src/java/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/Tuples.java - cassandra - Git at Google

 /*
  * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
  * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
  * distributed with this work for additional information
  * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
  * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
  * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
  * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 package org.apache.cassandra.cql3;

 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;

 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

 import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.Function;
 import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.*;
 import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
 import org.apache.cassandra.serializers.MarshalException;
 import org.apache.cassandra.transport.ProtocolVersion;
 import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;

 /**
  * Static helper methods and classes for tuples.
  */
 public class Tuples
 {
     private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Tuples.class);

     private Tuples() {}

     public static ColumnSpecification componentSpecOf(ColumnSpecification column, int component)
     {
         return new ColumnSpecification(column.ksName,
                                        column.cfName,
                                        new ColumnIdentifier(String.format("%s[%d]", column.name, component), true),
                                        (getTupleType(column.type)).type(component));
     }

     /**
      * A raw, literal tuple.  When prepared, this will become a Tuples.Value or Tuples.DelayedValue, depending
      * on whether the tuple holds NonTerminals.
      */
     public static class Literal extends Term.MultiColumnRaw
     {
         private final List<Term.Raw> elements;

         public Literal(List<Term.Raw> elements)
         {
             this.elements = elements;
         }

         public Term prepare(String keyspace, ColumnSpecification receiver) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             validateAssignableTo(keyspace, receiver);

             List<Term> values = new ArrayList<>(elements.size());
             boolean allTerminal = true;
             for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++)
             {
                 Term value = elements.get(i).prepare(keyspace, componentSpecOf(receiver, i));
                 if (value instanceof Term.NonTerminal)
                     allTerminal = false;

                 values.add(value);
             }
             DelayedValue value = new DelayedValue(getTupleType(receiver.type), values);
             return allTerminal ? value.bind(QueryOptions.DEFAULT) : value;
         }

         public Term prepare(String keyspace, List<? extends ColumnSpecification> receivers) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             if (elements.size() != receivers.size())
                 throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Expected %d elements in value tuple, but got %d: %s", receivers.size(), elements.size(), this));

             List<Term> values = new ArrayList<>(elements.size());
             List<AbstractType<?>> types = new ArrayList<>(elements.size());
             boolean allTerminal = true;
             for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++)
             {
                 Term t = elements.get(i).prepare(keyspace, receivers.get(i));
                 if (t instanceof Term.NonTerminal)
                     allTerminal = false;

                 values.add(t);
                 types.add(receivers.get(i).type);
             }
             DelayedValue value = new DelayedValue(new TupleType(types), values);
             return allTerminal ? value.bind(QueryOptions.DEFAULT) : value;
         }

         private void validateAssignableTo(String keyspace, ColumnSpecification receiver) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             if (!checkIfTupleType(receiver.type))
                 throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid tuple type literal for %s of type %s", receiver.name, receiver.type.asCQL3Type()));

             TupleType tt = getTupleType(receiver.type);
             for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++)
             {
                 if (i >= tt.size())
                 {
                     throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid tuple literal for %s: too many elements. Type %s expects %d but got %d",
                             receiver.name, tt.asCQL3Type(), tt.size(), elements.size()));
                 }

                 Term.Raw value = elements.get(i);
                 ColumnSpecification spec = componentSpecOf(receiver, i);
                 if (!value.testAssignment(keyspace, spec).isAssignable())
                     throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid tuple literal for %s: component %d is not of type %s", receiver.name, i, spec.type.asCQL3Type()));
             }
         }

         public AssignmentTestable.TestResult testAssignment(String keyspace, ColumnSpecification receiver)
         {
             try
             {
                 validateAssignableTo(keyspace, receiver);
                 return AssignmentTestable.TestResult.WEAKLY_ASSIGNABLE;
             }
             catch (InvalidRequestException e)
             {
                 return AssignmentTestable.TestResult.NOT_ASSIGNABLE;
             }
         }

         @Override
         public AbstractType<?> getExactTypeIfKnown(String keyspace)
         {
             List<AbstractType<?>> types = new ArrayList<>(elements.size());
             for (Term.Raw term : elements)
             {
                 AbstractType<?> type = term.getExactTypeIfKnown(keyspace);
                 if (type == null)
                     return null;
                 types.add(type);
             }
             return new TupleType(types);
         }

         public String getText()
         {
             return elements.stream().map(Term.Raw::getText).collect(Collectors.joining(", ", "(", ")"));
         }
     }

