src/backend/parser/parse_coerce.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * parse_coerce.c
 *		handle type coercions/conversions for parser
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2021, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  src/backend/parser/parse_coerce.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include "catalog/pg_cast.h"
#include "catalog/pg_class.h"
#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
#include "catalog/pg_proc.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "nodes/print.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "parser/parsetree.h"               /* get_tle_by_resno */
#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
#include "parser/parse_type.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/datum.h"		/* needed for datumIsEqual() */
#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/typcache.h"


static Node *coerce_type_typmod(Node *node,
								Oid targetTypeId, int32 targetTypMod,
								CoercionContext ccontext, CoercionForm cformat,
								int location,
								bool hideInputCoercion);
static void hide_coercion_node(Node *node);
static Node *build_coercion_expression(Node *node,
									   CoercionPathType pathtype,
									   Oid funcId,
									   Oid targetTypeId, int32 targetTypMod,
									   CoercionContext ccontext, CoercionForm cformat,
									   int location);
static Node *coerce_record_to_complex(ParseState *pstate, Node *node,
									  Oid targetTypeId,
									  CoercionContext ccontext,
									  CoercionForm cformat,
									  int location);
static bool is_complex_array(Oid typid);
static bool typeIsOfTypedTable(Oid reltypeId, Oid reloftypeId);


/*
 * coerce_to_target_type()
 *		Convert an expression to a target type and typmod.
 *
 * This is the general-purpose entry point for arbitrary type coercion
 * operations.  Direct use of the component operations can_coerce_type,
 * coerce_type, and coerce_type_typmod should be restricted to special
 * cases (eg, when the conversion is expected to succeed).
 *
 * Returns the possibly-transformed expression tree, or NULL if the type
 * conversion is not possible.  (We do this, rather than ereport'ing directly,
 * so that callers can generate custom error messages indicating context.)
 *
 * pstate - parse state (can be NULL, see coerce_type)
 * expr - input expression tree (already transformed by transformExpr)
 * exprtype - result type of expr
 * targettype - desired result type
 * targettypmod - desired result typmod
 * ccontext, cformat - context indicators to control coercions
 * location - parse location of the coercion request, or -1 if unknown/implicit
 */
Node *
coerce_to_target_type(ParseState *pstate, Node *expr, Oid exprtype,
					  Oid targettype, int32 targettypmod,
					  CoercionContext ccontext,
					  CoercionForm cformat,
					  int location)
{
	Node	   *result;
	Node	   *origexpr;

	if (!can_coerce_type(1, &exprtype, &targettype, ccontext))
		return NULL;

	/*
	 * If the input has a CollateExpr at the top, strip it off, perform the
	 * coercion, and put a new one back on.  This is annoying since it
	 * duplicates logic in coerce_type, but if we don't do this then it's too
	 * hard to tell whether coerce_type actually changed anything, and we
	 * *must* know that to avoid possibly calling hide_coercion_node on
	 * something that wasn't generated by coerce_type.  Note that if there are
	 * multiple stacked CollateExprs, we just discard all but the topmost.
	 * Also, if the target type isn't collatable, we discard the CollateExpr.
	 */
	origexpr = expr;
	while (expr && IsA(expr, CollateExpr))
		expr = (Node *) ((CollateExpr *) expr)->arg;

	result = coerce_type(pstate, expr, exprtype,
						 targettype, targettypmod,
						 ccontext, cformat, location);

	/*
	 * If the target is a fixed-length type, it may need a length coercion as
	 * well as a type coercion.  If we find ourselves adding both, force the
	 * inner coercion node to implicit display form.
	 */
	result = coerce_type_typmod(result,
								targettype, targettypmod,
								ccontext, cformat, location,
								(result != expr && !IsA(result, Const) && !IsA(result, Var)));

	if (expr != origexpr && type_is_collatable(targettype))
	{
		/* Reinstall top CollateExpr */
		CollateExpr *coll = (CollateExpr *) origexpr;
		CollateExpr *newcoll = makeNode(CollateExpr);

		newcoll->arg = (Expr *) result;
		newcoll->collOid = coll->collOid;
		newcoll->location = coll->location;
		result = (Node *) newcoll;
	}

	return result;
}


/*
 * coerce_type()
 *		Convert an expression to a different type.
 *
 * The caller should already have determined that the coercion is possible;
 * see can_coerce_type.
 *
 * Normally, no coercion to a typmod (length) is performed here.  The caller
 * must call coerce_type_typmod as well, if a typmod constraint is wanted.
 * (But if the target type is a domain, it may internally contain a
 * typmod constraint, which will be applied inside coerce_to_domain.)
 * In some cases pg_cast specifies a type coercion function that also
 * applies length conversion, and in those cases only, the result will
 * already be properly coerced to the specified typmod.
 *
 * pstate is only used in the case that we are able to resolve the type of
 * a previously UNKNOWN Param.  It is okay to pass pstate = NULL if the
 * caller does not want type information updated for Params.
 *
 * Note: this function must not modify the given expression tree, only add
 * decoration on top of it.  See transformSetOperationTree, for example.
 */
Node *
coerce_type(ParseState *pstate, Node *node,
			Oid inputTypeId, Oid targetTypeId, int32 targetTypeMod,
			CoercionContext ccontext, CoercionForm cformat, int location)
{
	Node	   *result;
	CoercionPathType pathtype;
	Oid			funcId;

	if (targetTypeId == inputTypeId ||
		node == NULL)
	{
		/* no conversion needed */
		return node;
	}
	if (targetTypeId == ANYOID ||
		targetTypeId == ANYELEMENTOID ||
		targetTypeId == ANYNONARRAYOID ||
		targetTypeId == ANYCOMPATIBLEOID ||
		targetTypeId == ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAYOID)
	{
		/*
		 * Assume can_coerce_type verified that implicit coercion is okay.
		 *
		 * Note: by returning the unmodified node here, we are saying that
		 * it's OK to treat an UNKNOWN constant as a valid input for a
		 * function accepting one of these pseudotypes.  This should be all
		 * right, since an UNKNOWN value is still a perfectly valid Datum.
		 *
		 * NB: we do NOT want a RelabelType here: the exposed type of the
		 * function argument must be its actual type, not the polymorphic
		 * pseudotype.
		 */
		return node;
	}
	if (targetTypeId == ANYARRAYOID ||
		targetTypeId == ANYENUMOID ||
		targetTypeId == ANYRANGEOID ||
		targetTypeId == ANYMULTIRANGEOID ||
		targetTypeId == ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAYOID ||
		targetTypeId == ANYCOMPATIBLERANGEOID ||
		targetTypeId == ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGEOID)
	{
		/*
		 * Assume can_coerce_type verified that implicit coercion is okay.
		 *
		 * These cases are unlike the ones above because the exposed type of
		 * the argument must be an actual array, enum, range, or multirange
		 * type.  In particular the argument must *not* be an UNKNOWN
		 * constant.  If it is, we just fall through; below, we'll call the
		 * pseudotype's input function, which will produce an error.  Also, if
		 * what we have is a domain over array, enum, range, or multirange, we
		 * have to relabel it to its base type.
		 *
		 * Note: currently, we can't actually see a domain-over-enum here,
		 * since the other functions in this file will not match such a
		 * parameter to ANYENUM.  But that should get changed eventually.
		 */

		/*
		 * BUG BUG 
		 * JIRA MPP-3786
		 *
		 * Special handling for ANYARRAY type.  
		 *
		 * GPDB_95_MERGE_FIXME: can this be removed?
		 */
		if(targetTypeId == ANYARRAYOID && IsA(node, Const) && inputTypeId != UNKNOWNOID)
		{
			Const	   *con = (Const *) node;
			Const	   *newcon = makeNode(Const);
			Oid elemoid = get_element_type(inputTypeId);

			if(elemoid == InvalidOid)
				ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH), 
					 errmsg("cannot convert non-Array type to ANYARRAY")));

			memcpy(newcon, con, sizeof(Const));
			newcon->consttype = ANYARRAYOID;

			return (Node *) newcon;
		}

		if (inputTypeId != UNKNOWNOID)
		{
			Oid			baseTypeId = getBaseType(inputTypeId);

			if (baseTypeId != inputTypeId)
			{
				RelabelType *r = makeRelabelType((Expr *) node,
												 baseTypeId, -1,
												 InvalidOid,
												 cformat);

				r->location = location;
				return (Node *) r;
			}
			/* Not a domain type, so return it as-is */
			return node;
		}
	}
	if (inputTypeId == UNKNOWNOID && IsA(node, Const))
	{
		/*
		 * Input is a string constant with previously undetermined type. Apply
		 * the target type's typinput function to it to produce a constant of
		 * the target type.
		 *
		 * NOTE: this case cannot be folded together with the other
		 * constant-input case, since the typinput function does not
		 * necessarily behave the same as a type conversion function. For
		 * example, int4's typinput function will reject "1.2", whereas
		 * float-to-int type conversion will round to integer.
		 *
		 * XXX if the typinput function is not immutable, we really ought to
		 * postpone evaluation of the function call until runtime. But there
		 * is no way to represent a typinput function call as an expression
		 * tree, because C-string values are not Datums. (XXX This *is*
		 * possible as of 7.3, do we want to do it?)
		 */
		Const	   *con = (Const *) node;
		Const	   *newcon = makeNode(Const);
		Oid			baseTypeId;
		int32		baseTypeMod;
		int32		inputTypeMod;
		Type		baseType;
		ParseCallbackState pcbstate;

		/*
		 * If the target type is a domain, we want to call its base type's
		 * input routine, not domain_in().  This is to avoid premature failure
		 * when the domain applies a typmod: existing input routines follow
		 * implicit-coercion semantics for length checks, which is not always
		 * what we want here.  The needed check will be applied properly
		 * inside coerce_to_domain().
		 */
		baseTypeMod = targetTypeMod;
		baseTypeId = getBaseTypeAndTypmod(targetTypeId, &baseTypeMod);

		/*
		 * For most types we pass typmod -1 to the input routine, because
		 * existing input routines follow implicit-coercion semantics for
		 * length checks, which is not always what we want here.  Any length
		 * constraint will be applied later by our caller.  An exception
		 * however is the INTERVAL type, for which we *must* pass the typmod
		 * or it won't be able to obey the bizarre SQL-spec input rules. (Ugly
		 * as sin, but so is this part of the spec...)
		 */
		if (baseTypeId == INTERVALOID)
			inputTypeMod = baseTypeMod;
		else
			inputTypeMod = -1;

		baseType = typeidType(baseTypeId);

		newcon->consttype = baseTypeId;
		newcon->consttypmod = inputTypeMod;
		newcon->constcollid = typeTypeCollation(baseType);
		newcon->constlen = typeLen(baseType);
		newcon->constbyval = typeByVal(baseType);
		newcon->constisnull = con->constisnull;

		/*
		 * We use the original literal's location regardless of the position
		 * of the coercion.  This is a change from pre-9.2 behavior, meant to
		 * simplify life for pg_stat_statements.
		 */
		newcon->location = con->location;

		/*
		 * Set up to point at the constant's text if the input routine throws
		 * an error.
		 */
		setup_parser_errposition_callback(&pcbstate, pstate, con->location);

		/*
		 * We assume here that UNKNOWN's internal representation is the same
		 * as CSTRING.
		 */
		if (!con->constisnull)
			newcon->constvalue = stringTypeDatum(baseType,
												 DatumGetCString(con->constvalue),
												 inputTypeMod);
		else
			newcon->constvalue = stringTypeDatum(baseType,
												 NULL,
												 inputTypeMod);

		/*
		 * If it's a varlena value, force it to be in non-expanded
		 * (non-toasted) format; this avoids any possible dependency on
		 * external values and improves consistency of representation.
		 */
		if (!con->constisnull && newcon->constlen == -1)
			newcon->constvalue =
				PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(newcon->constvalue));

#ifdef RANDOMIZE_ALLOCATED_MEMORY

		/*
		 * For pass-by-reference data types, repeat the conversion to see if
		 * the input function leaves any uninitialized bytes in the result. We
		 * can only detect that reliably if RANDOMIZE_ALLOCATED_MEMORY is
		 * enabled, so we don't bother testing otherwise.  The reason we don't
		 * want any instability in the input function is that comparison of
		 * Const nodes relies on bytewise comparison of the datums, so if the
		 * input function leaves garbage then subexpressions that should be
		 * identical may not get recognized as such.  See pgsql-hackers
		 * discussion of 2008-04-04.
		 */
		if (!con->constisnull && !newcon->constbyval)
		{
			Datum		val2;

			val2 = stringTypeDatum(baseType,
								   DatumGetCString(con->constvalue),
								   inputTypeMod);
			if (newcon->constlen == -1)
				val2 = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(val2));
			if (!datumIsEqual(newcon->constvalue, val2, false, newcon->constlen))
				elog(WARNING, "type %s has unstable input conversion for \"%s\"",
					 typeTypeName(baseType), DatumGetCString(con->constvalue));
		}
#endif

		cancel_parser_errposition_callback(&pcbstate);

		result = (Node *) newcon;

		/* If target is a domain, apply constraints. */
		if (baseTypeId != targetTypeId)
			result = coerce_to_domain(result,
									  baseTypeId, baseTypeMod,
									  targetTypeId,
									  ccontext, cformat, location,
									  false);

