| -- |
| -- UNION (also INTERSECT, EXCEPT) |
| -- |
| |
| -- Simple UNION constructs |
| |
| SELECT 1 AS two UNION SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1 AS one UNION SELECT 1 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1 AS two UNION ALL SELECT 2; |
| |
| SELECT 1 AS two UNION ALL SELECT 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1 AS three UNION SELECT 2 UNION SELECT 3 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1 AS two UNION SELECT 2 UNION SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1 AS three UNION SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1.1 AS two UNION SELECT 2.2 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| -- Mixed types |
| |
| SELECT 1.1 AS two UNION SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1 AS two UNION SELECT 2.2 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1 AS one UNION SELECT 1.0::float8 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1.1 AS two UNION ALL SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1.0::float8 AS two UNION ALL SELECT 1 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1.1 AS three UNION SELECT 2 UNION SELECT 3 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1.1::float8 AS two UNION SELECT 2 UNION SELECT 2.0::float8 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1.1 AS three UNION SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 2 ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT 1.1 AS two UNION (SELECT 2 UNION ALL SELECT 2) ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| -- |
| -- Try testing from tables... |
| -- |
| |
| SELECT f1 AS five FROM FLOAT8_TBL |
| UNION |
| SELECT f1 FROM FLOAT8_TBL |
| ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT f1 AS ten FROM FLOAT8_TBL |
| UNION ALL |
| SELECT f1 FROM FLOAT8_TBL; |
| |
| SELECT f1 AS nine FROM FLOAT8_TBL |
| UNION |
| SELECT f1 FROM INT4_TBL |
| ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT f1 AS ten FROM FLOAT8_TBL |
| UNION ALL |
| SELECT f1 FROM INT4_TBL; |
| |
| SELECT f1 AS five FROM FLOAT8_TBL |
| WHERE f1 BETWEEN -1e6 AND 1e6 |
| UNION |
| SELECT f1 FROM INT4_TBL |
| WHERE f1 BETWEEN 0 AND 1000000 |
| ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(4)) AS three FROM VARCHAR_TBL |
| UNION |
| SELECT f1 FROM CHAR_TBL |
| ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT f1 AS three FROM VARCHAR_TBL |
| UNION |
| SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) FROM CHAR_TBL |
| ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT f1 AS eight FROM VARCHAR_TBL |
| UNION ALL |
| SELECT f1 FROM CHAR_TBL; |
| |
| SELECT f1 AS five FROM TEXT_TBL |
| UNION |
| SELECT f1 FROM VARCHAR_TBL |
| UNION |
| SELECT TRIM(TRAILING FROM f1) FROM CHAR_TBL |
| ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| -- |
| -- INTERSECT and EXCEPT |
| -- |
| |
| SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl INTERSECT SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl INTERSECT ALL SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT ALL SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT ALL SELECT DISTINCT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT ALL SELECT DISTINCT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT ALL SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl FOR NO KEY UPDATE; |
| |
| -- nested cases |
| (SELECT 1,2,3 UNION SELECT 4,5,6) INTERSECT SELECT 4,5,6; |
| (SELECT 1,2,3 UNION SELECT 4,5,6 ORDER BY 1,2) INTERSECT SELECT 4,5,6; |
| (SELECT 1,2,3 UNION SELECT 4,5,6) EXCEPT SELECT 4,5,6; |
| (SELECT 1,2,3 UNION SELECT 4,5,6 ORDER BY 1,2) EXCEPT SELECT 4,5,6; |
| |
| -- exercise both hashed and sorted implementations of UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT |
| |
| set enable_hashagg to on; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select count(*) from |
| ( select unique1 from tenk1 union select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss; |
| select count(*) from |
| ( select unique1 from tenk1 union select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select count(*) from |
| ( select unique1 from tenk1 intersect select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss; |
| select count(*) from |
| ( select unique1 from tenk1 intersect select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select unique1 from tenk1 except select unique2 from tenk1 where unique2 != 10; |
| select unique1 from tenk1 except select unique2 from tenk1 where unique2 != 10; |
| |
| set enable_hashagg to off; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select count(*) from |
| ( select unique1 from tenk1 union select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss; |
| select count(*) from |
