src/main/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Hex.java

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;

import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

import org.apache.commons.codec.BinaryDecoder;
import org.apache.commons.codec.BinaryEncoder;
import org.apache.commons.codec.CharEncoding;
import org.apache.commons.codec.DecoderException;
import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;

/**
 * Converts hexadecimal Strings. The Charset used for certain operation can be set, the default is set in
 * {@link #DEFAULT_CHARSET_NAME}
 *
 * This class is thread-safe.
 *
 * @since 1.1
 */
public class Hex implements BinaryEncoder, BinaryDecoder {

    /**
     * Default charset is {@link StandardCharsets#UTF_8}.
     *
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public static final Charset DEFAULT_CHARSET = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;

    /**
     * Default charset name is {@link CharEncoding#UTF_8}.
     *
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static final String DEFAULT_CHARSET_NAME = CharEncoding.UTF_8;

    /**
     * Used to build output as hex.
     */
    private static final char[] DIGITS_LOWER = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd',
            'e', 'f' };

    /**
     * Used to build output as hex.
     */
    private static final char[] DIGITS_UPPER = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D',
            'E', 'F' };

    /**
     * Converts an array of characters representing hexadecimal values into an array of bytes of those same values. The
     * returned array will be half the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given
     * byte. An exception is thrown if the passed char array has an odd number of elements.
     *
     * @param data An array of characters containing hexadecimal digits
     * @return A byte array containing binary data decoded from the supplied char array.
     * @throws DecoderException Thrown if an odd number of characters or illegal characters are supplied
     */
    public static byte[] decodeHex(final char[] data) throws DecoderException {
        final byte[] out = new byte[data.length >> 1];
        decodeHex(data, out, 0);
        return out;
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of characters representing hexadecimal values into an array of bytes of those same values. The
     * returned array will be half the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given
     * byte. An exception is thrown if the passed char array has an odd number of elements.
     *
     * @param data An array of characters containing hexadecimal digits
     * @param out A byte array to contain the binary data decoded from the supplied char array.
     * @param outOffset The position within {@code out} to start writing the decoded bytes.
     * @return the number of bytes written to {@code out}.
     * @throws DecoderException Thrown if an odd number of characters or illegal characters are supplied
     * @since 1.15
     */
    public static int decodeHex(final char[] data, final byte[] out, final int outOffset) throws DecoderException {
        final int len = data.length;

        if ((len & 0x01) != 0) {
            throw new DecoderException("Odd number of characters.");
        }

        final int outLen = len >> 1;
        if (out.length - outOffset < outLen) {
            throw new DecoderException("Output array is not large enough to accommodate decoded data.");
        }

        // two characters form the hex value.
        for (int i = outOffset, j = 0; j < len; i++) {
            int f = toDigit(data[j], j) << 4;
            j++;
            f = f | toDigit(data[j], j);
            j++;
            out[i] = (byte) (f & 0xFF);
        }