		ReleaseSysCache(baseType);

		return result;
	}
	if (IsA(node, Param) &&
		pstate != NULL && pstate->p_coerce_param_hook != NULL)
	{
		/*
		 * Allow the CoerceParamHook to decide what happens.  It can return a
		 * transformed node (very possibly the same Param node), or return
		 * NULL to indicate we should proceed with normal coercion.
		 */
		result = pstate->p_coerce_param_hook(pstate,
											 (Param *) node,
											 targetTypeId,
											 targetTypeMod,
											 location);
		if (result)
			return result;
	}
	if (IsA(node, CollateExpr))
	{
		/*
		 * If we have a COLLATE clause, we have to push the coercion
		 * underneath the COLLATE; or discard the COLLATE if the target type
		 * isn't collatable.  This is really ugly, but there is little choice
		 * because the above hacks on Consts and Params wouldn't happen
		 * otherwise.  This kluge has consequences in coerce_to_target_type.
		 */
		CollateExpr *coll = (CollateExpr *) node;

		result = coerce_type(pstate, (Node *) coll->arg,
							 inputTypeId, targetTypeId, targetTypeMod,
							 ccontext, cformat, location);
		if (type_is_collatable(targetTypeId))
		{
			CollateExpr *newcoll = makeNode(CollateExpr);

			newcoll->arg = (Expr *) result;
			newcoll->collOid = coll->collOid;
			newcoll->location = coll->location;
			result = (Node *) newcoll;
		}
		return result;
	}
	pathtype = find_coercion_pathway(targetTypeId, inputTypeId, ccontext,
									 &funcId);
	if (pathtype != COERCION_PATH_NONE)
	{
		if (pathtype != COERCION_PATH_RELABELTYPE)
		{
			/*
			 * Generate an expression tree representing run-time application
			 * of the conversion function.  If we are dealing with a domain
			 * target type, the conversion function will yield the base type,
			 * and we need to extract the correct typmod to use from the
			 * domain's typtypmod.
			 */
			Oid			baseTypeId;
			int32		baseTypeMod;

			baseTypeMod = targetTypeMod;
			baseTypeId = getBaseTypeAndTypmod(targetTypeId, &baseTypeMod);

			result = build_coercion_expression(node, pathtype, funcId,
											   baseTypeId, baseTypeMod,
											   ccontext, cformat, location);

			/*
			 * If domain, coerce to the domain type and relabel with domain
			 * type ID, hiding the previous coercion node.
			 */
			if (targetTypeId != baseTypeId)
				result = coerce_to_domain(result, baseTypeId, baseTypeMod,
										  targetTypeId,
										  ccontext, cformat, location,
										  true);
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * We don't need to do a physical conversion, but we do need to
			 * attach a RelabelType node so that the expression will be seen
			 * to have the intended type when inspected by higher-level code.
			 *
			 * Also, domains may have value restrictions beyond the base type
			 * that must be accounted for.  If the destination is a domain
			 * then we won't need a RelabelType node.
			 */
			result = coerce_to_domain(node, InvalidOid, -1, targetTypeId,
									  ccontext, cformat, location,
									  false);
			if (result == node)
			{
				/*
				 * XXX could we label result with exprTypmod(node) instead of
				 * default -1 typmod, to save a possible length-coercion
				 * later? Would work if both types have same interpretation of
				 * typmod, which is likely but not certain.
				 */
				RelabelType *r = makeRelabelType((Expr *) result,
												 targetTypeId, -1,
												 InvalidOid,
												 cformat);

				r->location = location;
				result = (Node *) r;
			}
		}
		return result;
	}
	if (inputTypeId == RECORDOID &&
		ISCOMPLEX(targetTypeId))
	{
		/* Coerce a RECORD to a specific complex type */
		return coerce_record_to_complex(pstate, node, targetTypeId,
										ccontext, cformat, location);
	}
	if (targetTypeId == RECORDOID &&
		ISCOMPLEX(inputTypeId))
	{
		/* Coerce a specific complex type to RECORD */
		/* NB: we do NOT want a RelabelType here */
		return node;
	}
#ifdef NOT_USED
	if (inputTypeId == RECORDARRAYOID &&
		is_complex_array(targetTypeId))
	{
		/* Coerce record[] to a specific complex array type */
		/* not implemented yet ... */
	}
#endif
	if (targetTypeId == RECORDARRAYOID &&
		is_complex_array(inputTypeId))
	{
		/* Coerce a specific complex array type to record[] */
		/* NB: we do NOT want a RelabelType here */
		return node;
	}
	if (typeInheritsFrom(inputTypeId, targetTypeId)
		|| typeIsOfTypedTable(inputTypeId, targetTypeId))
	{
		/*
		 * Input class type is a subclass of target, so generate an
		 * appropriate runtime conversion (removing unneeded columns and
		 * possibly rearranging the ones that are wanted).
		 *
		 * We will also get here when the input is a domain over a subclass of
		 * the target type.  To keep life simple for the executor, we define
		 * ConvertRowtypeExpr as only working between regular composite types;
		 * therefore, in such cases insert a RelabelType to smash the input
		 * expression down to its base type.
		 */
		Oid			baseTypeId = getBaseType(inputTypeId);
		ConvertRowtypeExpr *r = makeNode(ConvertRowtypeExpr);

		if (baseTypeId != inputTypeId)
		{
			RelabelType *rt = makeRelabelType((Expr *) node,
											  baseTypeId, -1,
											  InvalidOid,
											  COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST);

			rt->location = location;
			node = (Node *) rt;
		}
		r->arg = (Expr *) node;
		r->resulttype = targetTypeId;
		r->convertformat = cformat;
		r->location = location;
		return (Node *) r;
	}
	/* If we get here, caller blew it */
	elog(ERROR, "failed to find conversion function from %s to %s",
		 format_type_be(inputTypeId), format_type_be(targetTypeId));
	return NULL;				/* keep compiler quiet */
}


/*
 * can_coerce_type()
 *		Can input_typeids be coerced to target_typeids?
 *
 * We must be told the context (CAST construct, assignment, implicit coercion)
 * as this determines the set of available casts.
 */
bool
can_coerce_type(int nargs, const Oid *input_typeids, const Oid *target_typeids,
				CoercionContext ccontext)
{
	bool		have_generics = false;
	int			i;

	/* run through argument list... */
	for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
	{
		Oid			inputTypeId = input_typeids[i];
		Oid			targetTypeId = target_typeids[i];
		CoercionPathType pathtype;
		Oid			funcId;

		/* no problem if same type */
		if (inputTypeId == targetTypeId)
			continue;

		/* 
		 * ANYTABLE is a special case that can occur when a function is 
		 * called with a TableValue expression.  A table value expression
		 * can only match a parameter to a function defined as a "anytable".
		 *
		 * Only allow ANYTABLE to match another ANYTABLE, anything else would
		 * be a mismatch of Table domain and Value domain expressions.  
		 *
		 * Validation of ANYTABLE coercion is processed at a higher level
		 * that has more context related to the tupleDesc for the tables
		 * involved.
		 */
		if (targetTypeId == ANYTABLEOID || inputTypeId == ANYTABLEOID)
			return false;

		/* accept if target is ANY */
		if (targetTypeId == ANYOID)
			continue;

		/* accept if target is polymorphic, for now */
		if (IsPolymorphicType(targetTypeId))
		{
			have_generics = true;	/* do more checking later */
			continue;
		}

		/*
		 * If input is an untyped string constant, assume we can convert it to
		 * anything.
		 */
		if (inputTypeId == UNKNOWNOID)
			continue;

		/*
		 * If pg_cast shows that we can coerce, accept.  This test now covers
		 * both binary-compatible and coercion-function cases.
		 */
		pathtype = find_coercion_pathway(targetTypeId, inputTypeId, ccontext,
										 &funcId);
		if (pathtype != COERCION_PATH_NONE)
			continue;

		/*
		 * If input is RECORD and target is a composite type, assume we can
		 * coerce (may need tighter checking here)
		 */
		if (inputTypeId == RECORDOID &&
			ISCOMPLEX(targetTypeId))
			continue;

		/*
		 * If input is a composite type and target is RECORD, accept
		 */
		if (targetTypeId == RECORDOID &&
			ISCOMPLEX(inputTypeId))
			continue;

#ifdef NOT_USED					/* not implemented yet */

		/*
		 * If input is record[] and target is a composite array type, assume
		 * we can coerce (may need tighter checking here)
		 */
		if (inputTypeId == RECORDARRAYOID &&
			is_complex_array(targetTypeId))
			continue;
#endif

		/*
		 * If input is a composite array type and target is record[], accept
		 */
		if (targetTypeId == RECORDARRAYOID &&
			is_complex_array(inputTypeId))
			continue;

		/*
		 * If input is a class type that inherits from target, accept
		 */
		if (typeInheritsFrom(inputTypeId, targetTypeId)
			|| typeIsOfTypedTable(inputTypeId, targetTypeId))
			continue;

		/*
		 * Else, cannot coerce at this argument position
		 */
		return false;
	}

	/* If we found any generic argument types, cross-check them */
	if (have_generics)
	{
		if (!check_generic_type_consistency(input_typeids, target_typeids,
											nargs))
			return false;
	}

	return true;
}


/*
 * Create an expression tree to represent coercion to a domain type.
 *
 * 'arg': input expression
 * 'baseTypeId': base type of domain, if known (pass InvalidOid if caller
 *		has not bothered to look this up)
 * 'baseTypeMod': base type typmod of domain, if known (pass -1 if caller
 *		has not bothered to look this up)
 * 'typeId': target type to coerce to
 * 'ccontext': context indicator to control coercions
 * 'cformat': coercion display format
 * 'location': coercion request location
 * 'hideInputCoercion': if true, hide the input coercion under this one.
 *
 * If the target type isn't a domain, the given 'arg' is returned as-is.
 */
Node *
coerce_to_domain(Node *arg, Oid baseTypeId, int32 baseTypeMod, Oid typeId,
				 CoercionContext ccontext, CoercionForm cformat, int location,
				 bool hideInputCoercion)
{
	CoerceToDomain *result;

	/* Get the base type if it hasn't been supplied */
	if (baseTypeId == InvalidOid)
		baseTypeId = getBaseTypeAndTypmod(typeId, &baseTypeMod);

	/* If it isn't a domain, return the node as it was passed in */
	if (baseTypeId == typeId)
		return arg;

	/* Suppress display of nested coercion steps */
	if (hideInputCoercion)
		hide_coercion_node(arg);

	/*
	 * If the domain applies a typmod to its base type, build the appropriate
	 * coercion step.  Mark it implicit for display purposes, because we don't
	 * want it shown separately by ruleutils.c; but the isExplicit flag passed
	 * to the conversion function depends on the manner in which the domain
	 * coercion is invoked, so that the semantics of implicit and explicit
	 * coercion differ.  (Is that really the behavior we want?)
	 *
	 * NOTE: because we apply this as part of the fixed expression structure,
	 * ALTER DOMAIN cannot alter the typtypmod.  But it's unclear that that
	 * would be safe to do anyway, without lots of knowledge about what the
	 * base type thinks the typmod means.
	 */
	arg = coerce_type_typmod(arg, baseTypeId, baseTypeMod,
							 ccontext, COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST, location,
							 false);

	/*
	 * Now build the domain coercion node.  This represents run-time checking
	 * of any constraints currently attached to the domain.  This also ensures
	 * that the expression is properly labeled as to result type.
	 */
	result = makeNode(CoerceToDomain);
	result->arg = (Expr *) arg;
	result->resulttype = typeId;
	result->resulttypmod = -1;	/* currently, always -1 for domains */
	/* resultcollid will be set by parse_collate.c */
	result->coercionformat = cformat;
	result->location = location;

	return (Node *) result;
}


/*
 * coerce_type_typmod()
 *		Force a value to a particular typmod, if meaningful and possible.
 *
 * This is applied to values that are going to be stored in a relation
 * (where we have an atttypmod for the column) as well as values being
 * explicitly CASTed (where the typmod comes from the target type spec).
 *
 * The caller must have already ensured that the value is of the correct
 * type, typically by applying coerce_type.
 *
 * ccontext may affect semantics, depending on whether the length coercion
 * function pays attention to the isExplicit flag it's passed.
 *
 * cformat determines the display properties of the generated node (if any).
 *
 * If hideInputCoercion is true *and* we generate a node, the input node is
 * forced to IMPLICIT display form, so that only the typmod coercion node will
 * be visible when displaying the expression.
 *
 * NOTE: this does not need to work on domain types, because any typmod
 * coercion for a domain is considered to be part of the type coercion
 * needed to produce the domain value in the first place.  So, no getBaseType.
 */
static Node *
coerce_type_typmod(Node *node, Oid targetTypeId, int32 targetTypMod,
				   CoercionContext ccontext, CoercionForm cformat,
				   int location,
				   bool hideInputCoercion)
{
	CoercionPathType pathtype;
	Oid			funcId;

	/* Skip coercion if already done */
	if (targetTypMod == exprTypmod(node))
		return node;

	/* Suppress display of nested coercion steps */
	if (hideInputCoercion)
		hide_coercion_node(node);