| ( select unique1 from tenk1 union select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select count(*) from |
| ( select unique1 from tenk1 intersect select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss; |
| select count(*) from |
| ( select unique1 from tenk1 intersect select fivethous from tenk1 ) ss; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select unique1 from tenk1 except select unique2 from tenk1 where unique2 != 10; |
| select unique1 from tenk1 except select unique2 from tenk1 where unique2 != 10; |
| |
| reset enable_hashagg; |
| |
| -- non-hashable type |
| set enable_hashagg to on; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (100::money), (200::money)) _(x) union select x from (values (100::money), (300::money)) _(x); |
| |
| set enable_hashagg to off; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (100::money), (200::money)) _(x) union select x from (values (100::money), (300::money)) _(x); |
| |
| reset enable_hashagg; |
| |
| -- arrays |
| set enable_hashagg to on; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) union select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) union select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) intersect select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) intersect select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) except select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) except select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| |
| -- non-hashable type |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (array[100::money]), (array[200::money])) _(x) union select x from (values (array[100::money]), (array[300::money])) _(x); |
| select x from (values (array[100::money]), (array[200::money])) _(x) union select x from (values (array[100::money]), (array[300::money])) _(x); |
| |
| set enable_hashagg to off; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) union select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) union select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) intersect select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) intersect select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) except select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 3])) _(x) except select x from (values (array[1, 2]), (array[1, 4])) _(x); |
| |
| reset enable_hashagg; |
| |
| -- records |
| set enable_hashagg to on; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) union select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) union select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) intersect select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) intersect select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) except select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) except select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| |
| -- non-hashable type |
| |
| -- With an anonymous row type, the typcache does not report that the |
| -- type is hashable. (Otherwise, this would fail at execution time.) |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (row(100::money)), (row(200::money))) _(x) union select x from (values (row(100::money)), (row(300::money))) _(x); |
| select x from (values (row(100::money)), (row(200::money))) _(x) union select x from (values (row(100::money)), (row(300::money))) _(x); |
| |
| -- With a defined row type, the typcache can inspect the type's fields |
| -- for hashability. |
| create type ct1 as (f1 money); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (row(100::money)::ct1), (row(200::money)::ct1)) _(x) union select x from (values (row(100::money)::ct1), (row(300::money)::ct1)) _(x); |
| select x from (values (row(100::money)::ct1), (row(200::money)::ct1)) _(x) union select x from (values (row(100::money)::ct1), (row(300::money)::ct1)) _(x); |
| drop type ct1; |
| |
| set enable_hashagg to off; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) union select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) union select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) intersect select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) intersect select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) except select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 3))) _(x) except select x from (values (row(1, 2)), (row(1, 4))) _(x); |
| |
| reset enable_hashagg; |
| |
| -- |
| -- Mixed types |
| -- |
| |
| SELECT f1 FROM float8_tbl INTERSECT SELECT f1 FROM int4_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT f1 FROM float8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT f1 FROM int4_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| -- |
| -- Operator precedence and (((((extra))))) parentheses |
| -- |
| |
| SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl INTERSECT SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl UNION ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl INTERSECT (((SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl UNION ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl))) ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| (((SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl INTERSECT SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1))) UNION ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl; |
| |
| SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl UNION ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl UNION ALL (((SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1))); |
| |
| (((SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl UNION ALL SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl))) EXCEPT SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| -- |
| -- Subqueries with ORDER BY & LIMIT clauses |
| -- |
| |
| -- In this syntax, ORDER BY/LIMIT apply to the result of the EXCEPT |
| SELECT q1,q2 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q2,q1 FROM int8_tbl |
| ORDER BY q2,q1; |
| |
| -- This should fail, because q2 isn't a name of an EXCEPT output column |
| SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY q2 LIMIT 1; |
| |
| -- But this should work: |
| SELECT q1 FROM int8_tbl EXCEPT (((SELECT q2 FROM int8_tbl ORDER BY q2 LIMIT 1))) ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| -- |
| -- New syntaxes (7.1) permit new tests |
| -- |
| |
| (((((select * from int8_tbl))))); |
| |
| -- |
| -- Check behavior with empty select list (allowed since 9.4) |
| -- |
| |
| select union select; |
| select intersect select; |
| select except select; |
| |
| -- check hashed implementation |
| set enable_hashagg = true; |
| set enable_sort = false; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select from generate_series(1,5) union select from generate_series(1,3); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select from generate_series(1,5) intersect select from generate_series(1,3); |
| |
| select from generate_series(1,5) union select from generate_series(1,3); |
| select from generate_series(1,5) union all select from generate_series(1,3); |
| select from generate_series(1,5) intersect select from generate_series(1,3); |
| select from generate_series(1,5) intersect all select from generate_series(1,3); |
| select from generate_series(1,5) except select from generate_series(1,3); |
| select from generate_series(1,5) except all select from generate_series(1,3); |
| |
| -- check sorted implementation |
| set enable_hashagg = false; |
| set enable_sort = true; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select from generate_series(1,5) union select from generate_series(1,3); |
| explain (costs off) |
| select from generate_series(1,5) intersect select from generate_series(1,3); |
| |
| select from generate_series(1,5) union select from generate_series(1,3); |
| select from generate_series(1,5) union all select from generate_series(1,3); |
| select from generate_series(1,5) intersect select from generate_series(1,3); |
| select from generate_series(1,5) intersect all select from generate_series(1,3); |
| select from generate_series(1,5) except select from generate_series(1,3); |
| select from generate_series(1,5) except all select from generate_series(1,3); |
| |
| reset enable_hashagg; |
| reset enable_sort; |
| |
| -- |
| -- Check handling of a case with unknown constants. We don't guarantee |
| -- an undecorated constant will work in all cases, but historically this |
| -- usage has worked, so test we don't break it. |
| -- |
| |
| SELECT a.f1 FROM (SELECT 'test' AS f1 FROM varchar_tbl) a |
| UNION |
| SELECT b.f1 FROM (SELECT f1 FROM varchar_tbl) b |
| ORDER BY 1; |
| |
| -- This should fail, but it should produce an error cursor |
| SELECT '3.4'::numeric UNION SELECT 'foo'; |
| |
| -- |
| -- Test that expression-index constraints can be pushed down through |
| -- UNION or UNION ALL |
| -- |
| |
| CREATE TEMP TABLE t1 (a text, b text); |
| CREATE INDEX t1_ab_idx on t1 ((a || b)); |
| CREATE TEMP TABLE t2 (ab text primary key); |
| INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ('a', 'b'), ('x', 'y'); |
| INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ('ab'), ('xy'); |
| |
| set enable_seqscan = off; |
| set enable_indexscan = on; |
| set enable_bitmapscan = off; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT a || b AS ab FROM t1 |
| UNION ALL |
| SELECT * FROM t2) t |
| WHERE ab = 'ab'; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT a || b AS ab FROM t1 |
| UNION |
| SELECT * FROM t2) t |
| WHERE ab = 'ab'; |
| |
| -- |
