src/backend/utils/adt/levenshtein.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * levenshtein.c
 *	  Levenshtein distance implementation.
 *
 * Original author:  Joe Conway <mail@joeconway.com>
 *
 * This file is included by varlena.c twice, to provide matching code for (1)
 * Levenshtein distance with custom costings, and (2) Levenshtein distance with
 * custom costings and a "max" value above which exact distances are not
 * interesting.  Before the inclusion, we rely on the presence of the inline
 * function rest_of_char_same().
 *
 * Written based on a description of the algorithm by Michael Gilleland found
 * at http://www.merriampark.com/ld.htm.  Also looked at levenshtein.c in the
 * PHP 4.0.6 distribution for inspiration.  Configurable penalty costs
 * extension is introduced by Volkan YAZICI <volkan.yazici@gmail.com.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2001-2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	src/backend/utils/adt/levenshtein.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#define MAX_LEVENSHTEIN_STRLEN		255

/*
 * Calculates Levenshtein distance metric between supplied strings, which are
 * not necessarily null-terminated.
 *
 * source: source string, of length slen bytes.
 * target: target string, of length tlen bytes.
 * ins_c, del_c, sub_c: costs to charge for character insertion, deletion,
 *		and substitution respectively; (1, 1, 1) costs suffice for common
 *		cases, but your mileage may vary.
 * max_d: if provided and >= 0, maximum distance we care about; see below.
 * trusted: caller is trusted and need not obey MAX_LEVENSHTEIN_STRLEN.
 *
 * One way to compute Levenshtein distance is to incrementally construct
 * an (m+1)x(n+1) matrix where cell (i, j) represents the minimum number
 * of operations required to transform the first i characters of s into
 * the first j characters of t.  The last column of the final row is the
 * answer.
 *
 * We use that algorithm here with some modification.  In lieu of holding
 * the entire array in memory at once, we'll just use two arrays of size
 * m+1 for storing accumulated values. At each step one array represents
 * the "previous" row and one is the "current" row of the notional large
 * array.
 *
 * If max_d >= 0, we only need to provide an accurate answer when that answer
 * is less than or equal to max_d.  From any cell in the matrix, there is
 * theoretical "minimum residual distance" from that cell to the last column
 * of the final row.  This minimum residual distance is zero when the
 * untransformed portions of the strings are of equal length (because we might
 * get lucky and find all the remaining characters matching) and is otherwise
 * based on the minimum number of insertions or deletions needed to make them
 * equal length.  The residual distance grows as we move toward the upper
 * right or lower left corners of the matrix.  When the max_d bound is
 * usefully tight, we can use this property to avoid computing the entirety
 * of each row; instead, we maintain a start_column and stop_column that
 * identify the portion of the matrix close to the diagonal which can still
 * affect the final answer.
 */
int
#ifdef LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL
varstr_levenshtein_less_equal(const char *source, int slen,
							  const char *target, int tlen,
							  int ins_c, int del_c, int sub_c,
							  int max_d, bool trusted)
#else
varstr_levenshtein(const char *source, int slen,
				   const char *target, int tlen,
				   int ins_c, int del_c, int sub_c,
				   bool trusted)
#endif
{
	int			m,
				n;
	int		   *prev;
	int		   *curr;
	int		   *s_char_len = NULL;
	int			j;
	const char *y;

	/*
	 * For varstr_levenshtein_less_equal, we have real variables called
	 * start_column and stop_column; otherwise it's just short-hand for 0 and
	 * m.
	 */
#ifdef LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL
	int			start_column,
				stop_column;

#undef START_COLUMN
#undef STOP_COLUMN
#define START_COLUMN start_column
#define STOP_COLUMN stop_column
#else
#undef START_COLUMN
#undef STOP_COLUMN
#define START_COLUMN 0
#define STOP_COLUMN m
#endif

	/* Convert string lengths (in bytes) to lengths in characters */
	m = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(source, slen);
	n = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(target, tlen);

	/*
	 * We can transform an empty s into t with n insertions, or a non-empty t
	 * into an empty s with m deletions.
	 */
	if (!m)
		return n * ins_c;
	if (!n)
		return m * del_c;