	/*
	 * A negative typmod means that no actual coercion is needed, but we still
	 * want a RelabelType to ensure that the expression exposes the intended
	 * typmod.
	 */
	if (targetTypMod < 0)
		pathtype = COERCION_PATH_NONE;
	else
		pathtype = find_typmod_coercion_function(targetTypeId, &funcId);

	if (pathtype != COERCION_PATH_NONE)
	{
		node = build_coercion_expression(node, pathtype, funcId,
										 targetTypeId, targetTypMod,
										 ccontext, cformat, location);
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * We don't need to perform any actual coercion step, but we should
		 * apply a RelabelType to ensure that the expression exposes the
		 * intended typmod.
		 */
		node = applyRelabelType(node, targetTypeId, targetTypMod,
								exprCollation(node),
								cformat, location, false);
	}

	return node;
}

/*
 * Mark a coercion node as IMPLICIT so it will never be displayed by
 * ruleutils.c.  We use this when we generate a nest of coercion nodes
 * to implement what is logically one conversion; the inner nodes are
 * forced to IMPLICIT_CAST format.  This does not change their semantics,
 * only display behavior.
 *
 * It is caller error to call this on something that doesn't have a
 * CoercionForm field.
 */
static void
hide_coercion_node(Node *node)
{
	if (IsA(node, FuncExpr))
		((FuncExpr *) node)->funcformat = COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST;
	else if (IsA(node, RelabelType))
		((RelabelType *) node)->relabelformat = COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST;
	else if (IsA(node, CoerceViaIO))
		((CoerceViaIO *) node)->coerceformat = COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST;
	else if (IsA(node, ArrayCoerceExpr))
		((ArrayCoerceExpr *) node)->coerceformat = COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST;
	else if (IsA(node, ConvertRowtypeExpr))
		((ConvertRowtypeExpr *) node)->convertformat = COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST;
	else if (IsA(node, RowExpr))
		((RowExpr *) node)->row_format = COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST;
	else if (IsA(node, CoerceToDomain))
		((CoerceToDomain *) node)->coercionformat = COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST;
	else
		elog(ERROR, "unsupported node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
}

/*
 * build_coercion_expression()
 *		Construct an expression tree for applying a pg_cast entry.
 *
 * This is used for both type-coercion and length-coercion operations,
 * since there is no difference in terms of the calling convention.
 */
static Node *
build_coercion_expression(Node *node,
						  CoercionPathType pathtype,
						  Oid funcId,
						  Oid targetTypeId, int32 targetTypMod,
						  CoercionContext ccontext, CoercionForm cformat,
						  int location)
{
	int			nargs = 0;

	if (OidIsValid(funcId))
	{
		HeapTuple	tp;
		Form_pg_proc procstruct;

		tp = SearchSysCache1(PROCOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(funcId));
		if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tp))
			elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for function %u", funcId);
		procstruct = (Form_pg_proc) GETSTRUCT(tp);

		/*
		 * These Asserts essentially check that function is a legal coercion
		 * function.  We can't make the seemingly obvious tests on prorettype
		 * and proargtypes[0], even in the COERCION_PATH_FUNC case, because of
		 * various binary-compatibility cases.
		 */
		/* Assert(targetTypeId == procstruct->prorettype); */
		Assert(!procstruct->proretset);
		Assert(procstruct->prokind == PROKIND_FUNCTION);
		nargs = procstruct->pronargs;
		Assert(nargs >= 1 && nargs <= 3);
		/* Assert(procstruct->proargtypes.values[0] == exprType(node)); */
		Assert(nargs < 2 || procstruct->proargtypes.values[1] == INT4OID);
		Assert(nargs < 3 || procstruct->proargtypes.values[2] == BOOLOID);

		ReleaseSysCache(tp);
	}

	if (pathtype == COERCION_PATH_FUNC)
	{
		/* We build an ordinary FuncExpr with special arguments */
		FuncExpr   *fexpr;
		List	   *args;
		Const	   *cons;

		Assert(OidIsValid(funcId));

		args = list_make1(node);

		if (nargs >= 2)
		{
			/* Pass target typmod as an int4 constant */
			cons = makeConst(INT4OID,
							 -1,
							 InvalidOid,
							 sizeof(int32),
							 Int32GetDatum(targetTypMod),
							 false,
							 true);

			args = lappend(args, cons);
		}

		if (nargs == 3)
		{
			/* Pass it a boolean isExplicit parameter, too */
			cons = makeConst(BOOLOID,
							 -1,
							 InvalidOid,
							 sizeof(bool),
							 BoolGetDatum(ccontext == COERCION_EXPLICIT),
							 false,
							 true);

			args = lappend(args, cons);
		}

		fexpr = makeFuncExpr(funcId, targetTypeId, args,
							 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, cformat);
		fexpr->location = location;
		return (Node *) fexpr;
	}
	else if (pathtype == COERCION_PATH_ARRAYCOERCE)
	{
		/* We need to build an ArrayCoerceExpr */
		ArrayCoerceExpr *acoerce = makeNode(ArrayCoerceExpr);
		CaseTestExpr *ctest = makeNode(CaseTestExpr);
		Oid			sourceBaseTypeId;
		int32		sourceBaseTypeMod;
		Oid			targetElementType;
		Node	   *elemexpr;

		/*
		 * Look through any domain over the source array type.  Note we don't
		 * expect that the target type is a domain; it must be a plain array.
		 * (To get to a domain target type, we'll do coerce_to_domain later.)
		 */
		sourceBaseTypeMod = exprTypmod(node);
		sourceBaseTypeId = getBaseTypeAndTypmod(exprType(node),
												&sourceBaseTypeMod);

		/*
		 * Set up a CaseTestExpr representing one element of the source array.
		 * This is an abuse of CaseTestExpr, but it's OK as long as there
		 * can't be any CaseExpr or ArrayCoerceExpr within the completed
		 * elemexpr.
		 */
		ctest->typeId = get_element_type(sourceBaseTypeId);
		Assert(OidIsValid(ctest->typeId));
		ctest->typeMod = sourceBaseTypeMod;
		ctest->collation = InvalidOid;	/* Assume coercions don't care */

		/* And coerce it to the target element type */
		targetElementType = get_element_type(targetTypeId);
		Assert(OidIsValid(targetElementType));

		elemexpr = coerce_to_target_type(NULL,
										 (Node *) ctest,
										 ctest->typeId,
										 targetElementType,
										 targetTypMod,
										 ccontext,
										 cformat,
										 location);
		if (elemexpr == NULL)	/* shouldn't happen */
			elog(ERROR, "failed to coerce array element type as expected");

		acoerce->arg = (Expr *) node;
		acoerce->elemexpr = (Expr *) elemexpr;
		acoerce->resulttype = targetTypeId;

		/*
		 * Label the output as having a particular element typmod only if we
		 * ended up with a per-element expression that is labeled that way.
		 */
		acoerce->resulttypmod = exprTypmod(elemexpr);
		/* resultcollid will be set by parse_collate.c */
		acoerce->coerceformat = cformat;
		acoerce->location = location;

		return (Node *) acoerce;
	}
	else if (pathtype == COERCION_PATH_COERCEVIAIO)
	{
		/* We need to build a CoerceViaIO node */
		CoerceViaIO *iocoerce = makeNode(CoerceViaIO);

		Assert(!OidIsValid(funcId));

		iocoerce->arg = (Expr *) node;
		iocoerce->resulttype = targetTypeId;
		/* resultcollid will be set by parse_collate.c */
		iocoerce->coerceformat = cformat;
		iocoerce->location = location;

		return (Node *) iocoerce;
	}
	else
	{
		elog(ERROR, "unsupported pathtype %d in build_coercion_expression",
			 (int) pathtype);
		return NULL;			/* keep compiler quiet */
	}
}


/*
 * coerce_record_to_complex
 *		Coerce a RECORD to a specific composite type.
 *
 * Currently we only support this for inputs that are RowExprs or whole-row
 * Vars.
 */
static Node *
coerce_record_to_complex(ParseState *pstate, Node *node,
						 Oid targetTypeId,
						 CoercionContext ccontext,
						 CoercionForm cformat,
						 int location)
{
	RowExpr    *rowexpr;
	Oid			baseTypeId;
	int32		baseTypeMod = -1;
	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
	List	   *args = NIL;
	List	   *newargs;
	int			i;
	int			ucolno;
	ListCell   *arg;

	if (node && IsA(node, RowExpr))
	{
		/*
		 * Since the RowExpr must be of type RECORD, we needn't worry about it
		 * containing any dropped columns.
		 */
		args = ((RowExpr *) node)->args;
	}
	else if (node && IsA(node, Var) &&
			 ((Var *) node)->varattno == InvalidAttrNumber)
	{
		int			rtindex = ((Var *) node)->varno;
		int			sublevels_up = ((Var *) node)->varlevelsup;
		int			vlocation = ((Var *) node)->location;
		ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;

		nsitem = GetNSItemByRangeTablePosn(pstate, rtindex, sublevels_up);
		args = expandNSItemVars(nsitem, sublevels_up, vlocation, NULL);
	}
	else
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_CANNOT_COERCE),
				 errmsg("cannot cast type %s to %s",
						format_type_be(RECORDOID),
						format_type_be(targetTypeId)),
				 parser_coercion_errposition(pstate, location, node)));

	/*
	 * Look up the composite type, accounting for possibility that what we are
	 * given is a domain over composite.
	 */
	baseTypeId = getBaseTypeAndTypmod(targetTypeId, &baseTypeMod);
	tupdesc = lookup_rowtype_tupdesc(baseTypeId, baseTypeMod);

	/* Process the fields */
	newargs = NIL;
	ucolno = 1;
	arg = list_head(args);
	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
	{
		Node	   *expr;
		Node	   *cexpr;
		Oid			exprtype;
		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);

		/* Fill in NULLs for dropped columns in rowtype */
		if (attr->attisdropped)
		{
			/*
			 * can't use atttypid here, but it doesn't really matter what type
			 * the Const claims to be.
			 */
			newargs = lappend(newargs,
							  makeNullConst(INT4OID, -1, InvalidOid));
			continue;
		}

		if (arg == NULL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_CANNOT_COERCE),
					 errmsg("cannot cast type %s to %s",
							format_type_be(RECORDOID),
							format_type_be(targetTypeId)),
					 errdetail("Input has too few columns."),
					 parser_coercion_errposition(pstate, location, node)));
		expr = (Node *) lfirst(arg);
		exprtype = exprType(expr);

		cexpr = coerce_to_target_type(pstate,
									  expr, exprtype,
									  attr->atttypid,
									  attr->atttypmod,
									  ccontext,
									  COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,
									  -1);
		if (cexpr == NULL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_CANNOT_COERCE),
					 errmsg("cannot cast type %s to %s",
							format_type_be(RECORDOID),
							format_type_be(targetTypeId)),
					 errdetail("Cannot cast type %s to %s in column %d.",
							   format_type_be(exprtype),
							   format_type_be(attr->atttypid),
							   ucolno),
					 parser_coercion_errposition(pstate, location, expr)));
		newargs = lappend(newargs, cexpr);
		ucolno++;
		arg = lnext(args, arg);
	}
	if (arg != NULL)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_CANNOT_COERCE),
				 errmsg("cannot cast type %s to %s",
						format_type_be(RECORDOID),
						format_type_be(targetTypeId)),
				 errdetail("Input has too many columns."),
				 parser_coercion_errposition(pstate, location, node)));

	ReleaseTupleDesc(tupdesc);

	rowexpr = makeNode(RowExpr);
	rowexpr->args = newargs;
	rowexpr->row_typeid = baseTypeId;
	rowexpr->row_format = cformat;
	rowexpr->colnames = NIL;	/* not needed for named target type */
	rowexpr->location = location;