| -- Test that ORDER BY for UNION ALL can be pushed down to inheritance |
| -- children. |
| -- |
| |
| CREATE TEMP TABLE t1c (b text, a text); |
| ALTER TABLE t1c INHERIT t1; |
| CREATE TEMP TABLE t2c (primary key (ab)) INHERITS (t2); |
| INSERT INTO t1c VALUES ('v', 'w'), ('c', 'd'), ('m', 'n'), ('e', 'f'); |
| INSERT INTO t2c VALUES ('vw'), ('cd'), ('mn'), ('ef'); |
| CREATE INDEX t1c_ab_idx on t1c ((a || b)); |
| |
| set enable_seqscan = on; |
| set enable_indexonlyscan = off; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT a || b AS ab FROM t1 |
| UNION ALL |
| SELECT ab FROM t2) t |
| ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 8; |
| |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT a || b AS ab FROM t1 |
| UNION ALL |
| SELECT ab FROM t2) t |
| ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 8; |
| |
| reset enable_seqscan; |
| reset enable_indexscan; |
| reset enable_bitmapscan; |
| |
| -- This simpler variant of the above test has been observed to fail differently |
| |
| create table events (event_id int primary key); |
| create table other_events (event_id int primary key); |
| create table events_child () inherits (events); |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select event_id |
| from (select event_id from events |
| union all |
| select event_id from other_events) ss |
| order by event_id; |
| |
| drop table events_child, events, other_events; |
| |
| reset enable_indexonlyscan; |
| |
| -- Test constraint exclusion of UNION ALL subqueries |
| explain (costs off) |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT 1 AS t, * FROM tenk1 a |
| UNION ALL |
| SELECT 2 AS t, * FROM tenk1 b) c |
| WHERE t = 2; |
| |
| -- Test that we push quals into UNION sub-selects only when it's safe |
| explain (costs off) |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT 1 AS t, 2 AS x |
| UNION |
| SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss |
| WHERE x < 4 |
| ORDER BY x; |
| |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT 1 AS t, 2 AS x |
| UNION |
| SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss |
| WHERE x < 4 |
| ORDER BY x; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT 1 AS t, generate_series(1,10) AS x |
| UNION |
| SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss |
| WHERE x < 4 |
| ORDER BY x; |
| |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT 1 AS t, generate_series(1,10) AS x |
| UNION |
| SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss |
| WHERE x < 4 |
| ORDER BY x; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT 1 AS t, (random()*3)::int AS x |
| UNION |
| SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss |
| WHERE x > 3 |
| ORDER BY x; |
| |
| SELECT * FROM |
| (SELECT 1 AS t, (random()*3)::int AS x |
| UNION |
| SELECT 2 AS t, 4 AS x) ss |
| WHERE x > 3 |
| ORDER BY x; |
| |
| -- Test cases where the native ordering of a sub-select has more pathkeys |
| -- than the outer query cares about |
| explain (costs off) |
| select distinct q1 from |
| (select distinct * from int8_tbl i81 |
| union all |
| select distinct * from int8_tbl i82) ss |
| where q2 = q2; |
| |
| select distinct q1 from |
| (select distinct * from int8_tbl i81 |
| union all |
| select distinct * from int8_tbl i82) ss |
| where q2 = q2; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select distinct q1 from |
| (select distinct * from int8_tbl i81 |
| union all |
| select distinct * from int8_tbl i82) ss |
| where -q1 = q2; |
| |
| select distinct q1 from |
| (select distinct * from int8_tbl i81 |
| union all |
| select distinct * from int8_tbl i82) ss |
| where -q1 = q2; |
| |
| -- Test proper handling of parameterized appendrel paths when the |
| -- potential join qual is expensive |
| create function expensivefunc(int) returns int |
| language plpgsql immutable strict cost 10000 |
| as $$begin return $1; end$$; |
| |
| create temp table t3 as select generate_series(-1000,1000) as x; |
| create index t3i on t3 (expensivefunc(x)); |
| analyze t3; |
| |
| explain (costs off) |
| select * from |
| (select * from t3 a union all select * from t3 b) ss |
| join int4_tbl on f1 = expensivefunc(x); |
| select * from |
| (select * from t3 a union all select * from t3 b) ss |
| join int4_tbl on f1 = expensivefunc(x); |
| |
| drop table t3; |
| drop function expensivefunc(int); |
| |
| -- Test handling of appendrel quals that const-simplify into an AND |
| explain (costs off) |
| select * from |
| (select *, 0 as x from int8_tbl a |
| union all |
| select *, 1 as x from int8_tbl b) ss |
| where (x = 0) or (q1 >= q2 and q1 <= q2); |
| select * from |
| (select *, 0 as x from int8_tbl a |
| union all |
| select *, 1 as x from int8_tbl b) ss |
| where (x = 0) or (q1 >= q2 and q1 <= q2); |
