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| <main class="article default-main full-800" data-ceiling="topbar"> |
| <div class="article-banner"> |
| <p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="article-header"> |
| <nav class="crumbs" aria-label="breadcrumbs"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="crumb">Cassandra</li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Getting Started</a></li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="production.html">Production recommendations</a></li> |
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| <ul> |
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| </div> |
| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Production recommendations</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>cassandra.yaml</code> and <code>jvm.options</code> files have a number of notes and |
| recommendations for production usage. |
| This page expands on some of the information in the files.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="tokens"><a class="anchor" href="#tokens"></a>Tokens</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Using more than one token-range per node is referred to as virtual nodes, or vnodes. |
| <code>vnodes</code> facilitate flexible expansion with more streaming peers when a new node bootstraps |
| into a cluster. |
| Limiting the negative impact of streaming (I/O and CPU overhead) enables incremental cluster expansion. |
| However, more tokens leads to sharing data with more peers, and results in decreased availability. |
| These two factors must be balanced based on a cluster’s characteristic reads and writes. |
| To learn more, |
| <a href="https://github.com/jolynch/python_performance_toolkit/raw/master/notebooks/cassandra_availability/whitepaper/cassandra-availability-virtual.pdf">Cassandra Availability in Virtual Nodes, Joseph Lynch and Josh Snyder</a> is recommended reading.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Change the number of tokens using the setting in the <code>cassandra.yaml</code> file:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><code>num_tokens: 16</code></p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Here are the most common token counts with a brief explanation of when |
| and why you would use each one.</p> |
| </div> |
| <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col style="width: 13%;"> |
| <col style="width: 87%;"> |
| </colgroup> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Token Count</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Description</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">1</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Maximum availablility, maximum cluster size, fewest peers, but |
| inflexible expansion. Must always double size of cluster to expand and |
| remain balanced.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">4</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A healthy mix of elasticity and availability. Recommended for |
| clusters which will eventually reach over 30 nodes. Requires adding |
| approximately 20% more nodes to remain balanced. Shrinking a cluster may |
| result in cluster imbalance.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">8</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Using 8 vnodes distributes the workload between systems with a ~10% variance |
| and has minimal impact on performance.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">16</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Best for heavily elastic clusters which expand and shrink |
| regularly, but may have issues availability with larger clusters. Not |
| recommended for clusters over 50 nodes.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In addition to setting the token count, it’s extremely important that |
| <code>allocate_tokens_for_local_replication_factor</code> in <code>cassandra.yaml</code> is set to an |
| appropriate number of replicates, to ensure even token allocation.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="read-ahead"><a class="anchor" href="#read-ahead"></a>Read ahead</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Read ahead is an operating system feature that attempts to keep as much |
| data as possible loaded in the page cache. |
| Spinning disks can have long seek times causing high latency, so additional |
| throughput on reads using page cache can improve performance. |
| By leveraging read ahead, the OS can pull additional data into memory without |
| the cost of additional seeks. |
| This method works well when the available RAM is greater than the size of the |
| hot dataset, but can be problematic when the reverse is true (dataset > RAM). |
| The larger the hot dataset, the less read ahead is useful.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Read ahead is definitely not useful in the following cases:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Small partitions, such as tables with a single partition key</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Solid state drives (SSDs)</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Read ahead can actually increase disk usage, and in some cases result in as much |
| as a 5x latency and throughput performance penalty. |
| Read-heavy, key/value tables with small (under 1KB) rows are especially prone |
| to this problem.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The recommended read ahead settings are:</p> |
| </div> |
| <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="width: 59%;"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col style="width: 40%;"> |
| <col style="width: 60%;"> |
| </colgroup> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Hardware</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Initial Recommendation</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Spinning Disks</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">64KB</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SSD</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">4KB</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Read ahead can be adjusted on Linux systems using the <code>blockdev</code> tool.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For example, set the read ahead of the disk <code>/dev/sda1</code> to 4KB:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-shell hljs" data-lang="shell">$ blockdev --setra 8 /dev/sda1</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonitionblock note"> |
| <table> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="icon"> |
| <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> |
| </td> |
| <td class="content"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>blockdev</code> setting sets the number of 512 byte sectors to read ahead. |
| The argument of 8 above is equivalent to 4KB, or 8 * 512 bytes.</p> |
| </div> |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>All systems are different, so use these recommendations as a starting point and |
| tune, based on your SLA and throughput requirements. |
| To understand how read ahead impacts disk resource usage, we recommend carefully |
| reading through the <a href="../troubleshooting/use_tools.html" class="page">Diving Deep, using external tools</a> |
| section.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="compression"><a class="anchor" href="#compression"></a>Compression</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Compressed data is stored by compressing fixed-size byte buffers and writing the |
| data to disk. |
| The buffer size is determined by the <code>chunk_length_in_kb</code> element in the compression |
| map of a table’s schema settings for <code>WITH COMPRESSION</code>. |
| The default setting is 16KB starting with Cassandra 4.0.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Since the entire compressed buffer must be read off-disk, using a compression |
| chunk length that is too large can lead to significant overhead when reading small records. |
| Combined with the default read ahead setting, the result can be massive |
| read amplification for certain workloads. Therefore, picking an appropriate |
| value for this setting is important.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>LZ4Compressor is the default and recommended compression algorithm. |
| If you need additional information on compression, read |
| <a href="https://thelastpickle.com/blog/2018/08/08/compression_performance.html">The Last Pickle blogpost on compression performance</a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="compaction"><a class="anchor" href="#compaction"></a>Compaction</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There are different <a href="#compaction/index.adoc" class="page unresolved">compaction</a> strategies available |
| for different workloads. |
| We recommend reading about the different strategies to understand which is the |
| best for your environment. |
| Different tables may, and frequently do use different compaction strategies in |
| the same cluster.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="encryption"><a class="anchor" href="#encryption"></a>Encryption</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>It is significantly better to set up peer-to-peer encryption and client server |
| encryption when setting up your production cluster. |
| Setting it up after the cluster is serving production traffic is challenging |
| to do correctly. |
| If you ever plan to use network encryption of any type, we recommend setting it |
| up when initially configuring your cluster. |
| Changing these configurations later is not impossible, but mistakes can |
| result in downtime or data loss.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="ensure-keyspaces-are-created-with-networktopologystrategy"><a class="anchor" href="#ensure-keyspaces-are-created-with-networktopologystrategy"></a>Ensure keyspaces are created with NetworkTopologyStrategy</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Production clusters should never use <code>SimpleStrategy</code>. |
| Production keyspaces should use the <code>NetworkTopologyStrategy</code> (NTS). |
| For example:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE KEYSPACE mykeyspace WITH replication = { |
| 'class': 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', |
| 'datacenter1': 3 |
| };</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra clusters initialized with <code>NetworkTopologyStrategy</code> can take advantage |
| of the ability to configure multiple racks and data centers.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="configure-racks-and-snitch"><a class="anchor" href="#configure-racks-and-snitch"></a>Configure racks and snitch</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><strong>Correctly configuring or changing racks after a cluster has been provisioned is an unsupported process</strong>. |
| Migrating from a single rack to multiple racks is also unsupported and can |
| result in data loss. |
| Using <code>GossipingPropertyFileSnitch</code> is the most flexible solution for |
| on-premise or mixed cloud environments. |
| <code>Ec2Snitch</code> is reliable for AWS EC2 only environments.</p> |
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