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| <p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p> |
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| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Leveled Compaction Strategy (LCS)</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div id="lcs" class="admonitionblock important"> |
| <table> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="icon"> |
| <i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i> |
| </td> |
| <td class="content"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The Unified Compaction Strategy (UCS) is the recommended compaction strategy for most workloads starting with Cassandra 5.0. |
| If you are creating new tables, use this strategy.</p> |
| </div> |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>LeveledCompactionStrategy (LCS)</code> is recommended for read-heavy workloads, although UCS is the best recommendation for all workloads today. |
| It alleviates some of the read operation issues with STCS, while providing reasonable write operations. |
| This strategy works with a series of levels, where each level contains a set of SSTables. |
| When data in memtables is flushed, SSTables are written in the first level (L0), where SSTables are not guaranteed to be non-overlapping. |
| LCS compaction merges these first SSTables with larger SSTables in level L1. |
| Each level is by default 10x the size of the previous one. |
| Once an SSTable is written to L1 or higher, the SSTable is guaranteed to be non-overlapping with other SSTables in the same level. |
| If a read operation needs to access a row, it will only need to look at one SSTable per level.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To accomplish compaction, all overlapping SSTables are merged into a new SSTable in the next level. |
| For L0 → L1 compactions, we almost always need to include all L1 SSTables since most L0 SSTables cover the full range of partitions. |
| LCS compacts SSTables from one level to the next, writing partitions to fit a defined SSTable size. |
| In addition, each level has a prescribed size, so that compaction will be triggered when a level reaches its size limit. |
| Creating new SSTables in one level can trigger compaction in the next level, and so on, until all levels have been compacted based on the settings.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There is a failsafe if too many SSTables reads are being done in the L0 level. |
| An STCS compaction will be triggered in L0 if there are more than 32 SSTables in L0. |
| This compaction quickly merges SSTables out of L0, and into L1, where they will be compacted to non-overlapping SSTables.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>LCS is not as disk hungry as STCS, needing only approximately 10% of disk to execute, but it is more IO and CPU intensive. |
| For ongoing minor compactions in a read-heavy workload, the amount of compaction is reasonable. |
| It is not a good choice for write-heavy workloads, though, because it will cause a lot of disk IO and CPU usage. |
| Major compactions are not recommended for LCS.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="bootstrapping"><a class="anchor" href="#bootstrapping"></a>Bootstrapping</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>During bootstrapping, SSTables are streamed from other nodes. |
| Because many SSTables will be both flushed from the new writes to memtables, as well as streaming from a remote note, the new node will have many SSTables in L0. |
| To avoid a collision of the flushing and streaming SSTables, only STCS in L0 is executed until the bootstrapping is complete.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="starved-sstables"><a class="anchor" href="#starved-sstables"></a>Starved sstables</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If the leveling is not optimal, LCS can end up with starved sstables. |
| High level SSTables can be stranded and not compacted, because SSTables in lower levels are not getting merged and compacted. |
| For example, this situation can make it impossible for lower levels to drop tombstones. |
| If these starved SSTables are not resolved within a defined number of compaction rounds, they will be included in other compactions. |
| This situation generally occurs if a user lowers the <code>sstable_size</code> setting.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonitionblock important"> |
| <table> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="icon"> |
| <i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i> |
| </td> |
| <td class="content"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>SizeTieredCompactionStrategy</code> is the default compaction strategy. |
| Any other compaction strategy must be defined in the <code>cassandra.yaml</code> file.</p> |
| </div> |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="lcs_options"><a class="anchor" href="#lcs_options"></a>LCS options</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col style="width: 33.3333%;"> |
| <col style="width: 66.6667%;"> |
| </colgroup> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Subproperty</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Description</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">enabled</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Enables background compaction. |
| Default value: true</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">tombstone_compaction_interval</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The minimum number of seconds after which an SSTable is created before Cassandra considers the SSTable for tombstone compaction. |
| An SSTable is eligible for tombstone compaction if the table exceeds the <code>tombstone_threshold</code> ratio. |
| Default value: 86400</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">tombstone_threshold</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The ratio of garbage-collectable tombstones to all contained columns. |
| If the ratio exceeds this limit, Cassandra starts compaction on that table alone, to purge the tombstones. |
| Default value: 0.2</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">unchecked_tombstone_compaction</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">If set to <code>true</code>, allows Cassandra to run tombstone compaction without pre-checking which tables are eligible for this operation. |
| Even without this pre-check, Cassandra checks an SSTable to make sure it is safe to drop tombstones. |
| Default value: false</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">log_all</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Activates advanced logging for the entire cluster. |
| Default value: false</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">sstable_size_in_mb</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The target size for SSTables. |
| Although SSTable sizes should be less or equal to sstable_size_in_mb, it is possible that compaction could produce a larger SSTable during compaction. |
| This occurs when data for a given partition key is exceptionally large. |
| The Cassandra database does not split the data into two SSTables. |
| Default: 160</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">fanout_size</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The target size of levels increases by this <code>fanout_size</code> multiplier. |
| You can reduce the space amplification by tuning this option. |
| Default: 10</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">single_sstable_uplevel</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">??? |
| Default: true</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>LCS also supports a startup option, <code>-Dcassandra.disable_stcs_in_l0=true</code> which disables STCS in L0.</p> |
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