	/* If target is a domain, apply constraints */
	if (baseTypeId != targetTypeId)
	{
		rowexpr->row_format = COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST;
		return coerce_to_domain((Node *) rowexpr,
								baseTypeId, baseTypeMod,
								targetTypeId,
								ccontext, cformat, location,
								false);
	}

	return (Node *) rowexpr;
}

/*
 * coerce_to_boolean()
 *		Coerce an argument of a construct that requires boolean input
 *		(AND, OR, NOT, etc).  Also check that input is not a set.
 *
 * Returns the possibly-transformed node tree.
 *
 * As with coerce_type, pstate may be NULL if no special unknown-Param
 * processing is wanted.
 */
Node *
coerce_to_boolean(ParseState *pstate, Node *node,
				  const char *constructName)
{
	Oid			inputTypeId = exprType(node);

	if (inputTypeId != BOOLOID)
	{
		Node	   *newnode;

		newnode = coerce_to_target_type(pstate, node, inputTypeId,
										BOOLOID, -1,
										COERCION_ASSIGNMENT,
										COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,
										-1);
		if (newnode == NULL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
			/* translator: first %s is name of a SQL construct, eg WHERE */
					 errmsg("argument of %s must be type %s, not type %s",
							constructName, "boolean",
							format_type_be(inputTypeId)),
					 parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(node))));
		node = newnode;
	}

	if (expression_returns_set(node))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
		/* translator: %s is name of a SQL construct, eg WHERE */
				 errmsg("argument of %s must not return a set",
						constructName),
				 parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(node))));

	return node;
}

/*
 * coerce_to_specific_type_typmod()
 *		Coerce an argument of a construct that requires a specific data type,
 *		with a specific typmod.  Also check that input is not a set.
 *
 * Returns the possibly-transformed node tree.
 *
 * As with coerce_type, pstate may be NULL if no special unknown-Param
 * processing is wanted.
 */
Node *
coerce_to_specific_type_typmod(ParseState *pstate, Node *node,
							   Oid targetTypeId, int32 targetTypmod,
							   const char *constructName)
{
	Oid			inputTypeId = exprType(node);

	if (inputTypeId != targetTypeId)
	{
		Node	   *newnode;

		newnode = coerce_to_target_type(pstate, node, inputTypeId,
										targetTypeId, targetTypmod,
										COERCION_ASSIGNMENT,
										COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,
										-1);
		if (newnode == NULL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
			/* translator: first %s is name of a SQL construct, eg LIMIT */
					 errmsg("argument of %s must be type %s, not type %s",
							constructName,
							format_type_be(targetTypeId),
							format_type_be(inputTypeId)),
					 parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(node))));
		node = newnode;
	}

	if (expression_returns_set(node))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
		/* translator: %s is name of a SQL construct, eg LIMIT */
				 errmsg("argument of %s must not return a set",
						constructName),
				 parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(node))));

	return node;
}

/*
 * coerce_to_specific_type()
 *		Coerce an argument of a construct that requires a specific data type.
 *		Also check that input is not a set.
 *
 * Returns the possibly-transformed node tree.
 *
 * As with coerce_type, pstate may be NULL if no special unknown-Param
 * processing is wanted.
 */
Node *
coerce_to_specific_type(ParseState *pstate, Node *node,
						Oid targetTypeId,
						const char *constructName)
{
	return coerce_to_specific_type_typmod(pstate, node,
										  targetTypeId, -1,
										  constructName);
}

/*
 * parser_coercion_errposition - report coercion error location, if possible
 *
 * We prefer to point at the coercion request (CAST, ::, etc) if possible;
 * but there may be no such location in the case of an implicit coercion.
 * In that case point at the input expression.
 *
 * XXX possibly this is more generally useful than coercion errors;
 * if so, should rename and place with parser_errposition.
 */
void
parser_coercion_errposition(ParseState *pstate,
							int coerce_location,
							Node *input_expr)
{
	if (coerce_location >= 0)
		parser_errposition(pstate, coerce_location);
	else
		parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(input_expr));
}


/*
 * select_common_type()
 *		Determine the common supertype of a list of input expressions.
 *		This is used for determining the output type of CASE, UNION,
 *		and similar constructs.
 *
 * 'exprs' is a *nonempty* list of expressions.  Note that earlier items
 * in the list will be preferred if there is doubt.
 * 'context' is a phrase to use in the error message if we fail to select
 * a usable type.  Pass NULL to have the routine return InvalidOid
 * rather than throwing an error on failure.
 * 'which_expr': if not NULL, receives a pointer to the particular input
 * expression from which the result type was taken.
 *
 * Caution: "failure" just means that there were inputs of different type
 * categories.  It is not guaranteed that all the inputs are coercible to the
 * selected type; caller must check that (see verify_common_type).
 */
Oid
select_common_type(ParseState *pstate, List *exprs, const char *context,
				   Node **which_expr)
{
	Node	   *pexpr;
	Oid			ptype;
	TYPCATEGORY pcategory;
	bool		pispreferred;
	ListCell   *lc;

	Assert(exprs != NIL);
	pexpr = (Node *) linitial(exprs);
	lc = list_second_cell(exprs);
	ptype = exprType(pexpr);

	/*
	 * If all input types are valid and exactly the same, just pick that type.
	 * This is the only way that we will resolve the result as being a domain
	 * type; otherwise domains are smashed to their base types for comparison.
	 */
	if (ptype != UNKNOWNOID)
	{
		for_each_cell(lc, exprs, lc)
		{
			Node	   *nexpr = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
			Oid			ntype = exprType(nexpr);

			if (ntype != ptype)
				break;
		}
		if (lc == NULL)			/* got to the end of the list? */
		{
			if (which_expr)
				*which_expr = pexpr;
			return ptype;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Nope, so set up for the full algorithm.  Note that at this point, lc
	 * points to the first list item with type different from pexpr's; we need
	 * not re-examine any items the previous loop advanced over.
	 */
	ptype = getBaseType(ptype);
	get_type_category_preferred(ptype, &pcategory, &pispreferred);

	for_each_cell(lc, exprs, lc)
	{
		Node	   *nexpr = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
		Oid			ntype = getBaseType(exprType(nexpr));

		/* move on to next one if no new information... */
		if (ntype != UNKNOWNOID && ntype != ptype)
		{
			TYPCATEGORY ncategory;
			bool		nispreferred;

			get_type_category_preferred(ntype, &ncategory, &nispreferred);
			if (ptype == UNKNOWNOID)
			{
				/* so far, only unknowns so take anything... */
				pexpr = nexpr;
				ptype = ntype;
				pcategory = ncategory;
				pispreferred = nispreferred;
			}
			else if (ncategory != pcategory)
			{
				/*
				 * both types in different categories? then not much hope...
				 */
				if (context == NULL)
					return InvalidOid;
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
				/*------
				  translator: first %s is name of a SQL construct, eg CASE */
						 errmsg("%s types %s and %s cannot be matched",
								context,
								format_type_be(ptype),
								format_type_be(ntype)),
						 parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(nexpr))));
			}
			else if (!pispreferred &&
					 can_coerce_type(1, &ptype, &ntype, COERCION_IMPLICIT) &&
					 !can_coerce_type(1, &ntype, &ptype, COERCION_IMPLICIT))
			{
				/*
				 * take new type if can coerce to it implicitly but not the
				 * other way; but if we have a preferred type, stay on it.
				 */
				pexpr = nexpr;
				ptype = ntype;
				pcategory = ncategory;
				pispreferred = nispreferred;
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If all the inputs were UNKNOWN type --- ie, unknown-type literals ---
	 * then resolve as type TEXT.  This situation comes up with constructs
	 * like SELECT (CASE WHEN foo THEN 'bar' ELSE 'baz' END); SELECT 'foo'
	 * UNION SELECT 'bar'; It might seem desirable to leave the construct's
	 * output type as UNKNOWN, but that really doesn't work, because we'd
	 * probably end up needing a runtime coercion from UNKNOWN to something
	 * else, and we usually won't have it.  We need to coerce the unknown
	 * literals while they are still literals, so a decision has to be made
	 * now.
	 */
	if (ptype == UNKNOWNOID)
		ptype = TEXTOID;

	if (which_expr)
		*which_expr = pexpr;
	return ptype;
}

/*
 * select_common_type_from_oids()
 *		Determine the common supertype of an array of type OIDs.
 *
 * This is the same logic as select_common_type(), but working from
 * an array of type OIDs not a list of expressions.  As in that function,
 * earlier entries in the array have some preference over later ones.
 * On failure, return InvalidOid if noerror is true, else throw an error.
 *
 * Caution: "failure" just means that there were inputs of different type
 * categories.  It is not guaranteed that all the inputs are coercible to the
 * selected type; caller must check that (see verify_common_type_from_oids).
 *
 * Note: neither caller will pass any UNKNOWNOID entries, so the tests
 * for that in this function are dead code.  However, they don't cost much,
 * and it seems better to keep this logic as close to select_common_type()
 * as possible.
 */
static Oid
select_common_type_from_oids(int nargs, const Oid *typeids, bool noerror)
{
	Oid			ptype;
	TYPCATEGORY pcategory;
	bool		pispreferred;
	int			i = 1;

	Assert(nargs > 0);
	ptype = typeids[0];

	/* If all input types are valid and exactly the same, pick that type. */
	if (ptype != UNKNOWNOID)
	{
		for (; i < nargs; i++)
		{
			if (typeids[i] != ptype)
				break;
		}
		if (i == nargs)
			return ptype;
	}

	/*
	 * Nope, so set up for the full algorithm.  Note that at this point, we
	 * can skip array entries before "i"; they are all equal to ptype.
	 */
	ptype = getBaseType(ptype);
	get_type_category_preferred(ptype, &pcategory, &pispreferred);

	for (; i < nargs; i++)
	{
		Oid			ntype = getBaseType(typeids[i]);

		/* move on to next one if no new information... */
		if (ntype != UNKNOWNOID && ntype != ptype)
		{
			TYPCATEGORY ncategory;
			bool		nispreferred;

			get_type_category_preferred(ntype, &ncategory, &nispreferred);
			if (ptype == UNKNOWNOID)
			{
				/* so far, only unknowns so take anything... */
				ptype = ntype;
				pcategory = ncategory;
				pispreferred = nispreferred;
			}
			else if (ncategory != pcategory)
			{
				/*
				 * both types in different categories? then not much hope...
				 */
				if (noerror)
					return InvalidOid;
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("argument types %s and %s cannot be matched",
								format_type_be(ptype),
								format_type_be(ntype))));
			}
			else if (!pispreferred &&
					 can_coerce_type(1, &ptype, &ntype, COERCION_IMPLICIT) &&
					 !can_coerce_type(1, &ntype, &ptype, COERCION_IMPLICIT))
			{
				/*
				 * take new type if can coerce to it implicitly but not the
				 * other way; but if we have a preferred type, stay on it.
				 */
				ptype = ntype;
				pcategory = ncategory;
				pispreferred = nispreferred;
			}
		}
	}

	/* Like select_common_type(), choose TEXT if all inputs were UNKNOWN */
	if (ptype == UNKNOWNOID)
		ptype = TEXTOID;

	return ptype;
}

/*
 * coerce_to_common_type()
 *		Coerce an expression to the given type.
 *
 * This is used following select_common_type() to coerce the individual
 * expressions to the desired type.  'context' is a phrase to use in the
 * error message if we fail to coerce.
 *
 * As with coerce_type, pstate may be NULL if no special unknown-Param
 * processing is wanted.
 */
Node *
coerce_to_common_type(ParseState *pstate, Node *node,
					  Oid targetTypeId, const char *context)
{
	Oid			inputTypeId = exprType(node);

	if (inputTypeId == targetTypeId)
		return node;			/* no work */
	if (can_coerce_type(1, &inputTypeId, &targetTypeId, COERCION_IMPLICIT))
		node = coerce_type(pstate, node, inputTypeId, targetTypeId, -1,
						   COERCION_IMPLICIT, COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST, -1);
	else
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_CANNOT_COERCE),
		/* translator: first %s is name of a SQL construct, eg CASE */
				 errmsg("%s could not convert type %s to %s",
						context,
						format_type_be(inputTypeId),
						format_type_be(targetTypeId)),
				 parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(node))));
	return node;
}

/*
 * verify_common_type()
 *		Verify that all input types can be coerced to a proposed common type.
 *		Return true if so, false if not all coercions are possible.
 *
 * Most callers of select_common_type() don't need to do this explicitly
 * because the checks will happen while trying to convert input expressions
 * to the right type, e.g. in coerce_to_common_type().  However, if a separate
 * check step is needed to validate the applicability of the common type, call
 * this.
 */
bool
verify_common_type(Oid common_type, List *exprs)
{
	ListCell   *lc;

	foreach(lc, exprs)
	{
		Node	   *nexpr = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
		Oid			ntype = exprType(nexpr);

		if (!can_coerce_type(1, &ntype, &common_type, COERCION_IMPLICIT))
			return false;
	}
	return true;
}

/*
 * verify_common_type_from_oids()
 *		As above, but work from an array of type OIDs.
 */
static bool
verify_common_type_from_oids(Oid common_type, int nargs, const Oid *typeids)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
	{
		if (!can_coerce_type(1, &typeids[i], &common_type, COERCION_IMPLICIT))
			return false;
	}
	return true;
}

/*
 * select_common_typmod()
 *		Determine the common typmod of a list of input expressions.
 *
 * common_type is the selected common type of the expressions, typically
 * computed using select_common_type().
 */
int32
select_common_typmod(ParseState *pstate, List *exprs, Oid common_type)
{
	ListCell   *lc;
	bool		first = true;
	int32		result = -1;

	foreach(lc, exprs)
	{
		Node	   *expr = (Node *) lfirst(lc);