        return outLen;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a String representing hexadecimal values into an array of bytes of those same values. The returned array
     * will be half the length of the passed String, as it takes two characters to represent any given byte. An
     * exception is thrown if the passed String has an odd number of elements.
     *
     * @param data A String containing hexadecimal digits
     * @return A byte array containing binary data decoded from the supplied char array.
     * @throws DecoderException Thrown if an odd number of characters or illegal characters are supplied
     * @since 1.11
     */
    public static byte[] decodeHex(final String data) throws DecoderException {
        return decodeHex(data.toCharArray());
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an array of characters representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order.
     * The returned array will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any
     * given byte.
     *
     * @param data a byte[] to convert to hex characters
     * @return A char[] containing lower-case hexadecimal characters
     */
    public static char[] encodeHex(final byte[] data) {
        return encodeHex(data, true);
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an array of characters representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order.
     * The returned array will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any
     * given byte.
     *
     * @param data        a byte[] to convert to Hex characters
     * @param toLowerCase {@code true} converts to lowercase, {@code false} to uppercase
     * @return A char[] containing hexadecimal characters in the selected case
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static char[] encodeHex(final byte[] data, final boolean toLowerCase) {
        return encodeHex(data, toLowerCase ? DIGITS_LOWER : DIGITS_UPPER);
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an array of characters representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order.
     * The returned array will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any
     * given byte.
     *
     * @param data     a byte[] to convert to hex characters
     * @param toDigits the output alphabet (must contain at least 16 chars)
     * @return A char[] containing the appropriate characters from the alphabet For best results, this should be either
     *         upper- or lower-case hex.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    protected static char[] encodeHex(final byte[] data, final char[] toDigits) {
        final int dataLength = data.length;
        final char[] out = new char[dataLength << 1];
        encodeHex(data, 0, dataLength, toDigits, out, 0);
        return out;
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an array of characters representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order.
     *
     * @param data a byte[] to convert to hex characters
     * @param dataOffset the position in {@code data} to start encoding from
     * @param dataLen the number of bytes from {@code dataOffset} to encode
     * @param toLowerCase {@code true} converts to lowercase, {@code false} to uppercase
     * @return A char[] containing the appropriate characters from the alphabet For best results, this should be either
     *         upper- or lower-case hex.
     * @since 1.15
     */
    public static char[] encodeHex(final byte[] data, final int dataOffset, final int dataLen,
            final boolean toLowerCase) {
        final char[] out = new char[dataLen << 1];
        encodeHex(data, dataOffset, dataLen, toLowerCase ? DIGITS_LOWER : DIGITS_UPPER, out, 0);
        return out;
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an array of characters representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order.
     *
     * @param data a byte[] to convert to hex characters
     * @param dataOffset the position in {@code data} to start encoding from
     * @param dataLen the number of bytes from {@code dataOffset} to encode
     * @param toLowerCase {@code true} converts to lowercase, {@code false} to uppercase
     * @param out a char[] which will hold the resultant appropriate characters from the alphabet.
     * @param outOffset the position within {@code out} at which to start writing the encoded characters.
     * @since 1.15
     */
    public static void encodeHex(final byte[] data, final int dataOffset, final int dataLen,
            final boolean toLowerCase, final char[] out, final int outOffset) {
        encodeHex(data, dataOffset, dataLen, toLowerCase ? DIGITS_LOWER : DIGITS_UPPER, out, outOffset);
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an array of characters representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order.
     *
     * @param data a byte[] to convert to hex characters
     * @param dataOffset the position in {@code data} to start encoding from
     * @param dataLen the number of bytes from {@code dataOffset} to encode
     * @param toDigits the output alphabet (must contain at least 16 chars)
     * @param out a char[] which will hold the resultant appropriate characters from the alphabet.
     * @param outOffset the position within {@code out} at which to start writing the encoded characters.
     */
    private static void encodeHex(final byte[] data, final int dataOffset, final int dataLen, final char[] toDigits,
            final char[] out, final int outOffset) {
        // two characters form the hex value.
        for (int i = dataOffset, j = outOffset; i < dataOffset + dataLen; i++) {
            out[j++] = toDigits[(0xF0 & data[i]) >>> 4];
            out[j++] = toDigits[0x0F & data[i]];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte buffer into an array of characters representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order. The
     * returned array will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given
     * byte.
     *
     * <p>All bytes identified by {@link ByteBuffer#remaining()} will be used; after this method
     * the value {@link ByteBuffer#remaining() remaining()} will be zero.</p>
     *
     * @param data a byte buffer to convert to hex characters
     * @return A char[] containing lower-case hexadecimal characters
     * @since 1.11
     */
    public static char[] encodeHex(final ByteBuffer data) {
        return encodeHex(data, true);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte buffer into an array of characters representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order. The
     * returned array will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given
     * byte.
     *
     * <p>All bytes identified by {@link ByteBuffer#remaining()} will be used; after this method
     * the value {@link ByteBuffer#remaining() remaining()} will be zero.</p>
     *
     * @param data        a byte buffer to convert to hex characters
     * @param toLowerCase {@code true} converts to lowercase, {@code false} to uppercase
     * @return A char[] containing hexadecimal characters in the selected case
     * @since 1.11
     */
    public static char[] encodeHex(final ByteBuffer data, final boolean toLowerCase) {
        return encodeHex(data, toLowerCase ? DIGITS_LOWER : DIGITS_UPPER);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte buffer into an array of characters representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order. The
     * returned array will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given
     * byte.
     *
     * <p>All bytes identified by {@link ByteBuffer#remaining()} will be used; after this method
     * the value {@link ByteBuffer#remaining() remaining()} will be zero.</p>
     *
     * @param byteBuffer a byte buffer to convert to hex characters
     * @param toDigits   the output alphabet (must be at least 16 characters)
     * @return A char[] containing the appropriate characters from the alphabet For best results, this should be either
     *         upper- or lower-case hex.
     * @since 1.11
     */
    protected static char[] encodeHex(final ByteBuffer byteBuffer, final char[] toDigits) {
        return encodeHex(toByteArray(byteBuffer), toDigits);
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of bytes into a String representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order. The returned
     * String will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given byte.
     *
     * @param data a byte[] to convert to hex characters
     * @return A String containing lower-case hexadecimal characters
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeHexString(final byte[] data) {
        return new String(encodeHex(data));
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of bytes into a String representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order. The returned
     * String will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given byte.
     *
     * @param data        a byte[] to convert to hex characters
     * @param toLowerCase {@code true} converts to lowercase, {@code false} to uppercase
     * @return A String containing lower-case hexadecimal characters
     * @since 1.11
     */
    public static String encodeHexString(final byte[] data, final boolean toLowerCase) {
        return new String(encodeHex(data, toLowerCase));
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte buffer into a String representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order. The returned
     * String will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given byte.
     *
     * <p>All bytes identified by {@link ByteBuffer#remaining()} will be used; after this method
     * the value {@link ByteBuffer#remaining() remaining()} will be zero.</p>
     *
     * @param data a byte buffer to convert to hex characters
     * @return A String containing lower-case hexadecimal characters
     * @since 1.11
     */
    public static String encodeHexString(final ByteBuffer data) {
        return new String(encodeHex(data));
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte buffer into a String representing the hexadecimal values of each byte in order. The returned
     * String will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given byte.
     *
     * <p>All bytes identified by {@link ByteBuffer#remaining()} will be used; after this method
     * the value {@link ByteBuffer#remaining() remaining()} will be zero.</p>
     *
     * @param data        a byte buffer to convert to hex characters
     * @param toLowerCase {@code true} converts to lowercase, {@code false} to uppercase
     * @return A String containing lower-case hexadecimal characters
     * @since 1.11
     */
    public static String encodeHexString(final ByteBuffer data, final boolean toLowerCase) {
        return new String(encodeHex(data, toLowerCase));
    }