     /**
      * A tuple of terminal values (e.g (123, 'abc')).
      */
     public static class Value extends Term.MultiItemTerminal
     {
         public final ByteBuffer[] elements;

         public Value(ByteBuffer[] elements)
         {
             this.elements = elements;
         }

         public static Value fromSerialized(ByteBuffer bytes, TupleType type)
         {
             ByteBuffer[] values = type.split(bytes);
             if (values.length > type.size())
             {
                 throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format(
                         "Tuple value contained too many fields (expected %s, got %s)", type.size(), values.length));
             }

             return new Value(type.split(bytes));
         }

         public ByteBuffer get(ProtocolVersion protocolVersion)
         {
             return TupleType.buildValue(elements);
         }

         public List<ByteBuffer> getElements()
         {
             return Arrays.asList(elements);
         }
     }

     /**
      * Similar to Value, but contains at least one NonTerminal, such as a non-pure functions or bind marker.
      */
     public static class DelayedValue extends Term.NonTerminal
     {
         public final TupleType type;
         public final List<Term> elements;

         public DelayedValue(TupleType type, List<Term> elements)
         {
             this.type = type;
             this.elements = elements;
         }

         public boolean containsBindMarker()
         {
             for (Term term : elements)
                 if (term.containsBindMarker())
                     return true;

             return false;
         }

         public void collectMarkerSpecification(VariableSpecifications boundNames)
         {
             for (Term term : elements)
                 term.collectMarkerSpecification(boundNames);
         }

         private ByteBuffer[] bindInternal(QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             if (elements.size() > type.size())
                 throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format(
                         "Tuple value contained too many fields (expected %s, got %s)", type.size(), elements.size()));

             ByteBuffer[] buffers = new ByteBuffer[elements.size()];
             for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++)
             {
                 buffers[i] = elements.get(i).bindAndGet(options);
                 // Since A tuple value is always written in its entirety Cassandra can't preserve a pre-existing value by 'not setting' the new value. Reject the query.
                 if (buffers[i] == ByteBufferUtil.UNSET_BYTE_BUFFER)
                     throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid unset value for tuple field number %d", i));
             }
             return buffers;
         }

         public Value bind(QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             return new Value(bindInternal(options));
         }

         @Override
         public ByteBuffer bindAndGet(QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             // We don't "need" that override but it saves us the allocation of a Value object if used
             return TupleType.buildValue(bindInternal(options));
         }

         @Override
         public String toString()
         {
             return tupleToString(elements);
         }

         public void addFunctionsTo(List<Function> functions)
         {
             Terms.addFunctions(elements, functions);
         }
     }

     /**
      * A terminal value for a list of IN values that are tuples. For example: "SELECT ... WHERE (a, b, c) IN ?"
      * This is similar to Lists.Value, but allows us to keep components of the tuples in the list separate.
      */
     public static class InValue extends Term.Terminal
     {
         List<List<ByteBuffer>> elements;

         public InValue(List<List<ByteBuffer>> items)
         {
             this.elements = items;
         }

         public static InValue fromSerialized(ByteBuffer value, ListType type, QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             try
             {
                 // Collections have this small hack that validate cannot be called on a serialized object,
                 // but the deserialization does the validation (so we're fine).
                 List<?> l = type.getSerializer().deserializeForNativeProtocol(value, options.getProtocolVersion());

                 assert type.getElementsType() instanceof TupleType;
                 TupleType tupleType = Tuples.getTupleType(type.getElementsType());

                 // type.split(bytes)
                 List<List<ByteBuffer>> elements = new ArrayList<>(l.size());
                 for (Object element : l)
                     elements.add(Arrays.asList(tupleType.split(type.getElementsType().decompose(element))));
                 return new InValue(elements);
             }
             catch (MarshalException e)
             {
                 throw new InvalidRequestException(e.getMessage());
             }
         }

         public ByteBuffer get(ProtocolVersion protocolVersion)
         {
             throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
         }

         public List<List<ByteBuffer>> getSplitValues()
         {
             return elements;
         }
     }

     /**
      * A raw placeholder for a tuple of values for different multiple columns, each of which may have a different type.
      * {@code
      * For example, "SELECT ... WHERE (col1, col2) > ?".
      * }
      */
     public static class Raw extends AbstractMarker.MultiColumnRaw
     {
         public Raw(int bindIndex)
         {
             super(bindIndex);
         }

         private static ColumnSpecification makeReceiver(List<? extends ColumnSpecification> receivers)
         {
             List<AbstractType<?>> types = new ArrayList<>(receivers.size());
             StringBuilder inName = new StringBuilder("(");
             for (int i = 0; i < receivers.size(); i++)
             {
                 ColumnSpecification receiver = receivers.get(i);
                 inName.append(receiver.name);
                 if (i < receivers.size() - 1)
                     inName.append(",");
                 types.add(receiver.type);
             }
             inName.append(')');