	/*
	 * For security concerns, restrict excessive CPU+RAM usage. (This
	 * implementation uses O(m) memory and has O(mn) complexity.)  If
	 * "trusted" is true, caller is responsible for not making excessive
	 * requests, typically by using a small max_d along with strings that are
	 * bounded, though not necessarily to MAX_LEVENSHTEIN_STRLEN exactly.
	 */
	if (!trusted &&
		(m > MAX_LEVENSHTEIN_STRLEN ||
		 n > MAX_LEVENSHTEIN_STRLEN))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
				 errmsg("levenshtein argument exceeds maximum length of %d characters",
						MAX_LEVENSHTEIN_STRLEN)));

#ifdef LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL
	/* Initialize start and stop columns. */
	start_column = 0;
	stop_column = m + 1;

	/*
	 * If max_d >= 0, determine whether the bound is impossibly tight.  If so,
	 * return max_d + 1 immediately.  Otherwise, determine whether it's tight
	 * enough to limit the computation we must perform.  If so, figure out
	 * initial stop column.
	 */
	if (max_d >= 0)
	{
		int			min_theo_d; /* Theoretical minimum distance. */
		int			max_theo_d; /* Theoretical maximum distance. */
		int			net_inserts = n - m;

		min_theo_d = net_inserts < 0 ?
			-net_inserts * del_c : net_inserts * ins_c;
		if (min_theo_d > max_d)
			return max_d + 1;
		if (ins_c + del_c < sub_c)
			sub_c = ins_c + del_c;
		max_theo_d = min_theo_d + sub_c * Min(m, n);
		if (max_d >= max_theo_d)
			max_d = -1;
		else if (ins_c + del_c > 0)
		{
			/*
			 * Figure out how much of the first row of the notional matrix we
			 * need to fill in.  If the string is growing, the theoretical
			 * minimum distance already incorporates the cost of deleting the
			 * number of characters necessary to make the two strings equal in
			 * length.  Each additional deletion forces another insertion, so
			 * the best-case total cost increases by ins_c + del_c. If the
			 * string is shrinking, the minimum theoretical cost assumes no
			 * excess deletions; that is, we're starting no further right than
			 * column n - m.  If we do start further right, the best-case
			 * total cost increases by ins_c + del_c for each move right.
			 */
			int			slack_d = max_d - min_theo_d;
			int			best_column = net_inserts < 0 ? -net_inserts : 0;

			stop_column = best_column + (slack_d / (ins_c + del_c)) + 1;
			if (stop_column > m)
				stop_column = m + 1;
		}
	}
#endif

	/*
	 * In order to avoid calling pg_mblen() repeatedly on each character in s,
	 * we cache all the lengths before starting the main loop -- but if all
	 * the characters in both strings are single byte, then we skip this and
	 * use a fast-path in the main loop.  If only one string contains
	 * multi-byte characters, we still build the array, so that the fast-path
	 * needn't deal with the case where the array hasn't been initialized.
	 */
	if (m != slen || n != tlen)
	{
		int			i;
		const char *cp = source;

		s_char_len = (int *) palloc((m + 1) * sizeof(int));
		for (i = 0; i < m; ++i)
		{
			s_char_len[i] = pg_mblen(cp);
			cp += s_char_len[i];
		}
		s_char_len[i] = 0;
	}

	/* One more cell for initialization column and row. */
	++m;
	++n;

	/* Previous and current rows of notional array. */
	prev = (int *) palloc(2 * m * sizeof(int));
	curr = prev + m;

	/*
	 * To transform the first i characters of s into the first 0 characters of
	 * t, we must perform i deletions.
	 */
	for (int i = START_COLUMN; i < STOP_COLUMN; i++)
		prev[i] = i * del_c;

	/* Loop through rows of the notional array */
	for (y = target, j = 1; j < n; j++)
	{
		int		   *temp;
		const char *x = source;
		int			y_char_len = n != tlen + 1 ? pg_mblen(y) : 1;
		int			i;

#ifdef LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL

		/*
		 * In the best case, values percolate down the diagonal unchanged, so
		 * we must increment stop_column unless it's already on the right end
		 * of the array.  The inner loop will read prev[stop_column], so we
		 * have to initialize it even though it shouldn't affect the result.
		 */
		if (stop_column < m)
		{
			prev[stop_column] = max_d + 1;
			++stop_column;
		}