    /**
     * Convert the byte buffer to a byte array. All bytes identified by
     * {@link ByteBuffer#remaining()} will be used.
     *
     * @param byteBuffer the byte buffer
     * @return the byte[]
     */
    private static byte[] toByteArray(final ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
        final int remaining = byteBuffer.remaining();
        // Use the underlying buffer if possible
        if (byteBuffer.hasArray()) {
            final byte[] byteArray = byteBuffer.array();
            if (remaining == byteArray.length) {
                byteBuffer.position(remaining);
                return byteArray;
            }
        }
        // Copy the bytes
        final byte[] byteArray = new byte[remaining];
        byteBuffer.get(byteArray);
        return byteArray;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a hexadecimal character to an integer.
     *
     * @param ch    A character to convert to an integer digit
     * @param index The index of the character in the source
     * @return An integer
     * @throws DecoderException Thrown if ch is an illegal hex character
     */
    protected static int toDigit(final char ch, final int index) throws DecoderException {
        final int digit = Character.digit(ch, 16);
        if (digit == -1) {
            throw new DecoderException("Illegal hexadecimal character " + ch + " at index " + index);
        }
        return digit;
    }

    private final Charset charset;

    /**
     * Creates a new codec with the default charset name {@link #DEFAULT_CHARSET}
     */
    public Hex() {
        // use default encoding
        this.charset = DEFAULT_CHARSET;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new codec with the given Charset.
     *
     * @param charset the charset.
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public Hex(final Charset charset) {
        this.charset = charset;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new codec with the given charset name.
     *
     * @param charsetName the charset name.
     * @throws java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException If the named charset is unavailable
     * @since 1.4
     * @since 1.7 throws UnsupportedCharsetException if the named charset is unavailable
     */
    public Hex(final String charsetName) {
        this(Charset.forName(charsetName));
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of character bytes representing hexadecimal values into an array of bytes of those same values.
     * The returned array will be half the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given
     * byte. An exception is thrown if the passed char array has an odd number of elements.
     *
     * @param array An array of character bytes containing hexadecimal digits
     * @return A byte array containing binary data decoded from the supplied byte array (representing characters).
     * @throws DecoderException Thrown if an odd number of characters is supplied to this function
     * @see #decodeHex(char[])
     */
    @Override
    public byte[] decode(final byte[] array) throws DecoderException {
        return decodeHex(new String(array, getCharset()).toCharArray());
    }