             ColumnIdentifier identifier = new ColumnIdentifier(inName.toString(), true);
             TupleType type = new TupleType(types);
             return new ColumnSpecification(receivers.get(0).ksName, receivers.get(0).cfName, identifier, type);
         }

         public AbstractType<?> getExactTypeIfKnown(String keyspace)
         {
             return null;
         }

         public AbstractMarker prepare(String keyspace, List<? extends ColumnSpecification> receivers) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             return new Tuples.Marker(bindIndex, makeReceiver(receivers));
         }
     }

     /**
      * A raw marker for an IN list of tuples, like "SELECT ... WHERE (a, b, c) IN ?"
      */
     public static class INRaw extends AbstractMarker.MultiColumnRaw
     {
         public INRaw(int bindIndex)
         {
             super(bindIndex);
         }

         private static ColumnSpecification makeInReceiver(List<? extends ColumnSpecification> receivers) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             List<AbstractType<?>> types = new ArrayList<>(receivers.size());
             StringBuilder inName = new StringBuilder("in(");
             for (int i = 0; i < receivers.size(); i++)
             {
                 ColumnSpecification receiver = receivers.get(i);
                 inName.append(receiver.name);
                 if (i < receivers.size() - 1)
                     inName.append(",");

                 if (receiver.type.isCollection() && receiver.type.isMultiCell())
                     throw new InvalidRequestException("Non-frozen collection columns do not support IN relations");

                 types.add(receiver.type);
             }
             inName.append(')');

             ColumnIdentifier identifier = new ColumnIdentifier(inName.toString(), true);
             TupleType type = new TupleType(types);
             return new ColumnSpecification(receivers.get(0).ksName, receivers.get(0).cfName, identifier, ListType.getInstance(type, false));
         }

         public AbstractType<?> getExactTypeIfKnown(String keyspace)
         {
             return null;
         }

         public AbstractMarker prepare(String keyspace, List<? extends ColumnSpecification> receivers) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             return new InMarker(bindIndex, makeInReceiver(receivers));
         }
     }

     /**
      * {@code
      * Represents a marker for a single tuple, like "SELECT ... WHERE (a, b, c) > ?"
      * }
      */
     public static class Marker extends AbstractMarker
     {
         public Marker(int bindIndex, ColumnSpecification receiver)
         {
             super(bindIndex, receiver);
         }

         public Value bind(QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             ByteBuffer value = options.getValues().get(bindIndex);
             if (value == ByteBufferUtil.UNSET_BYTE_BUFFER)
                 throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid unset value for tuple %s", receiver.name));
             return value == null ? null : Value.fromSerialized(value, getTupleType(receiver.type));
         }
     }

     /**
      * Represents a marker for a set of IN values that are tuples, like "SELECT ... WHERE (a, b, c) IN ?"
      */
     public static class InMarker extends AbstractMarker
     {
         protected InMarker(int bindIndex, ColumnSpecification receiver)
         {
             super(bindIndex, receiver);
             assert receiver.type instanceof ListType;
         }

         public InValue bind(QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
         {
             ByteBuffer value = options.getValues().get(bindIndex);
             if (value == ByteBufferUtil.UNSET_BYTE_BUFFER)
                 throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid unset value for %s", receiver.name));
             return value == null ? null : InValue.fromSerialized(value, (ListType)receiver.type, options);
         }
     }

     public static String tupleToString(List<?> items)
     {

         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("(");
         for (int i = 0; i < items.size(); i++)
         {
             sb.append(items.get(i));
             if (i < items.size() - 1)
                 sb.append(", ");
         }
         sb.append(')');
         return sb.toString();
     }

     public static boolean checkIfTupleType(AbstractType<?> tuple)
     {
         return (tuple instanceof TupleType) ||
                (tuple instanceof ReversedType && ((ReversedType) tuple).baseType instanceof TupleType);