		/* Types must match */
		if (exprType(expr) != common_type)
			return -1;
		else if (first)
		{
			result = exprTypmod(expr);
			first = false;
		}
		else
		{
			/* As soon as we see a non-matching typmod, fall back to -1 */
			if (result != exprTypmod(expr))
				return -1;
		}
	}

	return result;
}

/*
 * check_generic_type_consistency()
 *		Are the actual arguments potentially compatible with a
 *		polymorphic function?
 *
 * The argument consistency rules are:
 *
 * 1) All arguments declared ANYELEMENT must have the same datatype.
 * 2) All arguments declared ANYARRAY must have the same datatype,
 *	  which must be a varlena array type.
 * 3) All arguments declared ANYRANGE must be the same range type.
 *	  Similarly, all arguments declared ANYMULTIRANGE must be the same
 *	  multirange type; and if both of these appear, the ANYRANGE type
 *	  must be the element type of the ANYMULTIRANGE type.
 * 4) If there are arguments of more than one of these polymorphic types,
 *	  the array element type and/or range subtype must be the same as each
 *	  other and the same as the ANYELEMENT type.
 * 5) ANYENUM is treated the same as ANYELEMENT except that if it is used
 *	  (alone or in combination with plain ANYELEMENT), we add the extra
 *	  condition that the ANYELEMENT type must be an enum.
 * 6) ANYNONARRAY is treated the same as ANYELEMENT except that if it is used,
 *	  we add the extra condition that the ANYELEMENT type must not be an array.
 *	  (This is a no-op if used in combination with ANYARRAY or ANYENUM, but
 *	  is an extra restriction if not.)
 * 7) All arguments declared ANYCOMPATIBLE must be implicitly castable
 *	  to a common supertype (chosen as per select_common_type's rules).
 *	  ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAY works like ANYCOMPATIBLE but also requires the
 *	  common supertype to not be an array.  If there are ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAY
 *	  or ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE or ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGE arguments, their element
 *	  types or subtypes are included while making the choice of common supertype.
 * 8) The resolved type of ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAY arguments will be the array
 *	  type over the common supertype (which might not be the same array type
 *	  as any of the original arrays).
 * 9) All ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE arguments must be the exact same range type
 *	  (after domain flattening), since we have no preference rule that would
 *	  let us choose one over another.  Furthermore, that range's subtype
 *	  must exactly match the common supertype chosen by rule 7.
 * 10) All ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGE arguments must be the exact same multirange
 *	  type (after domain flattening), since we have no preference rule that
 *	  would let us choose one over another.  Furthermore, if ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE
 *	  also appears, that range type must be the multirange's element type;
 *	  otherwise, the multirange's range's subtype must exactly match the
 *	  common supertype chosen by rule 7.
 *
 * Domains over arrays match ANYARRAY, and are immediately flattened to their
 * base type.  (Thus, for example, we will consider it a match if one ANYARRAY
 * argument is a domain over int4[] while another one is just int4[].)	Also
 * notice that such a domain does *not* match ANYNONARRAY.  The same goes
 * for ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAY and ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAY.
 *
 * Similarly, domains over ranges match ANYRANGE or ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE,
 * and are immediately flattened to their base type.  Likewise, domains
 * over multiranges match ANYMULTIRANGE or ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGE and are
 * immediately flattened to their base type.
 *
 * Note that domains aren't currently considered to match ANYENUM,
 * even if their base type would match.
 *
 * If we have UNKNOWN input (ie, an untyped literal) for any polymorphic
 * argument, assume it is okay.
 *
 * We do not ereport here, but just return false if a rule is violated.
 */
bool
check_generic_type_consistency(const Oid *actual_arg_types,
							   const Oid *declared_arg_types,
							   int nargs)
{
	Oid			elem_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			array_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			range_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			multirange_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			anycompatible_range_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			anycompatible_range_typelem = InvalidOid;
	Oid			anycompatible_multirange_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			anycompatible_multirange_typelem = InvalidOid;
	Oid			range_typelem = InvalidOid;
	bool		have_anynonarray = false;
	bool		have_anyenum = false;
	bool		have_anycompatible_nonarray = false;
	int			n_anycompatible_args = 0;
	Oid			anycompatible_actual_types[FUNC_MAX_ARGS];

	/*
	 * Loop through the arguments to see if we have any that are polymorphic.
	 * If so, require the actual types to be consistent.
	 */
	Assert(nargs <= FUNC_MAX_ARGS);
	for (int j = 0; j < nargs; j++)
	{
		Oid			decl_type = declared_arg_types[j];
		Oid			actual_type = actual_arg_types[j];

		if (decl_type == ANYELEMENTOID ||
			decl_type == ANYNONARRAYOID ||
			decl_type == ANYENUMOID)
		{
			if (decl_type == ANYNONARRAYOID)
				have_anynonarray = true;
			else if (decl_type == ANYENUMOID)
				have_anyenum = true;
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			if (OidIsValid(elem_typeid) && actual_type != elem_typeid)
				return false;
			elem_typeid = actual_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYARRAYOID)
		{
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			if (OidIsValid(array_typeid) && actual_type != array_typeid)
				return false;
			array_typeid = actual_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYRANGEOID)
		{
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			if (OidIsValid(range_typeid) && actual_type != range_typeid)
				return false;
			range_typeid = actual_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYMULTIRANGEOID)
		{
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			if (OidIsValid(multirange_typeid) && actual_type != multirange_typeid)
				return false;
			multirange_typeid = actual_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLEOID ||
				 decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAYOID)
		{
			if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAYOID)
				have_anycompatible_nonarray = true;
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			/* collect the actual types of non-unknown COMPATIBLE args */
			anycompatible_actual_types[n_anycompatible_args++] = actual_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAYOID)
		{
			Oid			elem_type;

			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			elem_type = get_element_type(actual_type);
			if (!OidIsValid(elem_type))
				return false;	/* not an array */
			/* collect the element type for common-supertype choice */
			anycompatible_actual_types[n_anycompatible_args++] = elem_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLERANGEOID)
		{
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			if (OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typeid))
			{
				/* All ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE arguments must be the same type */
				if (anycompatible_range_typeid != actual_type)
					return false;
			}
			else
			{
				anycompatible_range_typeid = actual_type;
				anycompatible_range_typelem = get_range_subtype(actual_type);
				if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typelem))
					return false;	/* not a range type */
				/* collect the subtype for common-supertype choice */
				anycompatible_actual_types[n_anycompatible_args++] = anycompatible_range_typelem;
			}
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGEOID)
		{
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			if (OidIsValid(anycompatible_multirange_typeid))
			{
				/* All ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGE arguments must be the same type */
				if (anycompatible_multirange_typeid != actual_type)
					return false;
			}
			else
			{
				anycompatible_multirange_typeid = actual_type;
				anycompatible_multirange_typelem = get_multirange_range(actual_type);
				if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_multirange_typelem))
					return false;	/* not a multirange type */
				/* we'll consider the subtype below */
			}
		}
	}

	/* Get the element type based on the array type, if we have one */
	if (OidIsValid(array_typeid))
	{
		if (array_typeid == ANYARRAYOID)
		{
			/*
			 * Special case for matching ANYARRAY input to an ANYARRAY
			 * argument: allow it for now.  enforce_generic_type_consistency()
			 * might complain later, depending on the presence of other
			 * polymorphic arguments or results, but it will deliver a less
			 * surprising error message than "function does not exist".
			 *
			 * (If you think to change this, note that can_coerce_type will
			 * consider such a situation as a match, so that we might not even
			 * get here.)
			 */
		}
		else
		{
			Oid			array_typelem;

			array_typelem = get_element_type(array_typeid);
			if (!OidIsValid(array_typelem))
				return false;	/* should be an array, but isn't */

			if (!OidIsValid(elem_typeid))
			{
				/*
				 * if we don't have an element type yet, use the one we just
				 * got
				 */
				elem_typeid = array_typelem;
			}
			else if (array_typelem != elem_typeid)
			{
				/* otherwise, they better match */
				return false;
			}
		}
	}

	/* Deduce range type from multirange type, or check that they agree */
	if (OidIsValid(multirange_typeid))
	{
		Oid			multirange_typelem;

		multirange_typelem = get_multirange_range(multirange_typeid);
		if (!OidIsValid(multirange_typelem))
			return false;		/* should be a multirange, but isn't */

		if (!OidIsValid(range_typeid))
		{
			/* If we don't have a range type yet, use the one we just got */
			range_typeid = multirange_typelem;
			range_typelem = get_range_subtype(multirange_typelem);
			if (!OidIsValid(range_typelem))
				return false;	/* should be a range, but isn't */
		}
		else if (multirange_typelem != range_typeid)
		{
			/* otherwise, they better match */
			return false;
		}
	}

	/* Get the element type based on the range type, if we have one */
	if (OidIsValid(range_typeid))
	{
		range_typelem = get_range_subtype(range_typeid);
		if (!OidIsValid(range_typelem))
			return false;		/* should be a range, but isn't */

		if (!OidIsValid(elem_typeid))
		{
			/*
			 * If we don't have an element type yet, use the one we just got
			 */
			elem_typeid = range_typelem;
		}
		else if (range_typelem != elem_typeid)
		{
			/* otherwise, they better match */
			return false;
		}
	}

	if (have_anynonarray)
	{
		/* require the element type to not be an array or domain over array */
		if (type_is_array_domain(elem_typeid))
			return false;
	}

	if (have_anyenum)
	{
		/* require the element type to be an enum */
		if (!type_is_enum(elem_typeid))
			return false;
	}

	/* Deduce range type from multirange type, or check that they agree */
	if (OidIsValid(anycompatible_multirange_typeid))
	{
		if (OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typeid))
		{
			if (anycompatible_multirange_typelem !=
				anycompatible_range_typeid)
				return false;
		}
		else
		{
			anycompatible_range_typeid = anycompatible_multirange_typelem;
			anycompatible_range_typelem = get_range_subtype(anycompatible_range_typeid);
			if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typelem))
				return false;	/* not a range type */
			/* collect the subtype for common-supertype choice */
			anycompatible_actual_types[n_anycompatible_args++] =
				anycompatible_range_typelem;
		}
	}

	/* Check matching of ANYCOMPATIBLE-family arguments, if any */
	if (n_anycompatible_args > 0)
	{
		Oid			anycompatible_typeid;

		anycompatible_typeid =
			select_common_type_from_oids(n_anycompatible_args,
										 anycompatible_actual_types,
										 true);

		if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_typeid))
			return false;		/* there's definitely no common supertype */

		/* We have to verify that the selected type actually works */
		if (!verify_common_type_from_oids(anycompatible_typeid,
										  n_anycompatible_args,
										  anycompatible_actual_types))
			return false;

		if (have_anycompatible_nonarray)
		{
			/*
			 * require the anycompatible type to not be an array or domain
			 * over array
			 */
			if (type_is_array_domain(anycompatible_typeid))
				return false;
		}

		/*
		 * The anycompatible type must exactly match the range element type,
		 * if we were able to identify one. This checks compatibility for
		 * anycompatiblemultirange too since that also sets
		 * anycompatible_range_typelem above.
		 */
		if (OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typelem) &&
			anycompatible_range_typelem != anycompatible_typeid)
			return false;
	}

	/* Looks valid */
	return true;
}

/*
 * enforce_generic_type_consistency()
 *		Make sure a polymorphic function is legally callable, and
 *		deduce actual argument and result types.
 *
 * If any polymorphic pseudotype is used in a function's arguments or
 * return type, we make sure the actual data types are consistent with
 * each other.  The argument consistency rules are shown above for
 * check_generic_type_consistency().
 *
 * If we have UNKNOWN input (ie, an untyped literal) for any polymorphic
 * argument, we attempt to deduce the actual type it should have.  If
 * successful, we alter that position of declared_arg_types[] so that
 * make_fn_arguments will coerce the literal to the right thing.
 *
 * If we have polymorphic arguments of the ANYCOMPATIBLE family,
 * we similarly alter declared_arg_types[] entries to show the resolved
 * common supertype, so that make_fn_arguments will coerce the actual
 * arguments to the proper type.
 *
 * Rules are applied to the function's return type (possibly altering it)
 * if it is declared as a polymorphic type and there is at least one
 * polymorphic argument type:
 *
 * 1) If return type is ANYELEMENT, and any argument is ANYELEMENT, use the
 *	  argument's actual type as the function's return type.
 * 2) If return type is ANYARRAY, and any argument is ANYARRAY, use the
 *	  argument's actual type as the function's return type.
 * 3) Similarly, if return type is ANYRANGE or ANYMULTIRANGE, and any
 *	  argument is ANYRANGE or ANYMULTIRANGE, use that argument's actual type
 *	  (or the corresponding range or multirange type) as the function's return
 *	  type.
 * 4) Otherwise, if return type is ANYELEMENT or ANYARRAY, and there is
 *	  at least one ANYELEMENT, ANYARRAY, ANYRANGE, or ANYMULTIRANGE input,
 *	  deduce the return type from those inputs, or throw error if we can't.
 * 5) Otherwise, if return type is ANYRANGE or ANYMULTIRANGE, throw error.
 *	  (We have no way to select a specific range type if the arguments don't
 *	  include ANYRANGE or ANYMULTIRANGE.)
 * 6) ANYENUM is treated the same as ANYELEMENT except that if it is used
 *	  (alone or in combination with plain ANYELEMENT), we add the extra
 *	  condition that the ANYELEMENT type must be an enum.
 * 7) ANYNONARRAY is treated the same as ANYELEMENT except that if it is used,
 *	  we add the extra condition that the ANYELEMENT type must not be an array.
 *	  (This is a no-op if used in combination with ANYARRAY or ANYENUM, but
 *	  is an extra restriction if not.)
 * 8) ANYCOMPATIBLE, ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAY, and ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAY are handled
 *	  by resolving the common supertype of those arguments (or their element
 *	  types, for array inputs), and then coercing all those arguments to the
 *	  common supertype, or the array type over the common supertype for
 *	  ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAY.
 * 9) For ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE and ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGE, there must be at
 *	  least one non-UNKNOWN input matching those arguments, and all such
 *	  inputs must be the same range type (or its multirange type, as
 *	  appropriate), since we cannot deduce a range type from non-range types.
 *	  Furthermore, the range type's subtype is included while choosing the
 *	  common supertype for ANYCOMPATIBLE et al, and it must exactly match
 *	  that common supertype.
 *
 * Domains over arrays or ranges match ANYARRAY or ANYRANGE arguments,
 * respectively, and are immediately flattened to their base type.  (In
 * particular, if the return type is also ANYARRAY or ANYRANGE, we'll set
 * it to the base type not the domain type.)  The same is true for
 * ANYMULTIRANGE, ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAY, ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE, and
 * ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGE.
 *
 * When allow_poly is false, we are not expecting any of the actual_arg_types
 * to be polymorphic, and we should not return a polymorphic result type
 * either.  When allow_poly is true, it is okay to have polymorphic "actual"
 * arg types, and we can return a matching polymorphic type as the result.
 * (This case is currently used only to check compatibility of an aggregate's
 * declaration with the underlying transfn.)
 *
 * A special case is that we could see ANYARRAY as an actual_arg_type even
 * when allow_poly is false (this is possible only because pg_statistic has
 * columns shown as anyarray in the catalogs).  We allow this to match a
 * declared ANYARRAY argument, but only if there is no other polymorphic
 * argument that we would need to match it with, and no need to determine
 * the element type to infer the result type.  Note this means that functions
 * taking ANYARRAY had better behave sanely if applied to the pg_statistic
 * columns; they can't just assume that successive inputs are of the same
 * actual element type.  There is no similar logic for ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAY;
 * there isn't a need for it since there are no catalog columns of that type,
 * so we won't see it as input.  We could consider matching an actual ANYARRAY
 * input to an ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAY argument, but at present that seems useless
 * as well, since there's no value in using ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAY unless there's
 * at least one other ANYCOMPATIBLE-family argument or result.
 *
 * Also, if there are no arguments declared to be of polymorphic types,
 * we'll return the rettype unmodified even if it's polymorphic.  This should
 * never occur for user-declared functions, because CREATE FUNCTION prevents
 * it.  But it does happen for some built-in functions, such as array_in().
 */
Oid
enforce_generic_type_consistency(const Oid *actual_arg_types,
								 Oid *declared_arg_types,
								 int nargs,
								 Oid rettype,
								 bool allow_poly)
{
	bool		have_poly_anycompatible = false;
	bool		have_poly_unknowns = false;
	Oid			elem_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			array_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			range_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			multirange_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			anycompatible_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			anycompatible_array_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			anycompatible_range_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			anycompatible_range_typelem = InvalidOid;
	Oid			anycompatible_multirange_typeid = InvalidOid;
	Oid			anycompatible_multirange_typelem = InvalidOid;
	bool		have_anynonarray = (rettype == ANYNONARRAYOID);
	bool		have_anyenum = (rettype == ANYENUMOID);
	bool		have_anymultirange = (rettype == ANYMULTIRANGEOID);
	bool		have_anycompatible_nonarray = (rettype == ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAYOID);
	bool		have_anycompatible_array = (rettype == ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAYOID);
	bool		have_anycompatible_range = (rettype == ANYCOMPATIBLERANGEOID);
	bool		have_anycompatible_multirange = (rettype == ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGEOID);
	int			n_poly_args = 0;	/* this counts all family-1 arguments */
	int			n_anycompatible_args = 0;	/* this counts only non-unknowns */
	Oid			anycompatible_actual_types[FUNC_MAX_ARGS];