    /**
     * Converts a buffer of character bytes representing hexadecimal values into an array of bytes of those same values.
     * The returned array will be half the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to represent any given
     * byte. An exception is thrown if the passed char array has an odd number of elements.
     *
     * <p>All bytes identified by {@link ByteBuffer#remaining()} will be used; after this method
     * the value {@link ByteBuffer#remaining() remaining()} will be zero.</p>
     *
     * @param buffer An array of character bytes containing hexadecimal digits
     * @return A byte array containing binary data decoded from the supplied byte array (representing characters).
     * @throws DecoderException Thrown if an odd number of characters is supplied to this function
     * @see #decodeHex(char[])
     * @since 1.11
     */
    public byte[] decode(final ByteBuffer buffer) throws DecoderException {
        return decodeHex(new String(toByteArray(buffer), getCharset()).toCharArray());
    }

    /**
     * Converts a String or an array of character bytes representing hexadecimal values into an array of bytes of those
     * same values. The returned array will be half the length of the passed String or array, as it takes two characters
     * to represent any given byte. An exception is thrown if the passed char array has an odd number of elements.
     *
     * @param object A String, ByteBuffer, byte[], or an array of character bytes containing hexadecimal digits
     * @return A byte array containing binary data decoded from the supplied byte array (representing characters).
     * @throws DecoderException Thrown if an odd number of characters is supplied to this function or the object is not
     *                          a String or char[]
     * @see #decodeHex(char[])
     */
    @Override
    public Object decode(final Object object) throws DecoderException {
        if (object instanceof String) {
            return decode(((String) object).toCharArray());
        } else if (object instanceof byte[]) {
            return decode((byte[]) object);
        } else if (object instanceof ByteBuffer) {
            return decode((ByteBuffer) object);
        } else {
            try {
                return decodeHex((char[]) object);
            } catch (final ClassCastException e) {
                throw new DecoderException(e.getMessage(), e);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an array of bytes for the characters representing the hexadecimal values of each
     * byte in order. The returned array will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to
     * represent any given byte.
     * <p>
     * The conversion from hexadecimal characters to the returned bytes is performed with the charset named by
     * {@link #getCharset()}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param array a byte[] to convert to hex characters
     * @return A byte[] containing the bytes of the lower-case hexadecimal characters
     * @since 1.7 No longer throws IllegalStateException if the charsetName is invalid.
     * @see #encodeHex(byte[])
     */
    @Override
    public byte[] encode(final byte[] array) {
        return encodeHexString(array).getBytes(this.getCharset());
    }

    /**
     * Converts byte buffer into an array of bytes for the characters representing the hexadecimal values of each byte
     * in order. The returned array will be double the length of the passed array, as it takes two characters to
     * represent any given byte.
     *
     * <p>The conversion from hexadecimal characters to the returned bytes is performed with the charset named by
     * {@link #getCharset()}.</p>
     *
     * <p>All bytes identified by {@link ByteBuffer#remaining()} will be used; after this method
     * the value {@link ByteBuffer#remaining() remaining()} will be zero.</p>
     *
     * @param array a byte buffer to convert to hex characters
     * @return A byte[] containing the bytes of the lower-case hexadecimal characters
     * @see #encodeHex(byte[])
     * @since 1.11
     */
    public byte[] encode(final ByteBuffer array) {
        return encodeHexString(array).getBytes(this.getCharset());
    }

    /**
     * Converts a String or an array of bytes into an array of characters representing the hexadecimal values of each
     * byte in order. The returned array will be double the length of the passed String or array, as it takes two
     * characters to represent any given byte.
     * <p>
     * The conversion from hexadecimal characters to bytes to be encoded to performed with the charset named by
     * {@link #getCharset()}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param object a String, ByteBuffer, or byte[] to convert to hex characters
     * @return A char[] containing lower-case hexadecimal characters
     * @throws EncoderException Thrown if the given object is not a String or byte[]
     * @see #encodeHex(byte[])
     */
    @Override
    public Object encode(final Object object) throws EncoderException {
        final byte[] byteArray;
        if (object instanceof String) {
            byteArray = ((String) object).getBytes(this.getCharset());
        } else if (object instanceof ByteBuffer) {
            byteArray = toByteArray((ByteBuffer) object);
        } else {
            try {
                byteArray = (byte[]) object;
            } catch (final ClassCastException e) {
                throw new EncoderException(e.getMessage(), e);
            }
        }
        return encodeHex(byteArray);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the charset.
     *
     * @return the charset.
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public Charset getCharset() {
        return this.charset;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the charset name.
     *
     * @return the charset name.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public String getCharsetName() {
        return this.charset.name();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representation of the object, which includes the charset name.
     *
     * @return a string representation of the object.
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return super.toString() + "[charsetName=" + this.charset + "]";
    }
}