     }

     public static TupleType getTupleType(AbstractType<?> tuple)
     {
         return (tuple instanceof ReversedType ? ((TupleType) ((ReversedType) tuple).baseType) : (TupleType)tuple);
     }
 }
	/*
	* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
	* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
	* distributed with this work for additional information
	* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
	* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
	* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
	* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	* limitations under the License.
	*/
	package org.apache.cassandra.cql3;

	import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
	import java.util.ArrayList;
	import java.util.Arrays;
	import java.util.List;
	import java.util.stream.Collectors;

	import org.slf4j.Logger;
	import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

	import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.Function;
	import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.*;
	import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
	import org.apache.cassandra.serializers.MarshalException;
	import org.apache.cassandra.transport.ProtocolVersion;
	import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;

	/**
	* Static helper methods and classes for tuples.
	*/
	public class Tuples
	{
	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Tuples.class);

	private Tuples() {}

	public static ColumnSpecification componentSpecOf(ColumnSpecification column, int component)
	{
	return new ColumnSpecification(column.ksName,
	column.cfName,
	new ColumnIdentifier(String.format("%s[%d]", column.name, component), true),
	(getTupleType(column.type)).type(component));
	}

	/**
	* A raw, literal tuple. When prepared, this will become a Tuples.Value or Tuples.DelayedValue, depending
	* on whether the tuple holds NonTerminals.
	*/
	public static class Literal extends Term.MultiColumnRaw
	{
	private final List<Term.Raw> elements;

	public Literal(List<Term.Raw> elements)
	{
	this.elements = elements;
	}

	public Term prepare(String keyspace, ColumnSpecification receiver) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	validateAssignableTo(keyspace, receiver);

	List<Term> values = new ArrayList<>(elements.size());
	boolean allTerminal = true;
	for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++)
	{
	Term value = elements.get(i).prepare(keyspace, componentSpecOf(receiver, i));
	if (value instanceof Term.NonTerminal)
	allTerminal = false;

	values.add(value);
	}
	DelayedValue value = new DelayedValue(getTupleType(receiver.type), values);
	return allTerminal ? value.bind(QueryOptions.DEFAULT) : value;
	}

	public Term prepare(String keyspace, List<? extends ColumnSpecification> receivers) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	if (elements.size() != receivers.size())
	throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Expected %d elements in value tuple, but got %d: %s", receivers.size(), elements.size(), this));

	List<Term> values = new ArrayList<>(elements.size());
	List<AbstractType<?>> types = new ArrayList<>(elements.size());
	boolean allTerminal = true;
	for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++)
	{
	Term t = elements.get(i).prepare(keyspace, receivers.get(i));
	if (t instanceof Term.NonTerminal)
	allTerminal = false;

	values.add(t);
	types.add(receivers.get(i).type);
	}
	DelayedValue value = new DelayedValue(new TupleType(types), values);
	return allTerminal ? value.bind(QueryOptions.DEFAULT) : value;
	}

	private void validateAssignableTo(String keyspace, ColumnSpecification receiver) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	if (!checkIfTupleType(receiver.type))
	throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid tuple type literal for %s of type %s", receiver.name, receiver.type.asCQL3Type()));

	TupleType tt = getTupleType(receiver.type);
	for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++)
	{
	if (i >= tt.size())
	{
	throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid tuple literal for %s: too many elements. Type %s expects %d but got %d",
	receiver.name, tt.asCQL3Type(), tt.size(), elements.size()));
	}

	Term.Raw value = elements.get(i);
	ColumnSpecification spec = componentSpecOf(receiver, i);
	if (!value.testAssignment(keyspace, spec).isAssignable())
	throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid tuple literal for %s: component %d is not of type %s", receiver.name, i, spec.type.asCQL3Type()));
	}
	}

	public AssignmentTestable.TestResult testAssignment(String keyspace, ColumnSpecification receiver)
	{
	try
	{
	validateAssignableTo(keyspace, receiver);
	return AssignmentTestable.TestResult.WEAKLY_ASSIGNABLE;
	}
	catch (InvalidRequestException e)
	{
	return AssignmentTestable.TestResult.NOT_ASSIGNABLE;
	}
	}

	@Override
	public AbstractType<?> getExactTypeIfKnown(String keyspace)
	{
	List<AbstractType<?>> types = new ArrayList<>(elements.size());
	for (Term.Raw term : elements)
	{
	AbstractType<?> type = term.getExactTypeIfKnown(keyspace);
	if (type == null)
	return null;
	types.add(type);
	}
	return new TupleType(types);
	}

	public String getText()
	{
	return elements.stream().map(Term.Raw::getText).collect(Collectors.joining(", ", "(", ")"));
	}
	}