		/*
		 * The main loop fills in curr, but curr[0] needs a special case: to
		 * transform the first 0 characters of s into the first j characters
		 * of t, we must perform j insertions.  However, if start_column > 0,
		 * this special case does not apply.
		 */
		if (start_column == 0)
		{
			curr[0] = j * ins_c;
			i = 1;
		}
		else
			i = start_column;
#else
		curr[0] = j * ins_c;
		i = 1;
#endif

		/*
		 * This inner loop is critical to performance, so we include a
		 * fast-path to handle the (fairly common) case where no multibyte
		 * characters are in the mix.  The fast-path is entitled to assume
		 * that if s_char_len is not initialized then BOTH strings contain
		 * only single-byte characters.
		 */
		if (s_char_len != NULL)
		{
			for (; i < STOP_COLUMN; i++)
			{
				int			ins;
				int			del;
				int			sub;
				int			x_char_len = s_char_len[i - 1];

				/*
				 * Calculate costs for insertion, deletion, and substitution.
				 *
				 * When calculating cost for substitution, we compare the last
				 * character of each possibly-multibyte character first,
				 * because that's enough to rule out most mis-matches.  If we
				 * get past that test, then we compare the lengths and the
				 * remaining bytes.
				 */
				ins = prev[i] + ins_c;
				del = curr[i - 1] + del_c;
				if (x[x_char_len - 1] == y[y_char_len - 1]
					&& x_char_len == y_char_len &&
					(x_char_len == 1 || rest_of_char_same(x, y, x_char_len)))
					sub = prev[i - 1];
				else
					sub = prev[i - 1] + sub_c;

				/* Take the one with minimum cost. */
				curr[i] = Min(ins, del);
				curr[i] = Min(curr[i], sub);

				/* Point to next character. */
				x += x_char_len;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			for (; i < STOP_COLUMN; i++)
			{
				int			ins;
				int			del;
				int			sub;

				/* Calculate costs for insertion, deletion, and substitution. */
				ins = prev[i] + ins_c;
				del = curr[i - 1] + del_c;
				sub = prev[i - 1] + ((*x == *y) ? 0 : sub_c);

				/* Take the one with minimum cost. */
				curr[i] = Min(ins, del);
				curr[i] = Min(curr[i], sub);

				/* Point to next character. */
				x++;
			}
		}

		/* Swap current row with previous row. */
		temp = curr;
		curr = prev;
		prev = temp;

		/* Point to next character. */
		y += y_char_len;

#ifdef LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL

		/*
		 * This chunk of code represents a significant performance hit if used
		 * in the case where there is no max_d bound.  This is probably not
		 * because the max_d >= 0 test itself is expensive, but rather because
		 * the possibility of needing to execute this code prevents tight
		 * optimization of the loop as a whole.
		 */
		if (max_d >= 0)
		{
			/*
			 * The "zero point" is the column of the current row where the
			 * remaining portions of the strings are of equal length.  There
			 * are (n - 1) characters in the target string, of which j have
			 * been transformed.  There are (m - 1) characters in the source
			 * string, so we want to find the value for zp where (n - 1) - j =
			 * (m - 1) - zp.
			 */
			int			zp = j - (n - m);

			/* Check whether the stop column can slide left. */
			while (stop_column > 0)
			{
				int			ii = stop_column - 1;
				int			net_inserts = ii - zp;

				if (prev[ii] + (net_inserts > 0 ? net_inserts * ins_c :
								-net_inserts * del_c) <= max_d)
					break;
				stop_column--;
			}

			/* Check whether the start column can slide right. */
			while (start_column < stop_column)
			{
				int			net_inserts = start_column - zp;

				if (prev[start_column] +
					(net_inserts > 0 ? net_inserts * ins_c :
					 -net_inserts * del_c) <= max_d)
					break;

				/*
				 * We'll never again update these values, so we must make sure
				 * there's nothing here that could confuse any future
				 * iteration of the outer loop.
				 */
				prev[start_column] = max_d + 1;
				curr[start_column] = max_d + 1;
				if (start_column != 0)
					source += (s_char_len != NULL) ? s_char_len[start_column - 1] : 1;
				start_column++;
			}

			/* If they cross, we're going to exceed the bound. */
			if (start_column >= stop_column)
				return max_d + 1;
		}
#endif
	}

	/*
	 * Because the final value was swapped from the previous row to the
	 * current row, that's where we'll find it.
	 */
	return prev[m - 1];
}