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| <p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p> |
| <a class="btn" href="../../../4.1/cassandra/architecture/overview.html">View Latest</a> |
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| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Overview</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Apache Cassandra is an open-source, distributed NoSQL database. |
| It implements a partitioned wide-column storage model with eventually consistent semantics.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra was initially designed at <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/ladis2009/papers/lakshman-ladis2009.pdf">Facebook</a> using a staged event-driven architecture (<a href="http://www.sosp.org/2001/papers/welsh.pdf">SEDA</a>). |
| This initial design implemented a combination of Amazon’s <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs5414/2017fa/papers/dynamo.pdf">Dynamo</a> distributed storage and replication techniques and Google’s <a href="https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/bigtable-osdi06.pdf">Bigtable</a> data and storage engine model. |
| Dynamo and Bigtable were both developed to meet emerging requirements for scalable, reliable and highly available storage systems, but each had areas that could be improved.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Apache Cassandra was designed as a best-in-class combination of both systems to meet emerging largescale, both in data footprint and query volume, storage requirements. |
| As applications began to require full global replication and always available low-latency reads and writes, a new kind of database model was required to meet these new requirements. |
| Relational database systems at that time struggled to meet the the requirements.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Apache Cassandra was designed to meet these challenges with the following design objectives in mind:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Full multi-primary database replication</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Global availability at low latency</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Scaling out on commodity hardware</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Linear throughput increase with each additional processor</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Online load balancing and cluster growth</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Partitioned key-oriented queries</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Flexible schema</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="features"><a class="anchor" href="#features"></a>Features</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra provides the Cassandra Query Language (<a href="../developing/cql/ddl.html" class="page">CQL</a>), an SQL-like |
| language, to create, modify, and delete database schema, as well as access data. |
| CQL allows users to organize data within a cluster of Cassandra nodes using:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Keyspace: Defines how a dataset is replicated, per datacenter. |
| Replication is the number of copies saved per cluster. |
| Keyspaces contain tables.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Table: Tables are composed of rows and columns. |
| Columns define the typed schema for a single datum in a table. |
| Tables are partitioned based on the columns provided in the partition key. |
| Cassandra tables can flexibly add new columns to tables with zero downtime.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Partition: Defines the mandatory part of the primary key all rows in |
| Cassandra must have to identify the node in a cluster where the row is stored. |
| All performant queries supply the partition key in the query.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Row: Contains a collection of columns identified by a unique primary |
| key made up of the partition key and optionally additional clustering |
| keys.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Column: A single datum with a type which belongs to a row.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>CQL supports numerous advanced features over a partitioned dataset such |
| as:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Collection types including sets, maps, and lists</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>User-defined types, tuples, functions and aggregates</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Storage-attached indexing (SAI) for secondary indexes</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Local secondary indexes (2i)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>User-defined types, functions and aggregates</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Single-partition lightweight transactions with atomic compare and set |
| semantics</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>(Experimental) materialized views</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra explicitly chooses not to implement operations that require |
| cross-partition coordination as they are typically slow and hard to |
| provide highly available global semantics. |
| For example, Cassandra does not support:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Cross-partition transactions</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Distributed joins</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Foreign keys or referential integrity.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="operating"><a class="anchor" href="#operating"></a>Operating</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
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| <p>Apache Cassandra configuration settings are configured in the <code>cassandra.yaml</code> file that can be edited by hand or with the aid of configuration management tools. |
| Some settings can be manipulated live using an online interface, but others require a restart of the database |
| to take effect.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra provides tools for managing a cluster. |
| The <code>nodetool</code> command interacts with Cassandra’s live control interface, allowing runtime |
| manipulation of many settings from <code>cassandra.yaml</code>. |
| The <code>auditlogviewer</code> is used to view the audit logs. |
| The <code>fqltool</code> is used to view, replay and compare full query logs.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In addition, Cassandra supports out of the box atomic snapshot functionality, which presents a point in time (PIT) snapshot of Cassandra’s data for easy integration with many backup tools. |
| Cassandra also supports incremental backups where data can be backed up as it is written.</p> |
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