                              new DerivativeStructure(params, 1, 1, y),
-                              new DerivativeStructure(params, 1, 2, z));
-    }
-
-    private void checkVector(FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v, double x, double y, double z) {
-        Assert.assertEquals(x, v.getX().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(y, v.getY().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(z, v.getZ().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-    }
-
-    private void checkVector(FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v, double x, double y, double z,
-                             double dxdx, double dxdy, double dxdz,
-                             double dydx, double dydy, double dydz,
-                             double dzdx, double dzdy, double dzdz) {
-        Assert.assertEquals(x, v.getX().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(y, v.getY().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(z, v.getZ().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dxdx, v.getX().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dxdy, v.getX().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dxdz, v.getX().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dydx, v.getY().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dydy, v.getY().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dydz, v.getY().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dzdx, v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dzdy, v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dzdz, v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-    }
-
-    private void checkVector(FieldVector3D<DerivativeStructure> v, double x, double y, double z,
-                             double dxdx, double dxdy, double dxdz, double dxdt,
-                             double dydx, double dydy, double dydz, double dydt,
-                             double dzdx, double dzdy, double dzdz, double dzdt) {
-        Assert.assertEquals(x, v.getX().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(y, v.getY().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(z, v.getZ().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dxdx, v.getX().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dxdy, v.getX().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dxdz, v.getX().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dxdt, v.getX().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dydx, v.getY().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dydy, v.getY().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dydz, v.getY().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dydt, v.getY().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dzdx, v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(1, 0, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dzdy, v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(0, 1, 0, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dzdz, v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 1, 0), 1.0e-12);
-        Assert.assertEquals(dzdt, v.getZ().getPartialDerivative(0, 0, 0, 1), 1.0e-12);
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/RotationOrderTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/RotationOrderTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 68bc5b9..0000000
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/RotationOrderTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed;
-
-import java.lang.reflect.Field;
-
-import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.euclidean.threed.RotationOrder;
-import org.junit.Assert;
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-
-public class RotationOrderTest {
-
-  @Test
-  public void testName() {
-
-    RotationOrder[] orders = {
-      RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
-      RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX,
-      RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
-      RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
-    };
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < orders.length; ++i) {
-      Assert.assertEquals(getFieldName(orders[i]), orders[i].toString());
-    }
-
-  }
-
-  private String getFieldName(RotationOrder order) {
-    try {
-      Field[] fields = RotationOrder.class.getFields();
-      for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; ++i) {
-        if (fields[i].get(null) == order) {
-          return fields[i].getName();
-        }
-      }
-    } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
-      // ignored
-    }
-    return "unknown";
-  }
-
-}