	/**
	* A tuple of terminal values (e.g (123, 'abc')).
	*/
	public static class Value extends Term.MultiItemTerminal
	{
	public final ByteBuffer[] elements;

	public Value(ByteBuffer[] elements)
	{
	this.elements = elements;
	}

	public static Value fromSerialized(ByteBuffer bytes, TupleType type)
	{
	ByteBuffer[] values = type.split(bytes);
	if (values.length > type.size())
	{
	throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format(
	"Tuple value contained too many fields (expected %s, got %s)", type.size(), values.length));
	}

	return new Value(type.split(bytes));
	}

	public ByteBuffer get(ProtocolVersion protocolVersion)
	{
	return TupleType.buildValue(elements);
	}

	public List<ByteBuffer> getElements()
	{
	return Arrays.asList(elements);
	}
	}

	/**
	* Similar to Value, but contains at least one NonTerminal, such as a non-pure functions or bind marker.
	*/
	public static class DelayedValue extends Term.NonTerminal
	{
	public final TupleType type;
	public final List<Term> elements;

	public DelayedValue(TupleType type, List<Term> elements)
	{
	this.type = type;
	this.elements = elements;
	}

	public boolean containsBindMarker()
	{
	for (Term term : elements)
	if (term.containsBindMarker())
	return true;

	return false;
	}

	public void collectMarkerSpecification(VariableSpecifications boundNames)
	{
	for (Term term : elements)
	term.collectMarkerSpecification(boundNames);
	}

	private ByteBuffer[] bindInternal(QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	if (elements.size() > type.size())
	throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format(
	"Tuple value contained too many fields (expected %s, got %s)", type.size(), elements.size()));

	ByteBuffer[] buffers = new ByteBuffer[elements.size()];
	for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++)
	{
	buffers[i] = elements.get(i).bindAndGet(options);
	// Since A tuple value is always written in its entirety Cassandra can't preserve a pre-existing value by 'not setting' the new value. Reject the query.
	if (buffers[i] == ByteBufferUtil.UNSET_BYTE_BUFFER)
	throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid unset value for tuple field number %d", i));
	}
	return buffers;
	}

	public Value bind(QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	return new Value(bindInternal(options));
	}

	@Override
	public ByteBuffer bindAndGet(QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	// We don't "need" that override but it saves us the allocation of a Value object if used
	return TupleType.buildValue(bindInternal(options));
	}

	@Override
	public String toString()
	{
	return tupleToString(elements);
	}

	public void addFunctionsTo(List<Function> functions)
	{
	Terms.addFunctions(elements, functions);
	}
	}

	/**
	* A terminal value for a list of IN values that are tuples. For example: "SELECT ... WHERE (a, b, c) IN ?"
	* This is similar to Lists.Value, but allows us to keep components of the tuples in the list separate.
	*/
	public static class InValue extends Term.Terminal
	{
	List<List<ByteBuffer>> elements;

	public InValue(List<List<ByteBuffer>> items)
	{
	this.elements = items;
	}

	public static InValue fromSerialized(ByteBuffer value, ListType type, QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	try
	{
	// Collections have this small hack that validate cannot be called on a serialized object,
	// but the deserialization does the validation (so we're fine).
	List<?> l = type.getSerializer().deserializeForNativeProtocol(value, options.getProtocolVersion());

	assert type.getElementsType() instanceof TupleType;
	TupleType tupleType = Tuples.getTupleType(type.getElementsType());

	// type.split(bytes)
	List<List<ByteBuffer>> elements = new ArrayList<>(l.size());
	for (Object element : l)
	elements.add(Arrays.asList(tupleType.split(type.getElementsType().decompose(element))));
	return new InValue(elements);
	}
	catch (MarshalException e)
	{
	throw new InvalidRequestException(e.getMessage());
	}
	}

	public ByteBuffer get(ProtocolVersion protocolVersion)
	{
	throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
	}

	public List<List<ByteBuffer>> getSplitValues()
	{
	return elements;
	}
	}

	/**
	* A raw placeholder for a tuple of values for different multiple columns, each of which may have a different type.
	* {@code
	* For example, "SELECT ... WHERE (col1, col2) > ?".
	* }
	*/
	public static class Raw extends AbstractMarker.MultiColumnRaw
	{
	public Raw(int bindIndex)
	{
	super(bindIndex);
	}

	private static ColumnSpecification makeReceiver(List<? extends ColumnSpecification> receivers)
	{
	List<AbstractType<?>> types = new ArrayList<>(receivers.size());
	StringBuilder inName = new StringBuilder("(");
	for (int i = 0; i < receivers.size(); i++)
	{
	ColumnSpecification receiver = receivers.get(i);
	inName.append(receiver.name);
	if (i < receivers.size() - 1)
	inName.append(",");
	types.add(receiver.type);
	}
	inName.append(')');