	/*
	 * Loop through the arguments to see if we have any that are polymorphic.
	 * If so, require the actual types to be consistent.
	 */
	Assert(nargs <= FUNC_MAX_ARGS);
	for (int j = 0; j < nargs; j++)
	{
		Oid			decl_type = declared_arg_types[j];
		Oid			actual_type = actual_arg_types[j];

		if (decl_type == ANYELEMENTOID ||
			decl_type == ANYNONARRAYOID ||
			decl_type == ANYENUMOID)
		{
			n_poly_args++;
			if (decl_type == ANYNONARRAYOID)
				have_anynonarray = true;
			else if (decl_type == ANYENUMOID)
				have_anyenum = true;
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
			{
				have_poly_unknowns = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (allow_poly && decl_type == actual_type)
				continue;		/* no new information here */
			if (OidIsValid(elem_typeid) && actual_type != elem_typeid)
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("arguments declared \"%s\" are not all alike", "anyelement"),
						 errdetail("%s versus %s",
								   format_type_be(elem_typeid),
								   format_type_be(actual_type))));
			elem_typeid = actual_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYARRAYOID)
		{
			n_poly_args++;
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
			{
				have_poly_unknowns = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (allow_poly && decl_type == actual_type)
				continue;		/* no new information here */
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			if (OidIsValid(array_typeid) && actual_type != array_typeid)
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("arguments declared \"%s\" are not all alike", "anyarray"),
						 errdetail("%s versus %s",
								   format_type_be(array_typeid),
								   format_type_be(actual_type))));
			array_typeid = actual_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYRANGEOID)
		{
			n_poly_args++;
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
			{
				have_poly_unknowns = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (allow_poly && decl_type == actual_type)
				continue;		/* no new information here */
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			if (OidIsValid(range_typeid) && actual_type != range_typeid)
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("arguments declared \"%s\" are not all alike", "anyrange"),
						 errdetail("%s versus %s",
								   format_type_be(range_typeid),
								   format_type_be(actual_type))));
			range_typeid = actual_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYMULTIRANGEOID)
		{
			n_poly_args++;
			have_anymultirange = true;
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
			{
				have_poly_unknowns = true;
				continue;
			}
			if (allow_poly && decl_type == actual_type)
				continue;		/* no new information here */
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			if (OidIsValid(multirange_typeid) && actual_type != multirange_typeid)
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("arguments declared \"%s\" are not all alike", "anymultirange"),
						 errdetail("%s versus %s",
								   format_type_be(multirange_typeid),
								   format_type_be(actual_type))));
			multirange_typeid = actual_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLEOID ||
				 decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAYOID)
		{
			have_poly_anycompatible = true;
			if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAYOID)
				have_anycompatible_nonarray = true;
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			if (allow_poly && decl_type == actual_type)
				continue;		/* no new information here */
			/* collect the actual types of non-unknown COMPATIBLE args */
			anycompatible_actual_types[n_anycompatible_args++] = actual_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAYOID)
		{
			Oid			anycompatible_elem_type;

			have_poly_anycompatible = true;
			have_anycompatible_array = true;
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			if (allow_poly && decl_type == actual_type)
				continue;		/* no new information here */
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			anycompatible_elem_type = get_element_type(actual_type);
			if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_elem_type))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("argument declared %s is not an array but type %s",
								"anycompatiblearray",
								format_type_be(actual_type))));
			/* collect the element type for common-supertype choice */
			anycompatible_actual_types[n_anycompatible_args++] = anycompatible_elem_type;
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLERANGEOID)
		{
			have_poly_anycompatible = true;
			have_anycompatible_range = true;
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			if (allow_poly && decl_type == actual_type)
				continue;		/* no new information here */
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			if (OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typeid))
			{
				/* All ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE arguments must be the same type */
				if (anycompatible_range_typeid != actual_type)
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("arguments declared \"%s\" are not all alike", "anycompatiblerange"),
							 errdetail("%s versus %s",
									   format_type_be(anycompatible_range_typeid),
									   format_type_be(actual_type))));
			}
			else
			{
				anycompatible_range_typeid = actual_type;
				anycompatible_range_typelem = get_range_subtype(actual_type);
				if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typelem))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("argument declared %s is not a range type but type %s",
									"anycompatiblerange",
									format_type_be(actual_type))));
				/* collect the subtype for common-supertype choice */
				anycompatible_actual_types[n_anycompatible_args++] = anycompatible_range_typelem;
			}
		}
		else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGEOID)
		{
			have_poly_anycompatible = true;
			have_anycompatible_multirange = true;
			if (actual_type == UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;
			if (allow_poly && decl_type == actual_type)
				continue;		/* no new information here */
			actual_type = getBaseType(actual_type); /* flatten domains */
			if (OidIsValid(anycompatible_multirange_typeid))
			{
				/* All ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGE arguments must be the same type */
				if (anycompatible_multirange_typeid != actual_type)
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("arguments declared \"%s\" are not all alike", "anycompatiblemultirange"),
							 errdetail("%s versus %s",
									   format_type_be(anycompatible_multirange_typeid),
									   format_type_be(actual_type))));
			}
			else
			{
				anycompatible_multirange_typeid = actual_type;
				anycompatible_multirange_typelem = get_multirange_range(actual_type);
				if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_multirange_typelem))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("argument declared %s is not a multirange type but type %s",
									"anycompatiblemultirange",
									format_type_be(actual_type))));
				/* we'll consider the subtype below */
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Fast Track: if none of the arguments are polymorphic, return the
	 * unmodified rettype.  Not our job to resolve it if it's polymorphic.
	 */
	if (n_poly_args == 0 && !have_poly_anycompatible)
		return rettype;

	/* Check matching of family-1 polymorphic arguments, if any */
	if (n_poly_args)
	{
		/* Get the element type based on the array type, if we have one */
		if (OidIsValid(array_typeid))
		{
			Oid			array_typelem;

			if (array_typeid == ANYARRAYOID)
			{
				/*
				 * Special case for matching ANYARRAY input to an ANYARRAY
				 * argument: allow it iff no other arguments are family-1
				 * polymorphics (otherwise we couldn't be sure whether the
				 * array element type matches up) and the result type doesn't
				 * require us to infer a specific element type.
				 */
				if (n_poly_args != 1 ||
					(rettype != ANYARRAYOID &&
					 IsPolymorphicTypeFamily1(rettype)))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("cannot determine element type of \"anyarray\" argument")));
				array_typelem = ANYELEMENTOID;
			}
			else
			{
				array_typelem = get_element_type(array_typeid);
				if (!OidIsValid(array_typelem))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("argument declared %s is not an array but type %s",
									"anyarray", format_type_be(array_typeid))));
			}

			if (!OidIsValid(elem_typeid))
			{
				/*
				 * if we don't have an element type yet, use the one we just
				 * got
				 */
				elem_typeid = array_typelem;
			}
			else if (array_typelem != elem_typeid)
			{
				/* otherwise, they better match */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("argument declared %s is not consistent with argument declared %s",
								"anyarray", "anyelement"),
						 errdetail("%s versus %s",
								   format_type_be(array_typeid),
								   format_type_be(elem_typeid))));
			}
		}

		/* Deduce range type from multirange type, or vice versa */
		if (OidIsValid(multirange_typeid))
		{
			Oid			multirange_typelem;

			multirange_typelem = get_multirange_range(multirange_typeid);
			if (!OidIsValid(multirange_typelem))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("argument declared %s is not a multirange type but type %s",
								"anymultirange",
								format_type_be(multirange_typeid))));

			if (!OidIsValid(range_typeid))
			{
				/* if we don't have a range type yet, use the one we just got */
				range_typeid = multirange_typelem;
			}
			else if (multirange_typelem != range_typeid)
			{
				/* otherwise, they better match */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("argument declared %s is not consistent with argument declared %s",
								"anymultirange", "anyrange"),
						 errdetail("%s versus %s",
								   format_type_be(multirange_typeid),
								   format_type_be(range_typeid))));
			}
		}
		else if (have_anymultirange && OidIsValid(range_typeid))
		{
			multirange_typeid = get_range_multirange(range_typeid);
			/* We'll complain below if that didn't work */
		}

		/* Get the element type based on the range type, if we have one */
		if (OidIsValid(range_typeid))
		{
			Oid			range_typelem;

			range_typelem = get_range_subtype(range_typeid);
			if (!OidIsValid(range_typelem))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("argument declared %s is not a range type but type %s",
								"anyrange",
								format_type_be(range_typeid))));

			if (!OidIsValid(elem_typeid))
			{
				/*
				 * if we don't have an element type yet, use the one we just
				 * got
				 */
				elem_typeid = range_typelem;
			}
			else if (range_typelem != elem_typeid)
			{
				/* otherwise, they better match */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("argument declared %s is not consistent with argument declared %s",
								"anyrange", "anyelement"),
						 errdetail("%s versus %s",
								   format_type_be(range_typeid),
								   format_type_be(elem_typeid))));
			}
		}

		if (!OidIsValid(elem_typeid))
		{
			if (allow_poly)
			{
				elem_typeid = ANYELEMENTOID;
				array_typeid = ANYARRAYOID;
				range_typeid = ANYRANGEOID;
				multirange_typeid = ANYMULTIRANGEOID;
			}
			else
			{
				/*
				 * Only way to get here is if all the family-1 polymorphic
				 * arguments have UNKNOWN inputs.
				 */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("could not determine polymorphic type because input has type %s",
								"unknown")));
			}
		}

		if (have_anynonarray && elem_typeid != ANYELEMENTOID)
		{
			/*
			 * require the element type to not be an array or domain over
			 * array
			 */
			if (type_is_array_domain(elem_typeid))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("type matched to anynonarray is an array type: %s",
								format_type_be(elem_typeid))));
		}

		if (have_anyenum && elem_typeid != ANYELEMENTOID)
		{
			/* require the element type to be an enum */
			if (!type_is_enum(elem_typeid))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("type matched to anyenum is not an enum type: %s",
								format_type_be(elem_typeid))));
		}
	}