	ColumnIdentifier identifier = new ColumnIdentifier(inName.toString(), true);
	TupleType type = new TupleType(types);
	return new ColumnSpecification(receivers.get(0).ksName, receivers.get(0).cfName, identifier, type);
	}

	public AbstractType<?> getExactTypeIfKnown(String keyspace)
	{
	return null;
	}

	public AbstractMarker prepare(String keyspace, List<? extends ColumnSpecification> receivers) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	return new Tuples.Marker(bindIndex, makeReceiver(receivers));
	}
	}

	/**
	* A raw marker for an IN list of tuples, like "SELECT ... WHERE (a, b, c) IN ?"
	*/
	public static class INRaw extends AbstractMarker.MultiColumnRaw
	{
	public INRaw(int bindIndex)
	{
	super(bindIndex);
	}

	private static ColumnSpecification makeInReceiver(List<? extends ColumnSpecification> receivers) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	List<AbstractType<?>> types = new ArrayList<>(receivers.size());
	StringBuilder inName = new StringBuilder("in(");
	for (int i = 0; i < receivers.size(); i++)
	{
	ColumnSpecification receiver = receivers.get(i);
	inName.append(receiver.name);
	if (i < receivers.size() - 1)
	inName.append(",");

	if (receiver.type.isCollection() && receiver.type.isMultiCell())
	throw new InvalidRequestException("Non-frozen collection columns do not support IN relations");

	types.add(receiver.type);
	}
	inName.append(')');

	ColumnIdentifier identifier = new ColumnIdentifier(inName.toString(), true);
	TupleType type = new TupleType(types);
	return new ColumnSpecification(receivers.get(0).ksName, receivers.get(0).cfName, identifier, ListType.getInstance(type, false));
	}

	public AbstractType<?> getExactTypeIfKnown(String keyspace)
	{
	return null;
	}

	public AbstractMarker prepare(String keyspace, List<? extends ColumnSpecification> receivers) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	return new InMarker(bindIndex, makeInReceiver(receivers));
	}
	}

	/**
	* {@code
	* Represents a marker for a single tuple, like "SELECT ... WHERE (a, b, c) > ?"
	* }
	*/
	public static class Marker extends AbstractMarker
	{
	public Marker(int bindIndex, ColumnSpecification receiver)
	{
	super(bindIndex, receiver);
	}

	public Value bind(QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	ByteBuffer value = options.getValues().get(bindIndex);
	if (value == ByteBufferUtil.UNSET_BYTE_BUFFER)
	throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid unset value for tuple %s", receiver.name));
	return value == null ? null : Value.fromSerialized(value, getTupleType(receiver.type));
	}
	}

	/**
	* Represents a marker for a set of IN values that are tuples, like "SELECT ... WHERE (a, b, c) IN ?"
	*/
	public static class InMarker extends AbstractMarker
	{
	protected InMarker(int bindIndex, ColumnSpecification receiver)
	{
	super(bindIndex, receiver);
	assert receiver.type instanceof ListType;
	}

	public InValue bind(QueryOptions options) throws InvalidRequestException
	{
	ByteBuffer value = options.getValues().get(bindIndex);
	if (value == ByteBufferUtil.UNSET_BYTE_BUFFER)
	throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid unset value for %s", receiver.name));
	return value == null ? null : InValue.fromSerialized(value, (ListType)receiver.type, options);
	}
	}

	public static String tupleToString(List<?> items)
	{

	StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("(");
	for (int i = 0; i < items.size(); i++)
	{
	sb.append(items.get(i));
	if (i < items.size() - 1)
	sb.append(", ");
	}
	sb.append(')');
	return sb.toString();
	}

	public static boolean checkIfTupleType(AbstractType<?> tuple)
	{
	return (tuple instanceof TupleType) \|\|
	(tuple instanceof ReversedType && ((ReversedType) tuple).baseType instanceof TupleType);

	}

	public static TupleType getTupleType(AbstractType<?> tuple)
	{
	return (tuple instanceof ReversedType ? ((TupleType) ((ReversedType) tuple).baseType) : (TupleType)tuple);
	}
	}