	/* Check matching of family-2 polymorphic arguments, if any */
	if (have_poly_anycompatible)
	{
		/* Deduce range type from multirange type, or vice versa */
		if (OidIsValid(anycompatible_multirange_typeid))
		{
			if (OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typeid))
			{
				if (anycompatible_multirange_typelem !=
					anycompatible_range_typeid)
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("argument declared %s is not consistent with argument declared %s",
									"anycompatiblemultirange",
									"anycompatiblerange"),
							 errdetail("%s versus %s",
									   format_type_be(anycompatible_multirange_typeid),
									   format_type_be(anycompatible_range_typeid))));
			}
			else
			{
				anycompatible_range_typeid = anycompatible_multirange_typelem;
				anycompatible_range_typelem = get_range_subtype(anycompatible_range_typeid);
				if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typelem))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("argument declared %s is not a multirange type but type %s",
									"anycompatiblemultirange",
									format_type_be(anycompatible_multirange_typeid))));
				/* this enables element type matching check below */
				have_anycompatible_range = true;
				/* collect the subtype for common-supertype choice */
				anycompatible_actual_types[n_anycompatible_args++] =
					anycompatible_range_typelem;
			}
		}
		else if (have_anycompatible_multirange &&
				 OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typeid))
		{
			anycompatible_multirange_typeid = get_range_multirange(anycompatible_range_typeid);
			/* We'll complain below if that didn't work */
		}

		if (n_anycompatible_args > 0)
		{
			anycompatible_typeid =
				select_common_type_from_oids(n_anycompatible_args,
											 anycompatible_actual_types,
											 false);

			/* We have to verify that the selected type actually works */
			if (!verify_common_type_from_oids(anycompatible_typeid,
											  n_anycompatible_args,
											  anycompatible_actual_types))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
						 errmsg("arguments of anycompatible family cannot be cast to a common type")));

			if (have_anycompatible_array)
			{
				anycompatible_array_typeid = get_array_type(anycompatible_typeid);
				if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_array_typeid))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
							 errmsg("could not find array type for data type %s",
									format_type_be(anycompatible_typeid))));
			}

			if (have_anycompatible_range)
			{
				/* we can't infer a range type from the others */
				if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typeid))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("could not determine polymorphic type %s because input has type %s",
									"anycompatiblerange", "unknown")));

				/*
				 * the anycompatible type must exactly match the range element
				 * type
				 */
				if (anycompatible_range_typelem != anycompatible_typeid)
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("anycompatiblerange type %s does not match anycompatible type %s",
									format_type_be(anycompatible_range_typeid),
									format_type_be(anycompatible_typeid))));
			}

			if (have_anycompatible_multirange)
			{
				/* we can't infer a multirange type from the others */
				if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_multirange_typeid))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("could not determine polymorphic type %s because input has type %s",
									"anycompatiblemultirange", "unknown")));

				/*
				 * the anycompatible type must exactly match the multirange
				 * element type
				 */
				if (anycompatible_range_typelem != anycompatible_typeid)
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("anycompatiblemultirange type %s does not match anycompatible type %s",
									format_type_be(anycompatible_multirange_typeid),
									format_type_be(anycompatible_typeid))));
			}

			if (have_anycompatible_nonarray)
			{
				/*
				 * require the element type to not be an array or domain over
				 * array
				 */
				if (type_is_array_domain(anycompatible_typeid))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("type matched to anycompatiblenonarray is an array type: %s",
									format_type_be(anycompatible_typeid))));
			}
		}
		else
		{
			if (allow_poly)
			{
				anycompatible_typeid = ANYCOMPATIBLEOID;
				anycompatible_array_typeid = ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAYOID;
				anycompatible_range_typeid = ANYCOMPATIBLERANGEOID;
				anycompatible_multirange_typeid = ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGEOID;
			}
			else
			{
				/*
				 * Only way to get here is if all the family-2 polymorphic
				 * arguments have UNKNOWN inputs.  Resolve to TEXT as
				 * select_common_type() would do.  That doesn't license us to
				 * use TEXTRANGE or TEXTMULTIRANGE, though.
				 */
				anycompatible_typeid = TEXTOID;
				anycompatible_array_typeid = TEXTARRAYOID;
				if (have_anycompatible_range)
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("could not determine polymorphic type %s because input has type %s",
									"anycompatiblerange", "unknown")));
				if (have_anycompatible_multirange)
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("could not determine polymorphic type %s because input has type %s",
									"anycompatiblemultirange", "unknown")));
			}
		}

		/* replace family-2 polymorphic types by selected types */
		for (int j = 0; j < nargs; j++)
		{
			Oid			decl_type = declared_arg_types[j];

			if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLEOID ||
				decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAYOID)
				declared_arg_types[j] = anycompatible_typeid;
			else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAYOID)
				declared_arg_types[j] = anycompatible_array_typeid;
			else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLERANGEOID)
				declared_arg_types[j] = anycompatible_range_typeid;
			else if (decl_type == ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGEOID)
				declared_arg_types[j] = anycompatible_multirange_typeid;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If we had any UNKNOWN inputs for family-1 polymorphic arguments,
	 * re-scan to assign correct types to them.
	 *
	 * Note: we don't have to consider unknown inputs that were matched to
	 * family-2 polymorphic arguments, because we forcibly updated their
	 * declared_arg_types[] positions just above.
	 */
	if (have_poly_unknowns)
	{
		for (int j = 0; j < nargs; j++)
		{
			Oid			decl_type = declared_arg_types[j];
			Oid			actual_type = actual_arg_types[j];

			if (actual_type != UNKNOWNOID)
				continue;

			if (decl_type == ANYELEMENTOID ||
				decl_type == ANYNONARRAYOID ||
				decl_type == ANYENUMOID)
				declared_arg_types[j] = elem_typeid;
			else if (decl_type == ANYARRAYOID)
			{
				if (!OidIsValid(array_typeid))
				{
					array_typeid = get_array_type(elem_typeid);
					if (!OidIsValid(array_typeid))
						ereport(ERROR,
								(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
								 errmsg("could not find array type for data type %s",
										format_type_be(elem_typeid))));
				}
				declared_arg_types[j] = array_typeid;
			}
			else if (decl_type == ANYRANGEOID)
			{
				if (!OidIsValid(range_typeid))
				{
					/* we can't infer a range type from the others */
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("could not determine polymorphic type %s because input has type %s",
									"anyrange", "unknown")));
				}
				declared_arg_types[j] = range_typeid;
			}
			else if (decl_type == ANYMULTIRANGEOID)
			{
				if (!OidIsValid(multirange_typeid))
				{
					/* we can't infer a multirange type from the others */
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
							 errmsg("could not determine polymorphic type %s because input has type %s",
									"anymultirange", "unknown")));
				}
				declared_arg_types[j] = multirange_typeid;
			}
		}
	}

	/* if we return ANYELEMENT use the appropriate argument type */
	if (rettype == ANYELEMENTOID ||
		rettype == ANYNONARRAYOID ||
		rettype == ANYENUMOID)
		return elem_typeid;

	/* if we return ANYARRAY use the appropriate argument type */
	if (rettype == ANYARRAYOID)
	{
		if (!OidIsValid(array_typeid))
		{
			array_typeid = get_array_type(elem_typeid);
			if (!OidIsValid(array_typeid))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
						 errmsg("could not find array type for data type %s",
								format_type_be(elem_typeid))));
		}
		return array_typeid;
	}

	/* if we return ANYRANGE use the appropriate argument type */
	if (rettype == ANYRANGEOID)
	{
		/* this error is unreachable if the function signature is valid: */
		if (!OidIsValid(range_typeid))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
					 errmsg_internal("could not determine polymorphic type %s because input has type %s",
									 "anyrange", "unknown")));
		return range_typeid;
	}

	/* if we return ANYMULTIRANGE use the appropriate argument type */
	if (rettype == ANYMULTIRANGEOID)
	{
		/* this error is unreachable if the function signature is valid: */
		if (!OidIsValid(multirange_typeid))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
					 errmsg_internal("could not determine polymorphic type %s because input has type %s",
									 "anymultirange", "unknown")));
		return multirange_typeid;
	}

	/* if we return ANYCOMPATIBLE use the appropriate type */
	if (rettype == ANYCOMPATIBLEOID ||
		rettype == ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAYOID)
	{
		/* this error is unreachable if the function signature is valid: */
		if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_typeid))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
					 errmsg_internal("could not identify anycompatible type")));
		return anycompatible_typeid;
	}

	/* if we return ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAY use the appropriate type */
	if (rettype == ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAYOID)
	{
		/* this error is unreachable if the function signature is valid: */
		if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_array_typeid))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
					 errmsg_internal("could not identify anycompatiblearray type")));
		return anycompatible_array_typeid;
	}

	/* if we return ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE use the appropriate argument type */
	if (rettype == ANYCOMPATIBLERANGEOID)
	{
		/* this error is unreachable if the function signature is valid: */
		if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_range_typeid))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
					 errmsg_internal("could not identify anycompatiblerange type")));
		return anycompatible_range_typeid;
	}

	/* if we return ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGE use the appropriate argument type */
	if (rettype == ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGEOID)
	{
		/* this error is unreachable if the function signature is valid: */
		if (!OidIsValid(anycompatible_multirange_typeid))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
					 errmsg_internal("could not identify anycompatiblemultirange type")));
		return anycompatible_multirange_typeid;
	}

	/* we don't return a generic type; send back the original return type */
	return rettype;
}

/*
 * check_valid_polymorphic_signature()
 *		Is a proposed function signature valid per polymorphism rules?
 *
 * Returns NULL if the signature is valid (either ret_type is not polymorphic,
 * or it can be deduced from the given declared argument types).  Otherwise,
 * returns a palloc'd, already translated errdetail string saying why not.
 */
char *
check_valid_polymorphic_signature(Oid ret_type,
								  const Oid *declared_arg_types,
								  int nargs)
{
	if (ret_type == ANYRANGEOID || ret_type == ANYMULTIRANGEOID)
	{
		/*
		 * ANYRANGE and ANYMULTIRANGE require an ANYRANGE or ANYMULTIRANGE
		 * input, else we can't tell which of several range types with the
		 * same element type to use.
		 */
		for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
		{
			if (declared_arg_types[i] == ANYRANGEOID ||
				declared_arg_types[i] == ANYMULTIRANGEOID)
				return NULL;	/* OK */
		}
		return psprintf(_("A result of type %s requires at least one input of type anyrange or anymultirange."),
						format_type_be(ret_type));
	}
	else if (ret_type == ANYCOMPATIBLERANGEOID || ret_type == ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGEOID)
	{
		/*
		 * ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE and ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGE require an
		 * ANYCOMPATIBLERANGE or ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGE input, else we can't
		 * tell which of several range types with the same element type to
		 * use.
		 */
		for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
		{
			if (declared_arg_types[i] == ANYCOMPATIBLERANGEOID ||
				declared_arg_types[i] == ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGEOID)
				return NULL;	/* OK */
		}
		return psprintf(_("A result of type %s requires at least one input of type anycompatiblerange or anycompatiblemultirange."),
						format_type_be(ret_type));
	}
	else if (IsPolymorphicTypeFamily1(ret_type))
	{
		/* Otherwise, any family-1 type can be deduced from any other */
		for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
		{
			if (IsPolymorphicTypeFamily1(declared_arg_types[i]))
				return NULL;	/* OK */
		}
		/* Keep this list in sync with IsPolymorphicTypeFamily1! */
		return psprintf(_("A result of type %s requires at least one input of type anyelement, anyarray, anynonarray, anyenum, anyrange, or anymultirange."),
						format_type_be(ret_type));
	}
	else if (IsPolymorphicTypeFamily2(ret_type))
	{
		/* Otherwise, any family-2 type can be deduced from any other */
		for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
		{
			if (IsPolymorphicTypeFamily2(declared_arg_types[i]))
				return NULL;	/* OK */
		}
		/* Keep this list in sync with IsPolymorphicTypeFamily2! */
		return psprintf(_("A result of type %s requires at least one input of type anycompatible, anycompatiblearray, anycompatiblenonarray, anycompatiblerange, or anycompatiblemultirange."),
						format_type_be(ret_type));
	}
	else
		return NULL;			/* OK, ret_type is not polymorphic */
}

/*
 * check_valid_internal_signature()
 *		Is a proposed function signature valid per INTERNAL safety rules?
 *
 * Returns NULL if OK, or a suitable error message if ret_type is INTERNAL but
 * none of the declared arg types are.  (It's unsafe to create such a function
 * since it would allow invocation of INTERNAL-consuming functions directly
 * from SQL.)  It's overkill to return the error detail message, since there
 * is only one possibility, but we do it like this to keep the API similar to
 * check_valid_polymorphic_signature().
 */
char *
check_valid_internal_signature(Oid ret_type,
							   const Oid *declared_arg_types,
							   int nargs)
{
	if (ret_type == INTERNALOID)
	{
		for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
		{
			if (declared_arg_types[i] == ret_type)
				return NULL;	/* OK */
		}
		return pstrdup(_("A result of type internal requires at least one input of type internal."));
	}
	else
		return NULL;			/* OK, ret_type is not INTERNAL */
}


/* TypeCategory()
 *		Assign a category to the specified type OID.
 *
 * NB: this must not return TYPCATEGORY_INVALID.
 */
TYPCATEGORY
TypeCategory(Oid type)
{
	char		typcategory;
	bool		typispreferred;

	get_type_category_preferred(type, &typcategory, &typispreferred);
	Assert(typcategory != TYPCATEGORY_INVALID);
	return (TYPCATEGORY) typcategory;
}


/* IsPreferredType()
 *		Check if this type is a preferred type for the given category.
 *
 * If category is TYPCATEGORY_INVALID, then we'll return true for preferred
 * types of any category; otherwise, only for preferred types of that
 * category.
 */
bool
IsPreferredType(TYPCATEGORY category, Oid type)
{
	char		typcategory;
	bool		typispreferred;

	get_type_category_preferred(type, &typcategory, &typispreferred);
	if (category == typcategory || category == TYPCATEGORY_INVALID)
		return typispreferred;
	else
		return false;
}


/* IsBinaryCoercible()
 *		Check if srctype is binary-coercible to targettype.
 *
 * This notion allows us to cheat and directly exchange values without
 * going through the trouble of calling a conversion function.  Note that
 * in general, this should only be an implementation shortcut.  Before 7.4,
 * this was also used as a heuristic for resolving overloaded functions and
 * operators, but that's basically a bad idea.
 *
 * As of 7.3, binary coercibility isn't hardwired into the code anymore.
 * We consider two types binary-coercible if there is an implicitly
 * invokable, no-function-needed pg_cast entry.  Also, a domain is always
 * binary-coercible to its base type, though *not* vice versa (in the other
 * direction, one must apply domain constraint checks before accepting the
 * value as legitimate).  We also need to special-case various polymorphic
 * types.
 *
 * This function replaces IsBinaryCompatible(), which was an inherently
 * symmetric test.  Since the pg_cast entries aren't necessarily symmetric,
 * the order of the operands is now significant.
 */
bool
IsBinaryCoercible(Oid srctype, Oid targettype)
{
	HeapTuple	tuple;
	Form_pg_cast castForm;
	bool		result;

	/* Fast path if same type */
	if (srctype == targettype)
		return true;

	/* Anything is coercible to ANY or ANYELEMENT or ANYCOMPATIBLE */
	if (targettype == ANYOID || targettype == ANYELEMENTOID ||
		targettype == ANYCOMPATIBLEOID)
		return true;

	/* If srctype is a domain, reduce to its base type */
	if (OidIsValid(srctype))
		srctype = getBaseType(srctype);

	/* Somewhat-fast path for domain -> base type case */
	if (srctype == targettype)
		return true;

	/* Also accept any array type as coercible to ANY[COMPATIBLE]ARRAY */
	if (targettype == ANYARRAYOID || targettype == ANYCOMPATIBLEARRAYOID)
		if (type_is_array(srctype))
			return true;

	/* Also accept any non-array type as coercible to ANY[COMPATIBLE]NONARRAY */
	if (targettype == ANYNONARRAYOID || targettype == ANYCOMPATIBLENONARRAYOID)
		if (!type_is_array(srctype))
			return true;

	/* Also accept any enum type as coercible to ANYENUM */
	if (targettype == ANYENUMOID)
		if (type_is_enum(srctype))
			return true;

	/* Also accept any range type as coercible to ANY[COMPATIBLE]RANGE */
	if (targettype == ANYRANGEOID || targettype == ANYCOMPATIBLERANGEOID)
		if (type_is_range(srctype))
			return true;

	/* Also, any multirange type is coercible to ANY[COMPATIBLE]MULTIRANGE */
	if (targettype == ANYMULTIRANGEOID || targettype == ANYCOMPATIBLEMULTIRANGEOID)
		if (type_is_multirange(srctype))
			return true;

	/* Also accept any composite type as coercible to RECORD */
	if (targettype == RECORDOID)
		if (ISCOMPLEX(srctype))
			return true;

	/* Also accept any composite array type as coercible to RECORD[] */
	if (targettype == RECORDARRAYOID)
		if (is_complex_array(srctype))
			return true;

	/* Else look in pg_cast */
	tuple = SearchSysCache2(CASTSOURCETARGET,
							ObjectIdGetDatum(srctype),
							ObjectIdGetDatum(targettype));
	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
		return false;			/* no cast */
	castForm = (Form_pg_cast) GETSTRUCT(tuple);

	result = (castForm->castmethod == COERCION_METHOD_BINARY &&
			  castForm->castcontext == COERCION_CODE_IMPLICIT);

	ReleaseSysCache(tuple);

	return result;
}


/*
 * find_coercion_pathway
 *		Look for a coercion pathway between two types.
 *
 * Currently, this deals only with scalar-type cases; it does not consider
 * polymorphic types nor casts between composite types.  (Perhaps fold
 * those in someday?)
 *
 * ccontext determines the set of available casts.
 *
 * The possible result codes are:
 *	COERCION_PATH_NONE: failed to find any coercion pathway
 *				*funcid is set to InvalidOid
 *	COERCION_PATH_FUNC: apply the coercion function returned in *funcid
 *	COERCION_PATH_RELABELTYPE: binary-compatible cast, no function needed
 *				*funcid is set to InvalidOid
 *	COERCION_PATH_ARRAYCOERCE: need an ArrayCoerceExpr node
 *				*funcid is set to InvalidOid
 *	COERCION_PATH_COERCEVIAIO: need a CoerceViaIO node
 *				*funcid is set to InvalidOid
 *
 * Note: COERCION_PATH_RELABELTYPE does not necessarily mean that no work is
 * needed to do the coercion; if the target is a domain then we may need to
 * apply domain constraint checking.  If you want to check for a zero-effort
 * conversion then use IsBinaryCoercible().
 */
CoercionPathType
find_coercion_pathway(Oid targetTypeId, Oid sourceTypeId,
					  CoercionContext ccontext,
					  Oid *funcid)
{
	CoercionPathType result = COERCION_PATH_NONE;
	HeapTuple	tuple;

	*funcid = InvalidOid;

	/* Perhaps the types are domains; if so, look at their base types */
	if (OidIsValid(sourceTypeId))
		sourceTypeId = getBaseType(sourceTypeId);
	if (OidIsValid(targetTypeId))
		targetTypeId = getBaseType(targetTypeId);

	/* Domains are always coercible to and from their base type */
	if (sourceTypeId == targetTypeId)
		return COERCION_PATH_RELABELTYPE;

	/* Look in pg_cast */
	tuple = SearchSysCache2(CASTSOURCETARGET,
							ObjectIdGetDatum(sourceTypeId),
							ObjectIdGetDatum(targetTypeId));

	if (HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
	{
		Form_pg_cast castForm = (Form_pg_cast) GETSTRUCT(tuple);
		CoercionContext castcontext;

		/* convert char value for castcontext to CoercionContext enum */
		switch (castForm->castcontext)
		{
			case COERCION_CODE_IMPLICIT:
				castcontext = COERCION_IMPLICIT;
				break;
			case COERCION_CODE_ASSIGNMENT:
				castcontext = COERCION_ASSIGNMENT;
				break;
			case COERCION_CODE_EXPLICIT:
				castcontext = COERCION_EXPLICIT;
				break;
			default:
				elog(ERROR, "unrecognized castcontext: %d",
					 (int) castForm->castcontext);
				castcontext = 0;	/* keep compiler quiet */
				break;
		}

		/* Rely on ordering of enum for correct behavior here */
		if (ccontext >= castcontext)
		{
			switch (castForm->castmethod)
			{
				case COERCION_METHOD_FUNCTION:
					result = COERCION_PATH_FUNC;
					*funcid = castForm->castfunc;
					break;
				case COERCION_METHOD_INOUT:
					result = COERCION_PATH_COERCEVIAIO;
					break;
				case COERCION_METHOD_BINARY:
					result = COERCION_PATH_RELABELTYPE;
					break;
				default:
					elog(ERROR, "unrecognized castmethod: %d",
						 (int) castForm->castmethod);
					break;
			}
		}

		ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * If there's no pg_cast entry, perhaps we are dealing with a pair of
		 * array types.  If so, and if their element types have a conversion
		 * pathway, report that we can coerce with an ArrayCoerceExpr.
		 *
		 * Hack: disallow coercions to oidvector and int2vector, which
		 * otherwise tend to capture coercions that should go to "real" array
		 * types.  We want those types to be considered "real" arrays for many
		 * purposes, but not this one.  (Also, ArrayCoerceExpr isn't
		 * guaranteed to produce an output that meets the restrictions of
		 * these datatypes, such as being 1-dimensional.)
		 */
		if (targetTypeId != OIDVECTOROID && targetTypeId != INT2VECTOROID)
		{
			Oid			targetElem;
			Oid			sourceElem;

			if ((targetElem = get_element_type(targetTypeId)) != InvalidOid &&
				(sourceElem = get_element_type(sourceTypeId)) != InvalidOid)
			{
				CoercionPathType elempathtype;
				Oid			elemfuncid;

				elempathtype = find_coercion_pathway(targetElem,
													 sourceElem,
													 ccontext,
													 &elemfuncid);
				if (elempathtype != COERCION_PATH_NONE)
				{
					result = COERCION_PATH_ARRAYCOERCE;
				}
			}
		}

		/*
		 * If we still haven't found a possibility, consider automatic casting
		 * using I/O functions.  We allow assignment casts to string types and
		 * explicit casts from string types to be handled this way. (The
		 * CoerceViaIO mechanism is a lot more general than that, but this is
		 * all we want to allow in the absence of a pg_cast entry.) It would
		 * probably be better to insist on explicit casts in both directions,
		 * but this is a compromise to preserve something of the pre-8.3
		 * behavior that many types had implicit (yipes!) casts to text.
		 */
		if (result == COERCION_PATH_NONE)
		{
			if (ccontext >= COERCION_ASSIGNMENT &&
				TypeCategory(targetTypeId) == TYPCATEGORY_STRING)
				result = COERCION_PATH_COERCEVIAIO;
			else if (ccontext >= COERCION_EXPLICIT &&
					 TypeCategory(sourceTypeId) == TYPCATEGORY_STRING)
				result = COERCION_PATH_COERCEVIAIO;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * When parsing PL/pgSQL assignments, allow an I/O cast to be used
	 * whenever no normal coercion is available.
	 */
	if (result == COERCION_PATH_NONE &&
		ccontext == COERCION_PLPGSQL)
		result = COERCION_PATH_COERCEVIAIO;

	return result;
}


/*
 * find_typmod_coercion_function -- does the given type need length coercion?
 *
 * If the target type possesses a pg_cast function from itself to itself,
 * it must need length coercion.
 *
 * "bpchar" (ie, char(N)) and "numeric" are examples of such types.
 *
 * If the given type is a varlena array type, we do not look for a coercion
 * function associated directly with the array type, but instead look for
 * one associated with the element type.  An ArrayCoerceExpr node must be
 * used to apply such a function.  (Note: currently, it's pointless to
 * return the funcid in this case, because it'll just get looked up again
 * in the recursive construction of the ArrayCoerceExpr's elemexpr.)
 *
 * We use the same result enum as find_coercion_pathway, but the only possible
 * result codes are:
 *	COERCION_PATH_NONE: no length coercion needed
 *	COERCION_PATH_FUNC: apply the function returned in *funcid
 *	COERCION_PATH_ARRAYCOERCE: apply the function using ArrayCoerceExpr
 */
CoercionPathType
find_typmod_coercion_function(Oid typeId,
							  Oid *funcid)
{
	CoercionPathType result;
	Type		targetType;
	Form_pg_type typeForm;
	HeapTuple	tuple;

	*funcid = InvalidOid;
	result = COERCION_PATH_FUNC;

	targetType = typeidType(typeId);
	typeForm = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(targetType);

	/* Check for a "true" array type */
	if (IsTrueArrayType(typeForm))
	{
		/* Yes, switch our attention to the element type */
		typeId = typeForm->typelem;
		result = COERCION_PATH_ARRAYCOERCE;
	}
	ReleaseSysCache(targetType);

	/* Look in pg_cast */
	tuple = SearchSysCache2(CASTSOURCETARGET,
							ObjectIdGetDatum(typeId),
							ObjectIdGetDatum(typeId));

	if (HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
	{
		Form_pg_cast castForm = (Form_pg_cast) GETSTRUCT(tuple);

		*funcid = castForm->castfunc;
		ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
	}

	if (!OidIsValid(*funcid))
		result = COERCION_PATH_NONE;

	return result;
}

/*
 * is_complex_array
 *		Is this type an array of composite?
 *
 * Note: this will not return true for record[]; check for RECORDARRAYOID
 * separately if needed.
 */
static bool
is_complex_array(Oid typid)
{
	Oid			elemtype = get_element_type(typid);

	return (OidIsValid(elemtype) && ISCOMPLEX(elemtype));
}


/*
 * Check whether reltypeId is the row type of a typed table of type
 * reloftypeId, or is a domain over such a row type.  (This is conceptually
 * similar to the subtype relationship checked by typeInheritsFrom().)
 */
static bool
typeIsOfTypedTable(Oid reltypeId, Oid reloftypeId)
{
	Oid			relid = typeOrDomainTypeRelid(reltypeId);
	bool		result = false;

	if (relid)
	{
		HeapTuple	tp;
		Form_pg_class reltup;

		tp = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(relid));
		if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tp))
			elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u", relid);

		reltup = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tp);
		if (reltup->reloftype == reloftypeId)
			result = true;

		ReleaseSysCache(tp);
	}

	return result;
}